Highly amplitude-sensitive photonic-crystal-fiber-based plasmonic sensor

Firoz Haider; Rifat Ahmmed Aoni; Rajib Ahmed; Andrey E. Miroshnichenko

doi:10.1364/JOSAB.35.002816

Journal of the Optical Society of America B
Vol. 35,
Issue 11,
pp. 2816-2821
(2018)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.35.002816

Highly amplitude-sensitive photonic-crystal-fiber-based plasmonic sensor

Firoz Haider, Rifat Ahmmed Aoni, Rajib Ahmed, and Andrey E. Miroshnichenko

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Firoz Haider, Rifat Ahmmed Aoni, Rajib Ahmed, and Andrey E. Miroshnichenko, "Highly amplitude-sensitive photonic-crystal-fiber-based plasmonic sensor," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 35, 2816-2821 (2018)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Fiber Optics
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Fiber design and fabrication (060.2280)
- Fiber optics sensors (060.2370)
- Surface plasmons (240.6680)
- Optical sensing and sensors (280.4788)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: June 4, 2018
- Revised Manuscript: September 6, 2018
- Manuscript Accepted: September 26, 2018
- Published: October 18, 2018

Abstract

Simple structure, quick response, and highly sensitive miniaturized sensors are highly desirable for the broad range of sensing applications. In this work, we numerically investigated a highly sensitive photonic-crystal-fiber (PCF)-based plasmonic sensor for refractive index sensing. We consider gold as the plasmonic material, which is used outside the fiber structure to exhibit the plasmonic phenomena and to help detect the surrounding medium refractive index. The proposed PCF is designed to enable the evanescent field to interact with an external sensing medium leading to a highly sensitive response. The sensor performance has been investigated by wavelength and amplitude interrogation methods. The proposed sensor exhibits the maximum amplitude sensitivity of $2,843 {RIU}^{- 1}$ with the sensor resolution of $3.5 \times 10^{- 6} RIU$ , which is the highest among the reported PCF SPR sensors, to the best of our knowledge. It also shows wavelength sensitivity of 18,000 nm/RIU and sensor resolution of $5.6 \times 10^{- 6} RIU$ . The figure of merit of the proposed sensor is about 400. The sensor response also allows us to detect the refractive index variation in the range of 1.33 to 1.41. Such promising results and broad sensing range ensure that the proposed sensor will be a suitable candidate for biological analytes and biochemical and organic chemical detections.

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Year
Author
Publication

S. K. Srivastava, R. Verma, and B. D. Gupta, “Surface plasmon resonance based fiber optic sensor for the detection of low water content in ethanol,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 153, 194–198 (2011).
[Crossref]
A. A. Rifat, R. Ahmed, A. K. Yetisen, H. Butt, A. Sabouri, G. A. Mahdiraji, S. H. Yun, and F. M. Adikan, “Photonic crystal fiber based plasmonic sensors,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 243, 311–325 (2017).
[Crossref]
A. A. Rifat, M. R. Hasan, R. Ahmed, and A. E. Miroshnichenko, “Microstructured optical fiber-based plasmonic sensors,” in Computational Photonic Sensors (Springer, 2019), pp. 203–232.
B. Liedberg, C. Nylander, and I. Lunström, “Surface plasmon resonance for gas detection and biosensing,” Sens. Actuators 4, 299–304 (1983).
[Crossref]
M. R. Hasan, S. Akter, A. A. Rifat, S. Rana, and S. Ali, “A highly sensitive gold-coated photonic crystal fiber biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance,” in Photonics (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2017), p. 18.
Y. Zhao, Z.-Q. Deng, and J. Li, “Photonic crystal fiber based surface plasmon resonance chemical sensors,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 202, 557–567 (2014).
[Crossref]
S. I. Azzam, M. F. O. Hameed, R. E. A. Shehata, A. Heikal, and S. S. Obayya, “Multichannel photonic crystal fiber surface plasmon resonance based sensor,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 48, 142 (2016).
[Crossref]
B. D. Gupta, “Surface plasmon resonance based fiber optic sensors,” in Reviews in Plasmonics 2010 (Springer, 2012), pp. 105–137.
J. N. Dash and R. Jha, “Graphene-based birefringent photonic crystal fiber sensor using surface plasmon resonance,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 26, 1092–1095 (2014).
[Crossref]
A. E. Khalil, A. H. El-Saeed, M. A. Ibrahim, M. E. Hashish, M. R. Abdelmonem, M. F. O. Hameed, M. Y. Azab, and S. Obayya, “Highly sensitive photonic crystal fiber biosensor based on titanium nitride,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 50, 158 (2018).
[Crossref]
A. A. Rifat, G. Mahdiraji, Y. M. Sua, R. Ahmed, Y. Shee, and F. M. Adikan, “Highly sensitive multi-core flat fiber surface plasmon resonance refractive index sensor,” Opt. Express 24, 2485–2495 (2016).
[Crossref]
N. Luan, R. Wang, W. Lv, and J. Yao, “Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on D-shaped microstructured optical fiber with hollow core,” Opt. Express 23, 8576–8582 (2015).
[Crossref]
J.-N. Wang and J.-L. Tang, “Photonic crystal fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer for refractive index sensing,” Sensors 12, 2983–2995 (2012).
[Crossref]
Y. Lu, C.-J. Hao, B.-Q. Wu, M. Musideke, L.-C. Duan, W.-Q. Wen, and J.-Q. Yao, “Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on polymer photonic crystal fibers with metal nanolayers,” Sensors 13, 956–965 (2013).
[Crossref]
A. A. Rifat, R. Ahmed, G. A. Mahdiraji, F. M. Adikan, and A. E. Miroshnichenko, “Highly sensitive selectively coated photonic crystal fiber-based plasmonic sensor,” Opt. Lett. 43, 891–894 (2018).
[Crossref]
J. Wu, S. Li, X. Wang, M. Shi, X. Feng, and Y. Liu, “Ultrahigh sensitivity refractive index sensor of a D-shaped PCF based on surface plasmon resonance,” Appl. Opt. 57, 4002–4007 (2018).
[Crossref]
M. Liu, X. Yang, P. Shum, and H. Yuan, “High-sensitivity birefringent and single-layer coating photonic crystal fiber biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance,” Appl. Opt. 57, 1883–1886 (2018).
[Crossref]
C. Liu, W. Su, Q. Liu, X. Lu, F. Wang, T. Sun, and P. K. Chu, “Symmetrical dual D-shape photonic crystal fibers for surface plasmon resonance sensing,” Opt. Express 26, 9039–9049 (2018).
[Crossref]
C. Liu, L. Yang, X. Lu, Q. Liu, F. Wang, J. Lv, T. Sun, H. Mu, and P. K. Chu, “Mid-infrared surface plasmon resonance sensor based on photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Express 25, 14227–14237 (2017).
[Crossref]
G. An, X. Hao, S. Li, X. Yan, and X. Zhang, “D-shaped photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor based on surface plasmon resonance,” Appl. Opt. 56, 6988–6992 (2017).
[Crossref]
G. Amouzad Mahdiraji, D. M. Chow, S. Sandoghchi, F. Amirkhan, E. Dermosesian, K. S. Yeo, Z. Kakaei, M. Ghomeishi, S. Y. Poh, and S. Yu Gang, “Challenges and solutions in fabrication of silica-based photonic crystal fibers: An experimental study,” Fiber Integr. Opt. 33, 85–104 (2014).
[Crossref]
X. Chen, L. Xia, and C. Li, “Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on a novel D-shaped photonic crystal fiber for low refractive index detection,” IEEE Photon. J. 10, 6800709 (2018).
[Crossref]
F. Wang, Z. Sun, C. Liu, T. Sun, and P. Chu, “A high-sensitivity photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor for detection of density alteration in non-physiological cells (DANCE),” Opto-Electron. Rev. 26, 50–56 (2018).
[Crossref]
M. R. Momota and M. R. Hasan, “Hollow-core silver coated photonic crystal fiber plasmonic sensor,” Opt. Mater. 76, 287–294 (2018).
[Crossref]
X. Dong, H. Tam, and P. Shum, “Temperature-insensitive strain sensor with polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber based Sagnac interferometer,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 151113 (2007).
[Crossref]
P. J. Sazio, A. Amezcua-Correa, C. E. Finlayson, J. R. Hayes, T. J. Scheidemantel, N. F. Baril, B. R. Jackson, D.-J. Won, F. Zhang, and E. R. Margine, “Microstructured optical fibers as high-pressure microfluidic reactors,” Science 311, 1583–1586 (2006).
[Crossref]
P. Malinský, P. Slepička, V. Hnatowicz, and V. Švorčík, “Early stages of growth of gold layers sputter deposited on glass and silicon substrates,” Nano. Res. Lett. 7, 241 (2012).
[Crossref]

2018 (8)

A. E. Khalil, A. H. El-Saeed, M. A. Ibrahim, M. E. Hashish, M. R. Abdelmonem, M. F. O. Hameed, M. Y. Azab, and S. Obayya, “Highly sensitive photonic crystal fiber biosensor based on titanium nitride,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 50, 158 (2018).
[Crossref]

A. A. Rifat, R. Ahmed, G. A. Mahdiraji, F. M. Adikan, and A. E. Miroshnichenko, “Highly sensitive selectively coated photonic crystal fiber-based plasmonic sensor,” Opt. Lett. 43, 891–894 (2018).
[Crossref]

J. Wu, S. Li, X. Wang, M. Shi, X. Feng, and Y. Liu, “Ultrahigh sensitivity refractive index sensor of a D-shaped PCF based on surface plasmon resonance,” Appl. Opt. 57, 4002–4007 (2018).
[Crossref]

M. Liu, X. Yang, P. Shum, and H. Yuan, “High-sensitivity birefringent and single-layer coating photonic crystal fiber biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance,” Appl. Opt. 57, 1883–1886 (2018).
[Crossref]

C. Liu, W. Su, Q. Liu, X. Lu, F. Wang, T. Sun, and P. K. Chu, “Symmetrical dual D-shape photonic crystal fibers for surface plasmon resonance sensing,” Opt. Express 26, 9039–9049 (2018).
[Crossref]

X. Chen, L. Xia, and C. Li, “Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on a novel D-shaped photonic crystal fiber for low refractive index detection,” IEEE Photon. J. 10, 6800709 (2018).
[Crossref]

F. Wang, Z. Sun, C. Liu, T. Sun, and P. Chu, “A high-sensitivity photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor for detection of density alteration in non-physiological cells (DANCE),” Opto-Electron. Rev. 26, 50–56 (2018).
[Crossref]

M. R. Momota and M. R. Hasan, “Hollow-core silver coated photonic crystal fiber plasmonic sensor,” Opt. Mater. 76, 287–294 (2018).
[Crossref]

2017 (3)

C. Liu, L. Yang, X. Lu, Q. Liu, F. Wang, J. Lv, T. Sun, H. Mu, and P. K. Chu, “Mid-infrared surface plasmon resonance sensor based on photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Express 25, 14227–14237 (2017).
[Crossref]

G. An, X. Hao, S. Li, X. Yan, and X. Zhang, “D-shaped photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor based on surface plasmon resonance,” Appl. Opt. 56, 6988–6992 (2017).
[Crossref]

A. A. Rifat, R. Ahmed, A. K. Yetisen, H. Butt, A. Sabouri, G. A. Mahdiraji, S. H. Yun, and F. M. Adikan, “Photonic crystal fiber based plasmonic sensors,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 243, 311–325 (2017).
[Crossref]

2016 (2)

A. A. Rifat, G. Mahdiraji, Y. M. Sua, R. Ahmed, Y. Shee, and F. M. Adikan, “Highly sensitive multi-core flat fiber surface plasmon resonance refractive index sensor,” Opt. Express 24, 2485–2495 (2016).
[Crossref]

S. I. Azzam, M. F. O. Hameed, R. E. A. Shehata, A. Heikal, and S. S. Obayya, “Multichannel photonic crystal fiber surface plasmon resonance based sensor,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 48, 142 (2016).
[Crossref]

2015 (1)

N. Luan, R. Wang, W. Lv, and J. Yao, “Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on D-shaped microstructured optical fiber with hollow core,” Opt. Express 23, 8576–8582 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (3)

Y. Zhao, Z.-Q. Deng, and J. Li, “Photonic crystal fiber based surface plasmon resonance chemical sensors,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 202, 557–567 (2014).
[Crossref]

G. Amouzad Mahdiraji, D. M. Chow, S. Sandoghchi, F. Amirkhan, E. Dermosesian, K. S. Yeo, Z. Kakaei, M. Ghomeishi, S. Y. Poh, and S. Yu Gang, “Challenges and solutions in fabrication of silica-based photonic crystal fibers: An experimental study,” Fiber Integr. Opt. 33, 85–104 (2014).
[Crossref]

J. N. Dash and R. Jha, “Graphene-based birefringent photonic crystal fiber sensor using surface plasmon resonance,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 26, 1092–1095 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (1)

Y. Lu, C.-J. Hao, B.-Q. Wu, M. Musideke, L.-C. Duan, W.-Q. Wen, and J.-Q. Yao, “Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on polymer photonic crystal fibers with metal nanolayers,” Sensors 13, 956–965 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (2)

P. Malinský, P. Slepička, V. Hnatowicz, and V. Švorčík, “Early stages of growth of gold layers sputter deposited on glass and silicon substrates,” Nano. Res. Lett. 7, 241 (2012).
[Crossref]

J.-N. Wang and J.-L. Tang, “Photonic crystal fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer for refractive index sensing,” Sensors 12, 2983–2995 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (1)

S. K. Srivastava, R. Verma, and B. D. Gupta, “Surface plasmon resonance based fiber optic sensor for the detection of low water content in ethanol,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 153, 194–198 (2011).
[Crossref]

2007 (1)

X. Dong, H. Tam, and P. Shum, “Temperature-insensitive strain sensor with polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber based Sagnac interferometer,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 151113 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

P. J. Sazio, A. Amezcua-Correa, C. E. Finlayson, J. R. Hayes, T. J. Scheidemantel, N. F. Baril, B. R. Jackson, D.-J. Won, F. Zhang, and E. R. Margine, “Microstructured optical fibers as high-pressure microfluidic reactors,” Science 311, 1583–1586 (2006).
[Crossref]

1983 (1)

B. Liedberg, C. Nylander, and I. Lunström, “Surface plasmon resonance for gas detection and biosensing,” Sens. Actuators 4, 299–304 (1983).
[Crossref]

Abdelmonem, M. R.

Adikan, F. M.

Ahmed, R.

A. A. Rifat, M. R. Hasan, R. Ahmed, and A. E. Miroshnichenko, “Microstructured optical fiber-based plasmonic sensors,” in Computational Photonic Sensors (Springer, 2019), pp. 203–232.

Akter, S.

M. R. Hasan, S. Akter, A. A. Rifat, S. Rana, and S. Ali, “A highly sensitive gold-coated photonic crystal fiber biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance,” in Photonics (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2017), p. 18.

Ali, S.

Amezcua-Correa, A.

Amirkhan, F.

Amouzad Mahdiraji, G.

An, G.

G. An, X. Hao, S. Li, X. Yan, and X. Zhang, “D-shaped photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor based on surface plasmon resonance,” Appl. Opt. 56, 6988–6992 (2017).
[Crossref]

Azab, M. Y.

Azzam, S. I.

Baril, N. F.

Butt, H.

Chen, X.

X. Chen, L. Xia, and C. Li, “Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on a novel D-shaped photonic crystal fiber for low refractive index detection,” IEEE Photon. J. 10, 6800709 (2018).
[Crossref]

Chow, D. M.

Chu, P.

Chu, P. K.

Dash, J. N.

J. N. Dash and R. Jha, “Graphene-based birefringent photonic crystal fiber sensor using surface plasmon resonance,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 26, 1092–1095 (2014).
[Crossref]

Deng, Z.-Q.

Y. Zhao, Z.-Q. Deng, and J. Li, “Photonic crystal fiber based surface plasmon resonance chemical sensors,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 202, 557–567 (2014).
[Crossref]

Dermosesian, E.

Dong, X.

Duan, L.-C.

El-Saeed, A. H.

Feng, X.

Finlayson, C. E.

Ghomeishi, M.

Gupta, B. D.

B. D. Gupta, “Surface plasmon resonance based fiber optic sensors,” in Reviews in Plasmonics 2010 (Springer, 2012), pp. 105–137.

Hameed, M. F. O.

Hao, C.-J.

Hao, X.

G. An, X. Hao, S. Li, X. Yan, and X. Zhang, “D-shaped photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor based on surface plasmon resonance,” Appl. Opt. 56, 6988–6992 (2017).
[Crossref]

Hasan, M. R.

M. R. Momota and M. R. Hasan, “Hollow-core silver coated photonic crystal fiber plasmonic sensor,” Opt. Mater. 76, 287–294 (2018).
[Crossref]

A. A. Rifat, M. R. Hasan, R. Ahmed, and A. E. Miroshnichenko, “Microstructured optical fiber-based plasmonic sensors,” in Computational Photonic Sensors (Springer, 2019), pp. 203–232.

Hashish, M. E.

Hayes, J. R.

Heikal, A.

Hnatowicz, V.

P. Malinský, P. Slepička, V. Hnatowicz, and V. Švorčík, “Early stages of growth of gold layers sputter deposited on glass and silicon substrates,” Nano. Res. Lett. 7, 241 (2012).
[Crossref]

Ibrahim, M. A.

Jackson, B. R.

Jha, R.

J. N. Dash and R. Jha, “Graphene-based birefringent photonic crystal fiber sensor using surface plasmon resonance,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 26, 1092–1095 (2014).
[Crossref]

Kakaei, Z.

Khalil, A. E.

Li, C.

X. Chen, L. Xia, and C. Li, “Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on a novel D-shaped photonic crystal fiber for low refractive index detection,” IEEE Photon. J. 10, 6800709 (2018).
[Crossref]

Li, J.

Y. Zhao, Z.-Q. Deng, and J. Li, “Photonic crystal fiber based surface plasmon resonance chemical sensors,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 202, 557–567 (2014).
[Crossref]

Li, S.

G. An, X. Hao, S. Li, X. Yan, and X. Zhang, “D-shaped photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor based on surface plasmon resonance,” Appl. Opt. 56, 6988–6992 (2017).
[Crossref]

Liedberg, B.

B. Liedberg, C. Nylander, and I. Lunström, “Surface plasmon resonance for gas detection and biosensing,” Sens. Actuators 4, 299–304 (1983).
[Crossref]

Liu, C.

Liu, M.

Liu, Q.

Liu, Y.

Lu, X.

Lu, Y.

Luan, N.

N. Luan, R. Wang, W. Lv, and J. Yao, “Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on D-shaped microstructured optical fiber with hollow core,” Opt. Express 23, 8576–8582 (2015).
[Crossref]

Lunström, I.

B. Liedberg, C. Nylander, and I. Lunström, “Surface plasmon resonance for gas detection and biosensing,” Sens. Actuators 4, 299–304 (1983).
[Crossref]

Lv, J.

Lv, W.

N. Luan, R. Wang, W. Lv, and J. Yao, “Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on D-shaped microstructured optical fiber with hollow core,” Opt. Express 23, 8576–8582 (2015).
[Crossref]

Mahdiraji, G.

Mahdiraji, G. A.

Malinský, P.

P. Malinský, P. Slepička, V. Hnatowicz, and V. Švorčík, “Early stages of growth of gold layers sputter deposited on glass and silicon substrates,” Nano. Res. Lett. 7, 241 (2012).
[Crossref]

Margine, E. R.

Miroshnichenko, A. E.

A. A. Rifat, M. R. Hasan, R. Ahmed, and A. E. Miroshnichenko, “Microstructured optical fiber-based plasmonic sensors,” in Computational Photonic Sensors (Springer, 2019), pp. 203–232.

Momota, M. R.

M. R. Momota and M. R. Hasan, “Hollow-core silver coated photonic crystal fiber plasmonic sensor,” Opt. Mater. 76, 287–294 (2018).
[Crossref]

Mu, H.

Musideke, M.

Nylander, C.

B. Liedberg, C. Nylander, and I. Lunström, “Surface plasmon resonance for gas detection and biosensing,” Sens. Actuators 4, 299–304 (1983).
[Crossref]

Obayya, S.

Obayya, S. S.

Poh, S. Y.

Rana, S.

Rifat, A. A.

A. A. Rifat, M. R. Hasan, R. Ahmed, and A. E. Miroshnichenko, “Microstructured optical fiber-based plasmonic sensors,” in Computational Photonic Sensors (Springer, 2019), pp. 203–232.

Sabouri, A.

Sandoghchi, S.

Sazio, P. J.

Scheidemantel, T. J.

Shee, Y.

Shehata, R. E. A.

Shi, M.

Shum, P.

Slepicka, P.

P. Malinský, P. Slepička, V. Hnatowicz, and V. Švorčík, “Early stages of growth of gold layers sputter deposited on glass and silicon substrates,” Nano. Res. Lett. 7, 241 (2012).
[Crossref]

Srivastava, S. K.

Su, W.

Sua, Y. M.

Sun, T.

Sun, Z.

Švorcík, V.

P. Malinský, P. Slepička, V. Hnatowicz, and V. Švorčík, “Early stages of growth of gold layers sputter deposited on glass and silicon substrates,” Nano. Res. Lett. 7, 241 (2012).
[Crossref]

Tam, H.

Tang, J.-L.

J.-N. Wang and J.-L. Tang, “Photonic crystal fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer for refractive index sensing,” Sensors 12, 2983–2995 (2012).
[Crossref]

Verma, R.

Wang, F.

Wang, J.-N.

J.-N. Wang and J.-L. Tang, “Photonic crystal fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer for refractive index sensing,” Sensors 12, 2983–2995 (2012).
[Crossref]

Wang, R.

N. Luan, R. Wang, W. Lv, and J. Yao, “Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on D-shaped microstructured optical fiber with hollow core,” Opt. Express 23, 8576–8582 (2015).
[Crossref]

Wang, X.

Wen, W.-Q.

Won, D.-J.

Wu, B.-Q.

Wu, J.

Xia, L.

X. Chen, L. Xia, and C. Li, “Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on a novel D-shaped photonic crystal fiber for low refractive index detection,” IEEE Photon. J. 10, 6800709 (2018).
[Crossref]

Yan, X.

G. An, X. Hao, S. Li, X. Yan, and X. Zhang, “D-shaped photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor based on surface plasmon resonance,” Appl. Opt. 56, 6988–6992 (2017).
[Crossref]

Yang, L.

Yang, X.

Yao, J.

N. Luan, R. Wang, W. Lv, and J. Yao, “Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on D-shaped microstructured optical fiber with hollow core,” Opt. Express 23, 8576–8582 (2015).
[Crossref]

Yao, J.-Q.

Yeo, K. S.

Yetisen, A. K.

Yu Gang, S.

Yuan, H.

Yun, S. H.

Zhang, F.

Zhang, X.

G. An, X. Hao, S. Li, X. Yan, and X. Zhang, “D-shaped photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor based on surface plasmon resonance,” Appl. Opt. 56, 6988–6992 (2017).
[Crossref]

Zhao, Y.

Y. Zhao, Z.-Q. Deng, and J. Li, “Photonic crystal fiber based surface plasmon resonance chemical sensors,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 202, 557–567 (2014).
[Crossref]

Appl. Opt. (3)

G. An, X. Hao, S. Li, X. Yan, and X. Zhang, “D-shaped photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor based on surface plasmon resonance,” Appl. Opt. 56, 6988–6992 (2017).
[Crossref]

Appl. Phys. Lett. (1)

Fiber Integr. Opt. (1)

IEEE Photon. J. (1)

X. Chen, L. Xia, and C. Li, “Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on a novel D-shaped photonic crystal fiber for low refractive index detection,” IEEE Photon. J. 10, 6800709 (2018).
[Crossref]

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. (1)

J. N. Dash and R. Jha, “Graphene-based birefringent photonic crystal fiber sensor using surface plasmon resonance,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 26, 1092–1095 (2014).
[Crossref]

Nano. Res. Lett. (1)

P. Malinský, P. Slepička, V. Hnatowicz, and V. Švorčík, “Early stages of growth of gold layers sputter deposited on glass and silicon substrates,” Nano. Res. Lett. 7, 241 (2012).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (4)

N. Luan, R. Wang, W. Lv, and J. Yao, “Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on D-shaped microstructured optical fiber with hollow core,” Opt. Express 23, 8576–8582 (2015).
[Crossref]

Opt. Lett. (1)

Opt. Mater. (1)

M. R. Momota and M. R. Hasan, “Hollow-core silver coated photonic crystal fiber plasmonic sensor,” Opt. Mater. 76, 287–294 (2018).
[Crossref]

Opt. Quantum Electron. (2)

Opto-Electron. Rev. (1)

Science (1)

Sens. Actuators (1)

B. Liedberg, C. Nylander, and I. Lunström, “Surface plasmon resonance for gas detection and biosensing,” Sens. Actuators 4, 299–304 (1983).
[Crossref]

Sens. Actuators B Chem. (3)

Y. Zhao, Z.-Q. Deng, and J. Li, “Photonic crystal fiber based surface plasmon resonance chemical sensors,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 202, 557–567 (2014).
[Crossref]

Sensors (2)

J.-N. Wang and J.-L. Tang, “Photonic crystal fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer for refractive index sensing,” Sensors 12, 2983–2995 (2012).
[Crossref]

Other (3)

A. A. Rifat, M. R. Hasan, R. Ahmed, and A. E. Miroshnichenko, “Microstructured optical fiber-based plasmonic sensors,” in Computational Photonic Sensors (Springer, 2019), pp. 203–232.

B. D. Gupta, “Surface plasmon resonance based fiber optic sensors,” in Reviews in Plasmonics 2010 (Springer, 2012), pp. 105–137.

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Fig. 1. Cross-section of the (a) proposed sensor and (b) preform structure of the proposed PCF.

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Fig. 2. (a) and (b) Core-guided mode of

y

polarization for

n_{a} = 1.33

n_{a} = 1.37

, respectively. (c) and (d)

y

-polarization SPP mode for

n_{a} = 1.33

n_{a} = 1.37

, respectively. (e) Dispersion relation of fundamental core-guided mode and SPP mode.

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Fig. 3. (a) Loss spectrum by changing analyte RI from 1.33 to 1.41. (b) Normalized loss intensity as a function of analyte RI. (c) Resonant wavelength as a function of analyte RI. (d) Amplitude sensitivity spectrum for analyte RI from 1.33 to 1.41. (e) FOM and FWHM as a function of analyte RI.

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Fig. 4. (a) Loss spectrum with variation of gold layer thickness. (b) Amplitude sensitivity of various gold layer thickness for analyte RI 1.33.

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Fig. 5. Fabrication tolerance investigation. (a) Scaled-down air-hole diameter (ds) effects on sensing. (b) Regular air-hole (d) effects on sensing. (c) Pitch size effects on sensing. (d) Liquid layer thickness effects on sensing.

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Tables (2)

Table 1. Performance Analysis of the Proposed Sensor

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Table 2. Comparison of the Proposed Sensor Performance with Existing Sensors

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Equations (6)

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n^{2} (λ) = 1 + \frac{B_{1} λ^{2}}{λ^{2} - c_{1}} + \frac{B_{2} λ^{2}}{λ^{2} - c_{2}} + \frac{B_{3} λ^{2}}{λ^{2} - c_{3}},

ϵ_{Au} = ϵ_{\infty} - \frac{ω_{D}^{2}}{ω (ω + j γ_{D})} - \frac{Δ ϵ \cdot Ω_{L}^{2}}{(ω^{2} - Ω_{L}^{2}) + j Γ_{L} ω},

α (dB / cm) = 8.686 \times k_{0} Im (n_{eff}) \times 10^{4},

S_{λ} (λ) = Δ λ_{peak} / Δ n_{a},

R (RIU) = Δ n_{a} \times Δ λ_{\min} / Δ λ_{peak},

S_{A} (λ) [{RIU}^{- 1}] = - \frac{1}{α (λ, n_{a})} \frac{\partial α (λ, n_{a})}{\partial n_{a}} .

Analyte RI	Peak Loss (dB/cm)	Res. Peak Wave. (nm)	Res. Peak Shift (nm)	Wavelength Sensitivity (nm/RIU)	Wavelength Resolution (RIU)	FWHM	Amp. Sens. ( ${RIU}^{- 1}$ )	FOM
1.33	46	600	10	1,000	$1 \times 10^{- 4}$	41	140	24
1.34	60	610	20	2,000	$5 \times 10^{- 5}$	39	215	51
1.35	85	630	20	2,000	$5 \times 10^{- 5}$	34	394	59
1.36	122	650	30	3,000	$3.3 \times 10^{- 5}$	30	603	100
1.37	177	680	50	5,000	$2 \times 10^{- 5}$	28	932	179
1.38	249	730	50	5,000	$2 \times 10^{- 5}$	29	1,164	172
1.39	360	780	110	11,000	$9.1 \times 10^{- 6}$	29	1,873	379
1.40	407	890	180	18,000	$5.6 \times 10^{- 6}$	45	2,843	400
1.41	530	1,070	N/A	N/A	N/A	85	N/A	N/A

Ref.	Structure Type	RI Range	Wave. Sens. (nm/RIU)	Resolution (Wave. Int.) ( ${RIU}^{- 1}$ )	Amp. Sens. ( ${RIU}^{- 1}$ )	Res. (Amp. Int.) ( ${RIU}^{- 1}$ )
[5]	Gold-coated spiral PCF sensor	1.33–1.38	4,600	$2.17 \times 10^{- 5}$	420.4	$2.38 \times 10^{- 5}$
[15]	Internal metal-coated PCF SPR sensor	1.33–142	11,000	$9.1 \times 10^{- 6}$	1,420	$7 \times 10^{- 6}$
[17]	Birefringent and single-layer-coated PCF sensor	1.40–1.43	15,180	$5.68 \times 10^{- 6}$	N/A	N/A
[22]	D-shaped PCF sensor	1.20–1.29	11,055	$9.05 \times 10^{- 6}$	N/A	N/A
[23]	PCF-based SPR for DANCE	1.33–1.53	9,000	$1.1 \times 10^{- 5}$	2,000	$5 \times 10^{- 5}$
[24]	Hollow core silver-coated PCF sensor	1.33–1.37	4,200	$2.38 \times 10^{- 5}$	300	$3.33 \times 10^{- 5}$
This work	External metal-coated PCF SPR sensor	1.33–1.41	18,000	$5.6 \times 10^{- 6}$	2,843	$3.5 \times 10^{- 6}$

Analyte RI	Peak Loss (dB/cm)	Res. Peak Wave. (nm)	Res. Peak Shift (nm)	Wavelength Sensitivity (nm/RIU)	Wavelength Resolution (RIU)	FWHM	Amp. Sens. ( ${RIU}^{- 1}$ )	FOM
1.33	46	600	10	1,000	$1 \times 10^{- 4}$	41	140	24
1.34	60	610	20	2,000	$5 \times 10^{- 5}$	39	215	51
1.35	85	630	20	2,000	$5 \times 10^{- 5}$	34	394	59
1.36	122	650	30	3,000	$3.3 \times 10^{- 5}$	30	603	100
1.37	177	680	50	5,000	$2 \times 10^{- 5}$	28	932	179
1.38	249	730	50	5,000	$2 \times 10^{- 5}$	29	1,164	172
1.39	360	780	110	11,000	$9.1 \times 10^{- 6}$	29	1,873	379
1.40	407	890	180	18,000	$5.6 \times 10^{- 6}$	45	2,843	400
1.41	530	1,070	N/A	N/A	N/A	85	N/A	N/A

Ref.	Structure Type	RI Range	Wave. Sens. (nm/RIU)	Resolution (Wave. Int.) ( ${RIU}^{- 1}$ )	Amp. Sens. ( ${RIU}^{- 1}$ )	Res. (Amp. Int.) ( ${RIU}^{- 1}$ )
[5]	Gold-coated spiral PCF sensor	1.33–1.38	4,600	$2.17 \times 10^{- 5}$	420.4	$2.38 \times 10^{- 5}$
[15]	Internal metal-coated PCF SPR sensor	1.33–142	11,000	$9.1 \times 10^{- 6}$	1,420	$7 \times 10^{- 6}$
[17]	Birefringent and single-layer-coated PCF sensor	1.40–1.43	15,180	$5.68 \times 10^{- 6}$	N/A	N/A
[22]	D-shaped PCF sensor	1.20–1.29	11,055	$9.05 \times 10^{- 6}$	N/A	N/A
[23]	PCF-based SPR for DANCE	1.33–1.53	9,000	$1.1 \times 10^{- 5}$	2,000	$5 \times 10^{- 5}$
[24]	Hollow core silver-coated PCF sensor	1.33–1.37	4,200	$2.38 \times 10^{- 5}$	300	$3.33 \times 10^{- 5}$
This work	External metal-coated PCF SPR sensor	1.33–1.41	18,000	$5.6 \times 10^{- 6}$	2,843	$3.5 \times 10^{- 6}$

Rifat Ahmmed Aoni	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6310-0082
Andrey E. Miroshnichenko	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9607-6621