Abstract
An electrically tunable hollow optical waveguide based on silicon-indium tin oxide (ITO) gratings is proposed to achieve phase modulation. The hollow waveguide consisting of Si-ITO gratings as top and bottom reflectors supports the propagation of slow-light mode with a high group index of 71 and a loss of 0.1 dB/cm in a narrow 1 µm thick air-core at 1550 nm. Carrier depletion in $p$-type Si and $n$-type ITO enables electrically controlled phase modulation of the guided slow-light mode. With the slow-light effect, 180° phase modulation is obtained in a short device length of 3 mm with a maximum reverse bias of ${-}{5}$ volts and 3 dB modulation bandwidth of 63 GHz.
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