Focal-plane wavefront sensing with photonic lanterns II: numerical characterization and optimization

Jonathan Lin; Michael P. Fitzgerald; Yinzi Xin; Yoo Jung Kim; Olivier Guyon; Sergio G. Leon-Saval; Barnaby Norris; Nemanja Jovanovic

doi:10.1364/JOSAB.502962

Journal of the Optical Society of America B
Vol. 40,
Issue 12,
pp. 3196-3208
(2023)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.502962

Focal-plane wavefront sensing with photonic lanterns II: numerical characterization and optimization

Jonathan Lin, Michael P. Fitzgerald, Yinzi Xin, Yoo Jung Kim, Olivier Guyon, Sergio G. Leon-Saval, Barnaby Norris, and Nemanja Jovanovic

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Jonathan Lin, Michael P. Fitzgerald, Yinzi Xin, Yoo Jung Kim, Olivier Guyon, Sergio G. Leon-Saval, Barnaby Norris, and Nemanja Jovanovic, "Focal-plane wavefront sensing with photonic lanterns II: numerical characterization and optimization," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 40, 3196-3208 (2023)

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Table of Contents Category
- Instrumentation, Measurement, and Metrology
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: August 11, 2023
- Revised Manuscript: October 11, 2023
- Manuscript Accepted: October 17, 2023
- Published: November 16, 2023

Abstract

We present numerical characterizations of the wavefront sensing performance for few-mode photonic lantern wavefront sensors (PLWFSs). These characterizations include calculations of the throughput, control space, sensor linearity, and an estimate of the maximum linear reconstruction range for standard and hybrid lanterns with between 3 and 19 ports, at $\lambda = 1550 \;{\rm{nm}}$. We additionally consider the impact of beam-shaping optics and a charge-1 vortex mask placed in the pupil plane. The former is motivated by the application of PLs to high-resolution spectroscopy, which could enable efficient injection into the spectrometer along with simultaneous focal-plane wavefront sensing; similarly, the latter is motivated by the application of PLs to vortex fiber nulling (VFN), which can simultaneously enable wavefront sensing and the nulling of on-axis starlight. Overall, we find that the PLWFS setups tested in this work exhibit good linearity out to ${\sim}0.25 {-} 0.5$ radians of RMS wavefront error (WFE). Meanwhile, we estimate the maximum amount of WFE that can be handled by these sensors to be around ${\sim}1 {-} 2$ radians RMS before the sensor response becomes degenerate. In the future, we expect these limits can be pushed further by increasing the number of degrees of freedom, either by adopting higher mode-count lanterns, dispersing lantern outputs, or separating polarizations. Finally, we consider optimization strategies for the design of the PLWFS, which involve both modification of the lantern itself and the use of pre- and post-lantern optics like phase masks and interferometric beam recombiners.

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Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Area	Question	Section(s)
Characterization	What are the useful metrics to benchmark PLWFSs?	2.C
	What are the effects of beam-shaping (PIAA) optics?	3.A
	What are the effects of vortex masks?	3.B
	What approximate wavefront sensing performance might we expect from 3-, 6-, 10-, 12-, and 19-port PLs?	3.C
Design optimization	Can we control the sensing properties by tuning the PL design parameters such as the taper length and core spacing?	4.A and 4.B
	What pre-lantern optics can we add to improve the PLWFS’s sensing properties?	4.C
	What post-lantern optics can we add to improve the PLWFS’s sensing properties?	4.D

Config.	Throughput	Sensed ZMs	ZM $r_{L}$	ZM $r_{D}$	CM Rank	CM $r_{L}$	CM $r_{D}$
3	0.815	2–3	0.52	1.0	2	0.54	2.8
6	0.879	2–6	0.46	0.86	5	0.47	0.92
10	0.890	2–5	0.19	2.9	8	0.18	0.41
12	0.895	2–6	0.27	2.0	11	0.28	0.25
19	0.921	2–6	0.49	2.3	15	0.30	0.21
3V	0.843	2–3	0.46	1.9	2	0.51	0.88
6V	0.877	2–3, 5–6	0.44	1.0	4	0.45	1.5
10V	0.883	2–6	0.40	2.1	9	0.39	0.90
12V	0.883	2–6	0.47	2.3	11	0.43	0.97
19V	0.894	2–6	0.52	2.0	15	0.30	0.43

Config.	Throughput	Sensed ZMs	ZM $r_{L}$	ZM $r_{D}$	CM Rank	CM $r_{L}$	CM $r_{D}$
3	0.805	None	0	0	0	0	0
6	0.888	2-6	0.43	0.84	5	0.41	0.44
10	0.893	2–3, 5–6	0.29	2.7	7	0.25	0.56
12	0.898	2–6	0.39	2.3	10	0.24	0.45
19	0.921	2–6	0.39	3.1	13	0.30	0.87
3V	0.831	6	0.13	−	1	0.13	−
6V	0.884	2–3, 5–6	0.36	1.3	4	0.37	1.5
10V	0.887	2–6	0.33	1.6	9	0.26	0.71
12V	0.888	2–6	0.37	2.1	10	0.29	0.54
19V	0.889	2–6	0.50	2.9	15	0.27	0.77

Area	Question	Section(s)
Characterization	What are the useful metrics to benchmark PLWFSs?	2.C
	What are the effects of beam-shaping (PIAA) optics?	3.A
	What are the effects of vortex masks?	3.B
	What approximate wavefront sensing performance might we expect from 3-, 6-, 10-, 12-, and 19-port PLs?	3.C
Design optimization	Can we control the sensing properties by tuning the PL design parameters such as the taper length and core spacing?	4.A and 4.B
	What pre-lantern optics can we add to improve the PLWFS’s sensing properties?	4.C
	What post-lantern optics can we add to improve the PLWFS’s sensing properties?	4.D

Config.	Throughput	Sensed ZMs	ZM $r_{L}$	ZM $r_{D}$	CM Rank	CM $r_{L}$	CM $r_{D}$
3	0.815	2–3	0.52	1.0	2	0.54	2.8
6	0.879	2–6	0.46	0.86	5	0.47	0.92
10	0.890	2–5	0.19	2.9	8	0.18	0.41
12	0.895	2–6	0.27	2.0	11	0.28	0.25
19	0.921	2–6	0.49	2.3	15	0.30	0.21
3V	0.843	2–3	0.46	1.9	2	0.51	0.88
6V	0.877	2–3, 5–6	0.44	1.0	4	0.45	1.5
10V	0.883	2–6	0.40	2.1	9	0.39	0.90
12V	0.883	2–6	0.47	2.3	11	0.43	0.97
19V	0.894	2–6	0.52	2.0	15	0.30	0.43

Jonathan Lin	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8542-3317
Michael P. Fitzgerald	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0176-8973
Olivier Guyon	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1097-9908
Sergio G. Leon-Saval	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5606-3874
Barnaby Norris	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8352-7515
Nemanja Jovanovic	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5213-6207

Abstract

Data availability

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Tables (3)

Equations (5)

Journal of the Optical Society of America B