Nonlinear optics in 2D materials: focus on the contributions from Latin America

Christiano J. S. de Matos; Christiano J. S. de Matos; Henrique G. Rosa; Juan D. Zapata; David Steinberg; Melissa Maldonado; E. A. Thoroh de Souza; E. A. Thoroh de Souza; Ana M. de Paula; Leandro M. Malard; Anderson S. L. Gomes

doi:10.1364/JOSAB.482279

Journal of the Optical Society of America B
Vol. 40,
Issue 4,
pp. C111-C132
(2023)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.482279

Nonlinear optics in 2D materials: focus on the contributions from Latin America

Christiano J. S. de Matos, Henrique G. Rosa, Juan D. Zapata, David Steinberg, Melissa Maldonado, E. A. Thoroh de Souza, Ana M. de Paula, Leandro M. Malard, and Anderson S. L. Gomes

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Christiano J. S. de Matos, Henrique G. Rosa, Juan D. Zapata, David Steinberg, Melissa Maldonado, E. A. Thoroh de Souza, Ana M. de Paula, Leandro M. Malard, and Anderson S. L. Gomes, "Nonlinear optics in 2D materials: focus on the contributions from Latin America," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 40, C111-C132 (2023)

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Abstract

This paper reviews the work carried out in the field of nonlinear optics in two-dimensional and ultrathin lamellar materials, with a special focus on contributions authored and co-authored by researchers affiliated with Latin American institutions. It is shown that important and impactful contributions have emerged from Latin America, which has a consolidated and active optics community. Nonlinear optical refraction, nonlinear optical absorption, and nonlinear frequency conversion in materials such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, and black phosphorus are among the reviewed themes.

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Supplementary Material (1)

Name	Description
Supplement 1	Supplemental document.

Data availability

Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Material	Wavelength (nm)	Sheet $\| χ_{s}^{(2)} \|$ $(10^{- 20} m^{2} / V)$	Reference
${M o S}_{2}$	680–1080	1.2–8	[10]
	810	2100	[11]
	1560	2	[37]
	810	6500	[12]
	1190–1400	1.7–5.1	[38]
${M o S e}_{2}$	1560	2.4	[39]
	1260–1670	0.2–2.3	[38]
${W S}_{2}$	1560	1.1	[39]
	1200–1240	1.2–4.2	[38]
hBN	810	25	[11]

Material	Wavelength (nm)	Sheet $\| χ_{s}^{(3)} \|$ $(10^{- 28} m^{3} {/ V}^{2})$	Bulk $\| χ_{b}^{(3)} \|$ $(10^{- 19} m^{2} {/ V}^{2})$	Reference
Graphene	1720	–	400	[23]
	1560	0.5	1.5	[37]
	1560		1.0	[1]
${W S e}_{2}$	1560	0.9	1.2	[67]
${W S e}_{2}$	1560	–	1.0	[39]
${M o S e}_{2}$	1560	–	2.2	[39]
${W S}_{2}$	1560	–	2.4	[39]
${M o S}_{2}$	1560	–	3.6	[39]
	1950	–	2.2	[68]
	1560	1.7	2.4	[37]
hBN	1080	–	0.084	[73]
BP	1560	–	1.4	[74]
	1560	12	–	[37]
	1560	–	1.6	[1]

Sample	Solvent	Concentration (mg/mL)	$n_{2} \times 10^{- 9}$ ( ${c m}^{2} / W$ )	$β_{2} \times 10^{- 3}$ (cm/W)	$λ$ (nm)	Reference
GONPs	Water	0.5	−(2.53–2.57)		534	[89]
GONPs	Water	(0.1–1.0)	−(0.45–10.0)	−(2.64–13.0)	532	[90]
Graphene	NPM	$5.3 \times 10^{- 4}$	$- 40 (C W)$		800	[91]
			$- 60 (M L)$
	Silica	0.2–0.8	$1.5 \times 10^{4} (C W)$
			$4 \times 10^{4} (M L)$

		$β_{2} \times 10^{- 7}$	$I_{s}$		$λ$
Sample	Solvent	(cm/W)	$({M W / c m}^{2})$	Technique	(nm)	Reference
${M o S}_{2}$	ACN	0.53	10	$Z$ -scan	532	[17]
${N b S}_{2}$	ACN	0.42	8	$Z$ -scan	532	[17]
${Z r T e}_{2}$	ACN	0.5	7	$Z$ -scan	532	[17]
${Z r T e}_{2}$		0.24	10.3	PAZ-scan

Sample	Solvent/Substrate	$n_{2} ({c m}^{2} / W)$	$n_{4} \times 1 0^{- 26}$ ( ${c m}^{4} / W^{2}$ )	$β_{2}$ (cm/W)	$I_{s}$ ( $G W / {c m}^{2}$ )	$τ$ (fs)	$λ$ (nm)	Reference
Graphene	NMP	$- 7 \times 10^{- 17}$		SAT	$> \times 10^{5}$	95	800	[91]
	Glass^a	$- (0.9 - 1.6) \times 10^{- 13}$		SAT	$(4 - 7) \times 10^{2}$
${Z r T e}_{2}$	ACN	$4.2 \times 10^{- 16}$						[15]
${N b S}_{2}$	ACN	$3.0 \times 10^{- 16}$		$2.1 \times 10^{- 10}$	52	100	800	[16]
${M o S}_{2}$	ACN	$4.8 \times 10^{- 16}$	−7.6					[88]
${W S}_{2}$	ACN	$3.4 \times 10^{- 16}$
2D-RPPs	Quartz	$- 1.2 \times 10^{- 9}$		$- 100 \times 10^{- 6}$	0.92	150	580	[94]
		0		$- 256 \times 10^{- 6}$	0.92		570

Nanomaterials	Saturable Absorber Fabrication			Saturation and Mode-Locking Results
Family	Material	Method	Fiber Sample	$α_{s a t}$ (%)	$Δ λ$ (nm)	$Δ t$ (fs)	References
Carbon-based materials	Monolayer graphene	CVD	D-Shaped fiber	5	8.6	377	[139]
		CVD	D-Shaped fiber		30	147	[142]^a
		CVD	Fiber tip	65	5	1230	[196]
		CVD		——	6.30	600	[140]^a
		Exfoliated		1.47	5.40	670	[141]^a
	Few-layer graphene	CVD	Fiber tip	2.93	2.20	1147	[146]
		CVD		0.34–1.03	2.90–4.60	620–1180	[151]^a
		Exfoliated		3.60	9	630	[147]
		Exfoliated		——	3.70–470	670–790	[149]^a
	Graphite	Exfoliated	Fiber tip	11	48	88	[148]
	Graphite	Exfoliated	D-Shaped fiber	3.30	20.5	220	[150]^a
	GO	Hummers	D-Shaped fiber	——	14	227	[197]
	GO		D-Shaped fiber	22	27.1	190	[154]^a
	rGO		Fiber tip	5.5	0.75	$1.38 \times 10^{5}$	[159]
			Fiber tip	6.50	7.30	570	[160]^a
			D-Shaped fiber	——	4.04	1170	[161]
			D-Shaped fiber	35	24	190	[154]^a
			PCF	—	7.3	616	[157]
			PCF	—	8.1	356	[162]^a
Transition metal	${M o S}_{2}$	LPE	D-Shaped fiber	1	10	521	[198]
	${M o S}_{2}$	Exfoliated	D-Shaped fiber	—	20.5	200	[168]^a
	${R e S}_{2}$	CVD	D-Shaped fiber	1	26	1240	[171]
	${R e S}_{2}$	Exfoliated	D-Shaped fiber	3.4	2.6	220	[169]^a
Black phosphorus	BP	LPE	Fiber tip	21	3.80	670	[199]
	BP	LPE	Fiber tip	3.50	4.50	650	[160]^a

Christiano J. S. de Matos	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6165-3791
Melissa Maldonado	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2318-3597
E. A. Thoroh de Souza	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3867-7186
Ana M. de Paula	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8551-5948
Anderson S. L. Gomes	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6536-6570

Abstract

Supplementary Material (1)

Data availability

Cited By

Figures (12)

Tables (6)

Equations (14)

Journal of the Optical Society of America B