Isotope selective three-step photoionization of&#x00A0;<sup>174</sup>Yb

M. V. Suryanarayana; M. Sankari

doi:10.1364/JOSAB.476224

Journal of the Optical Society of America B
Vol. 40,
Issue 1,
pp. 53-62
(2023)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.476224

Isotope selective three-step photoionization of ¹⁷⁴Yb

M. V. Suryanarayana and M. Sankari

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M. V. Suryanarayana and M. Sankari, "Isotope selective three-step photoionization of ¹⁷⁴Yb," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 40, 53-62 (2023)

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Abstract

A three-step photoionization scheme has been theoretically studied for the laser isotope separation of ${^{174}{\rm Yb}}$ from natural Yb using density matrix formalism. The effects of bandwidth and peak power density of lasers, Doppler broadening, and the number density of atoms on the degree of enrichment and production rate have been studied, and the optimum conditions for the efficient separation of ${^{174}{\rm Yb}}$ have been derived. It has been shown that it is possible to enrich the ${^{174}{\rm Yb}}$ isotope up to ${\sim}{90}\%$ using lasers with a bandwidth of 500 MHz with a production rate up to 48 mg/h. On the whole, the system required for the laser isotope separation of ${^{174}{\rm Yb}}$ is much simpler than that required for the separation of any of the ${^{176}{\rm Lu}}$, ${^{177}{\rm Lu}}$, and ${^{176}{\rm Yb}}$ isotopes. 1 g of the enriched isotope mixture upon irradiation for 21 days in widely available low flux reactors produces 759 doses (7.4 GBq each) of ${^{175}{\rm Yb}}$ radionuclide for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with 98.6% radionuclidic purity. It is envisaged that the production of the ${^{175}{\rm Yb}}$ isotope through this route will be economical and widely available to the public at large as a PRRT drug for cancer therapy.

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Supplementary Material (1)

Name	Description
Supplement 1	Supplemental document

Data availability

Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Parent Isotope	Natural Abundance (%)	Nuclear Reaction	Thermal Neutron Absorption Cross Section (Barns)	Half-Life (Days)	Decay Mode	Energy
$^{176} L u$	2.59	$^{176} L u (n, γ)^{177} L u$	2090	6.65	$β^{-}$	497 keV (78.6 %), 384 keV (9.1 %) and 176 keV (12.2 %)
$^{176} Y b$	12.76	$^{176} Y b (n, γ)^{177} {Y b}^{\underset{\to}{T_{1 / 2} = 1.911 h}}^{177} L u$	2.85		$γ$	208 keV (11 %), 113 keV (6.6 %),

$^{174} Y b$	31.83	$^{174} Y b (n, γ)^{175} Y b$	63.2	4.1615	$β^{-}$	470 keV (86.5 %), 356 keV (3.3 %) and 74 keV (10.2 %)
					$γ$	396 keV (6.4 %), 282 keV (3.0 %) and 114 keV (1.9 %)

S No	Isotope	J1 (Even Isotope)/F1 (Odd Isotope)	J2 (Even Isotope)/F2 (Odd Isotope)	J3 (Even Isotope)/F3 (Odd Isotope)	Frequency Position for the First Excitation Transition (Relative to $^{174} Y b$ ) (MHz)	Relative Intensity	Frequency Position for the Second Excitation Transition (Relative to $^{174} Y b$ ) (MHz)	Relative Intensity
1	$^{173} Y b$	2.5	3.5	2.5	−2387	44.4	2888	1.6
2	$^{173} Y b$	2.5	3.5	3.5	−2387	44.4	2186	9.5
3	$^{173} Y b$	2.5	3.5	4.5	−2387	44.4	−723	33.3
4	$^{171} Y b$	0.5	0.5	1.5	−2132	33.3	−2891	33.3
5	$^{176} Y b$	0	1	2	−955	100.0	2578	100.0
6	$^{174} Y b$	0	1	2	0	100.0	0	100.0
7	$^{172} Y b$	0	1	2	1000	100.0	−2711	100.0
8	$^{170} Y b$	0	1	2	2287	100.0	−6318	100.0
9	$^{173} Y b$	2.5	2.5	1.5	2310	33.3	−2143	4.0
10	$^{173} Y b$	2.5	2.5	2.5	2310	33.3	−1808	12.2
11	$^{173} Y b$	2.5	2.5	3.5	2310	33.3	−2510	17.1
12	$^{168} Y b$	0	1	2	3655	100.0	−10293	100.0
13	$^{171} Y b$	0.5	1.5	1.5	3805	66.7	−8828	6.7
14	$^{171} Y b$	0.5	1.5	2.5	3805	66.7	−5996	60.0
15	$^{173} Y b$	2.5	1.5	0.5	3807	22.2	−4176	6.7
16	$^{173} Y b$	2.5	1.5	1.5	3807	22.2	−3640	9.3
17	$^{173} Y b$	2.5	1.5	2.5	3807	22.2	−3306	6.2

Bandwidth (MHz) of the	Optimum Peak Power Density ( $W / {c m}^{2}$ )
Excitation Lasers	555.8023 nm	581.2273 nm	582.88 nm	$η_{174_{Y b}}$	Degree of Enrichment of $^{174} Y b$ (%)
50	900	3300	50,000	0.644	95.0
100	900	3100	50,000	0.641	95.0
250	700	2000	50,000	0.632	95.0
500	300	600	50,000	0.595	95.4
750	500	100	50,000	0.459	95.1
1000	100	100	50,000	0.384	94.1

Description	$^{174} Y b$	$^{176} Y b$	$^{176} L u$
Degree of enrichment (%)	88.6%	90.0%	68.9%
Neutron flux of the reactor ( $n e u t r o n s / {c m}^{2} / s e c$ )	$3 \times 10^{13}$	$3 \times 10^{13}$	$3 \times 10^{13}$
Irradiation period (days)	21	21	21
Cooling time (days)	0	0	0
Conversion efficiency to daughter nuclide	$9.51 \times 10^{- 4} (^{175} Y b)$	$6.29 \times 10^{- 5} (^{177} L u)$	$4.61 \times 10^{- 2} (^{177} L u)$
Amount of radioisotope produced per gram of enriched isotope mixture (gm)	$8.42 \times 10^{- 4}$	$5.66 \times 10^{- 5}$	$3.18 \times 10^{- 2}$
No carrier added specific activity (Bq/gm)	$6.6716 \times 10^{15}$	$4.1037 \times 10^{15}$	$4.1037 \times 10^{15}$
Specific activity of the irradiated isotope mixture (Bq/gm)	$5.62 \times 10^{12}$	$2.32 \times 10^{11}$	$1.30 \times 10^{14}$
Weight for single dose 7.4 GBq activity (grams)	$1.31 \times 10^{- 3}$	$31.83 \times 10^{- 2}$	$5.67 \times 10^{- 5}$
Number of doses (7.4 GBq) produced per 1 g of irradiation	759	31	17,633

Parent Isotope	Natural Abundance (%)	Nuclear Reaction	Thermal Neutron Absorption Cross Section (Barns)	Half-Life (Days)	Decay Mode	Energy
$^{176} L u$	2.59	$^{176} L u (n, γ)^{177} L u$	2090	6.65	$β^{-}$	497 keV (78.6 %), 384 keV (9.1 %) and 176 keV (12.2 %)
$^{176} Y b$	12.76	$^{176} Y b (n, γ)^{177} {Y b}^{\underset{\to}{T_{1 / 2} = 1.911 h}}^{177} L u$	2.85		$γ$	208 keV (11 %), 113 keV (6.6 %),

$^{174} Y b$	31.83	$^{174} Y b (n, γ)^{175} Y b$	63.2	4.1615	$β^{-}$	470 keV (86.5 %), 356 keV (3.3 %) and 74 keV (10.2 %)
					$γ$	396 keV (6.4 %), 282 keV (3.0 %) and 114 keV (1.9 %)

Abstract

Supplementary Material (1)

Data availability

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Tables (4)

Equations (13)

Journal of the Optical Society of America B