Polarization-resolved characterization of long-wavelength vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser parameters

P. Pérez; A. Valle; L. Pesquera

doi:10.1364/JOSAB.31.002574

Journal of the Optical Society of America B
Vol. 31,
Issue 11,
pp. 2574-2580
(2014)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.31.002574

Polarization-resolved characterization of long-wavelength vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser parameters

P. Pérez, A. Valle, and L. Pesquera

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P. Pérez, A. Valle, and L. Pesquera, "Polarization-resolved characterization of long-wavelength vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser parameters," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 31, 2574-2580 (2014)

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Table of Contents Category
- Lasers and Laser Optics
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: June 11, 2014
- Revised Manuscript: August 28, 2014
- Manuscript Accepted: August 30, 2014
- Published: October 10, 2014

Abstract

A measurement of the parameters characterizing polarization behavior of a 1550 nm single transverse mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is presented from the analysis of CW high-resolution optical spectra. Current-induced polarization switching (PS) is observed in our device. A minimum in the absolute value of the effective dichroism is observed at the PS point. The value of the effective birefringence has a discontinuity at the current at which PS is observed. Birefringence oscillations with the bias current are also observed. PS characteristics are used for the extraction of the parameters describing the polarization behavior of the VCSEL. Obtained values of the spontaneous emission fraction and spin-flip rate are larger than those typically used in theoretical modeling of these devices.

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Parameter	Meaning	Value
$κ$	Field decay rate	$33 \pm 2 {ns}^{- 1}$
$γ$	Decay rate of population inversion	$2.08 \pm 0.13 {ns}^{- 1}$
$γ_{s}$	Spin–flip rate	$2100 \pm 500 {ns}^{- 1}$
$γ_{p}$	Linear birefringence	$93.31 \pm 0.03 {ns}^{- 1}$
$γ_{a}$	Linear dichroism	Dependent on $I$ (see Fig. 3)
$α$	Linewidth enhancement factor	$2.8 \pm 0.2$
$β_{SF}$	Spontaneous emission parameter	$6.5 \cdot 10^{- 4}$
$N_{t}$	Carrier number at transparency	$(9.0 \pm 0.5) \cdot 10^{6}$
$N_{th}$	Carrier number at threshold	$(1.21 \pm 0.05) \cdot 10^{7}$
$I_{th}$	Threshold current	$1.602 \pm 0.001 mA$
$τ_{n} / τ_{e}$	Ratio of differential carrier lifetime and carrier lifetime at threshold.	$0.40 \pm 0.03$

Parameter	Value in This Paper	Value for VCSEL in [47,48]	Value for VCSEL1 in [49]	Value for VCSEL2 in [49]
Field decay rate ( $κ$ )	$33 {ns}^{- 1}$	$25 {ns}^{- 1}$	$125 {ns}^{- 1}$	$125 {ns}^{- 1}$
Population decay rate ( $γ$ )	$2.08 {ns}^{- 1}$	$5 {ns}^{- 1}$	$0.67 {ns}^{- 1}$	$0.55 {ns}^{- 1}$
Spin–flip rate ( $γ_{s}$ )	$2100 {ns}^{- 1}$	$50 {ns}^{- 1}$	$1000 {ns}^{- 1}$	$200 {ns}^{- 1}$
Linear dichroism ( $γ_{a}$ )	Current dependent $- 1.0$ to $0.5 {ns}^{- 1}$	$- 1.25 {ns}^{- 1}$	$0.02 {ns}^{- 1}$	$0.05 {ns}^{- 1}$
Linewidth factor ( $α$ )	2.8	3	2.2	2.2

Parameter	Meaning	Value
$κ$	Field decay rate	$33 \pm 2 {ns}^{- 1}$
$γ$	Decay rate of population inversion	$2.08 \pm 0.13 {ns}^{- 1}$
$γ_{s}$	Spin–flip rate	$2100 \pm 500 {ns}^{- 1}$
$γ_{p}$	Linear birefringence	$93.31 \pm 0.03 {ns}^{- 1}$
$γ_{a}$	Linear dichroism	Dependent on $I$ (see Fig. 3)
$α$	Linewidth enhancement factor	$2.8 \pm 0.2$
$β_{SF}$	Spontaneous emission parameter	$6.5 \cdot 10^{- 4}$
$N_{t}$	Carrier number at transparency	$(9.0 \pm 0.5) \cdot 10^{6}$
$N_{th}$	Carrier number at threshold	$(1.21 \pm 0.05) \cdot 10^{7}$
$I_{th}$	Threshold current	$1.602 \pm 0.001 mA$
$τ_{n} / τ_{e}$	Ratio of differential carrier lifetime and carrier lifetime at threshold.	$0.40 \pm 0.03$

Parameter	Value in This Paper	Value for VCSEL in [47,48]	Value for VCSEL1 in [49]	Value for VCSEL2 in [49]
Field decay rate ( $κ$ )	$33 {ns}^{- 1}$	$25 {ns}^{- 1}$	$125 {ns}^{- 1}$	$125 {ns}^{- 1}$
Population decay rate ( $γ$ )	$2.08 {ns}^{- 1}$	$5 {ns}^{- 1}$	$0.67 {ns}^{- 1}$	$0.55 {ns}^{- 1}$
Spin–flip rate ( $γ_{s}$ )	$2100 {ns}^{- 1}$	$50 {ns}^{- 1}$	$1000 {ns}^{- 1}$	$200 {ns}^{- 1}$
Linear dichroism ( $γ_{a}$ )	Current dependent $- 1.0$ to $0.5 {ns}^{- 1}$	$- 1.25 {ns}^{- 1}$	$0.02 {ns}^{- 1}$	$0.05 {ns}^{- 1}$
Linewidth factor ( $α$ )	2.8	3	2.2	2.2

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