Super-broadband terahertz absorber: an optimized and magnetized graphene-embedded 1D disordered photonic system

Pulimi Mahesh; Damodar Panigrahy; Chittaranjan Nayak

doi:10.1364/JOSAB.493019

Journal of the Optical Society of America B
Vol. 40,
Issue 8,
pp. 2153-2161
(2023)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.493019

Super-broadband terahertz absorber: an optimized and magnetized graphene-embedded 1D disordered photonic system

Pulimi Mahesh, Damodar Panigrahy, and Chittaranjan Nayak

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Pulimi Mahesh, Damodar Panigrahy, and Chittaranjan Nayak, "Super-broadband terahertz absorber: an optimized and magnetized graphene-embedded 1D disordered photonic system," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 40, 2153-2161 (2023)

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Abstract

In this study, a broadband terahertz absorber was designed and numerically demonstrated. The optical features were computed using $4 \times 4$ transfer matrix formalism. The broadband absorption is attained by optimizing the Fermi levels of graphene, the magnetic field, and the thickness of the dielectric layers using the differential evolution algorithm. The results demonstrated that the WMF-optimized scenario offered greater than 90% absorption over a bandwidth of 4.18 THz, and the WoMF&SL scenario provided the shortest bandwidth of 0.89 THz. These findings reveal the significance of the spacer layer to achieve broad absorption. Moreover, the absorption band is tailored to the required spectral range by careful choice of the structural and electrical parameters of the spacer layer; changing the refractive index to 1.2 offers a bandwidth of 4.42 THz and altering the thickness to 12 µm provides a bandwidth of 5.5 THz. The broadband absorption was attained due to the impedance matching provided by the optimized structure over a wide spectral range. Furthermore, the average absorption and bandwidth were enhanced, while fluctuations in the selected absorption band were minimized by engineering the magnetic biasing. The reported super-broadband absorber offers numerous applications in terahertz imaging, terahertz communications, and photodetectors.

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	$N$	1				2				3			4
	$M$	$\bar{A}$	$λ_{L}$	$λ_{H}$	BW	$\bar{A}$	$λ_{L}$	$λ_{H}$	BW	$\bar{A}$	$λ_{L}$	$λ_{H}$	BW	$\bar{A}$	$λ_{L}$	$λ_{H}$	BW
WMF	1	0.504	-	-	-	0.515	-	-	-	0.57	-	-	-	0.572	-	-	-
	2	0.792	109.8	194.2	1.185	0.796	113.4	198.1	1.13	0.799	117.6	199.4	1.04	0.798	120.2	199.9	0.99
	3	0.882	88.7	207.7	1.94	0.884	85.1	209.3	2.08	0.851	69	215	2.952	0.835	103.3	216.8	1.521
	4	0.912	66.1	212.9	3.13	0.895	62.5	215.2	3.406	0.866	67.7	218.9	3.06	0.864	64.1	224.3	3.343
	5	0.923	63.8	231.1	3.404	0.919	59.4	227.2	3.73	0.881	69.3	224.6	2.994	0.868	65.4	225.6	3.25
	6	0.924	58.1	226.4	3.838	0.929	61.5	236.3	3.609	0.929	65.1	238.4	3.35	0.88	58.3	225.9	3.81
	7	0.924	58.1	225.4	3.83	0.93	62.5	237.6	3.54	0.915	59.6	217.3	3.653	0.867	58.1	215.8	3.77
	8	0.925	58.8	227.6	3.78	0.935	57.1	235.4	3.97	0.939	59.5	247.2	3.82	0.9	61.4	236.6	3.618
	9	0.927	59.7	230.2	3.72	0.923	54.8	231.7	4.18	0.923	64.6	241	3.39	0.903	64.2	222.9	3.327
	10	0.925	58.3	227.6	3.82	0.933	59.7	236.6	3.75	0.92	64.7	240.6	3.4	0.9	64.5	222.7	3.3
WoMF	1	0.386	-	-	-	0.394	-	-	-	0.455	-	-	-	0.455	-	-	-
	2	0.671	-	-	-	0.69	129.3	151.3	0.338	0.686	-	-	-	0.685	-	-	-
	3	0.8	101.2	166.9	1.167	0.749	117.6	183.3	0.915	0.765	124.6	182.3	0.762	0.766	112.6	190.3	1.081
	4	0.845	79.6	168.5	1.988	0.843	76	186.7	2.341	0.797	109	191.3	1.184	0.793	107.7	190.8	1.213
	5	0.862	63.8	171.3	2.641	0.871	66.4	186.7	2.912	0.877	98.1	206.2	1.605	0.814	109	201	1.26
	6	0.869	60.2	175.8	3.277	0.875	56.8	191.3	3.713	0.882	86.7	214.5	2.062	0.821	106.4	193.7	1.271
	7	0.871	55.5	173.4	3.675	0.883	57.6	196.8	3.682	0.87	75.8	191.3	2.389	0.824	106.7	197.1	1.289
	8	0.874	54.5	177.6	3.815	0.881	56.2	194.6	3.797	0.851	102.5	195.8	1.394	0.826	108.9	195.5	1.22
	9	0.876	54.3	178.1	3.84	0.883	54.1	193.6	4	0.843	101.8	190.3	1.37	0.821	130.6	198.1	0.782
	10	0.876	53.4	175.5	3.898	0.878	55.7	192	3.793	0.83	107.3	195.2	1.259	0.811	132.4	199.3	0.763
WoMF&SL	1	0.442	-	-	-	0.443	-	-	-	0.441	-	-	-	0.307	-	-	-
	2	0.471	-	-	-	0.495	-	-	-	0.492	-	-	-	0.491	-	-	-
	3	0.548	-	-	-	0.604	-	-	-	0.636	-	-	-	0.647	-	-	-
	4	0.602	-	-	-	0.721	150.6	180.7	0.33	0.718	137.6	179.9	0.517	0.695	147.7	205.1	0.569
	5	0.655	-	-	-	0.764	134.7	182	0.579	0.76	135	179.9	0.555	0.738	147.7	195.5	0.497
	6	0.67	-	-	-	0.794	129	188.2	0.731	0.8	140.2	192.9	0.584	0.766	146.1	202.8	0.574
	7	0.691	-	-	-	0.783	131.3	177.8	0.597	0.8038	135.2	202	0.733	0.76	138.6	186.4	0.555
	8	0.698	-	-	-	0.818	127.5	196.2	0.823	0.828	142.6	206.6	0.651	0.79	155.9	212.5	0.51
	9	0.708	149.2	161.5	0.153	0.812	121.8	190.3	0.89	0.806	125.9	189.6	0.8	0.818	152.3	214.3	0.5347
	10	0.712	147.1	161.3	0.18	0.808	131.5	188.9	0.693	0.792	132.3	187.4	0.66	0.772	155.5	213.7	0.523

	$t_{i} (µ m)$
STRUCTURE	$t_{1}$	$t_{2}$	$t_{3}$	$t_{4}$	$t_{5}$	$t_{6}$	$t_{7}$	$t_{8}$	$t_{9}$	$t_{10}$	$t_{11}$	$t_{12}$	$t_{13}$	$t_{14}$	$t_{15}$	$t_{16}$	$t_{17}$	$t_{18}$
WMF	1.89	0.50	0.50	0.50	11.04	12.32	11.07	11.77	4.21	7.00	9.77	0.50	2.84	12.50	12.50	0.77	1.01	3.30
WoMF	0.60	2.76	0.50	0.50	9.92	12.27	1.04	1.14	12.44	12.50	9.42	6.31	4.79	10.64	2.65	7.48	3.30	0.51
WoMF&SL	0.54	11.07	1.20	6.31	2.14	3.48	1.06	2.98	0.50	3.97	11.87	7.72	0.50	4.01	0.77	6.02	8.77	0.50
				$E_{f i}$ (eV)
				$E_{f 1}$	$E_{f 2}$	$E_{f 3}$	$E_{f 4}$	$E_{f 5}$	$E_{f 6}$	$E_{f 7}$	$E_{f 8}$	$E_{f 9}$			B (T)
WMF				−0.20	−0.90	−0.90	−0.90	−0.90	−0.90	−0.90	−0.90	−0.90			6.99
WoMF				−0.21	−0.90	−0.90	−0.90	−0.90	−0.90	−0.90	−0.90	−0.90			0.00
WoMF&SL				−0.20	−0.90	−0.90	−0.90	−0.90	−0.90	−0.90	−0.90	−0.90			0.00

$d_{S L} (µ m)$	$\bar{A}$	$λ_{L} (µ m)$	$λ_{H} (µ m)$	BW (THz)
12	0.856	42.15	186	5.5
15	0.883	49.44	210.36	4.64
18	0.897	62.4	234.66	3.52
$n_{S L}$	$\bar{A}$	$λ_{L} (µ m)$	$λ_{H} (µ m)$	BW (THz)
1.2	0.924	52.25	227.1	4.42
1.4	0.921	61.5	227.1	3.55
1.6	0.908	69.25	227.1	3.01

Ref.	$λ_{L} (µ m)$	$λ_{H} (µ m)$	BW (THz)	No. of Graphene
[48]	64.1	89.84	1.34	5
[49]	79.36	267.8	2.66	3
[50]	46.29	51.9	0.7	3
[51]	51.42	101.63	2.88	13
Proposed Model	42.15	186	5.5	9

	$N$	1				2				3			4
	$M$	$\bar{A}$	$λ_{L}$	$λ_{H}$	BW	$\bar{A}$	$λ_{L}$	$λ_{H}$	BW	$\bar{A}$	$λ_{L}$	$λ_{H}$	BW	$\bar{A}$	$λ_{L}$	$λ_{H}$	BW
WMF	1	0.504	-	-	-	0.515	-	-	-	0.57	-	-	-	0.572	-	-	-
	2	0.792	109.8	194.2	1.185	0.796	113.4	198.1	1.13	0.799	117.6	199.4	1.04	0.798	120.2	199.9	0.99
	3	0.882	88.7	207.7	1.94	0.884	85.1	209.3	2.08	0.851	69	215	2.952	0.835	103.3	216.8	1.521
	4	0.912	66.1	212.9	3.13	0.895	62.5	215.2	3.406	0.866	67.7	218.9	3.06	0.864	64.1	224.3	3.343
	5	0.923	63.8	231.1	3.404	0.919	59.4	227.2	3.73	0.881	69.3	224.6	2.994	0.868	65.4	225.6	3.25
	6	0.924	58.1	226.4	3.838	0.929	61.5	236.3	3.609	0.929	65.1	238.4	3.35	0.88	58.3	225.9	3.81
	7	0.924	58.1	225.4	3.83	0.93	62.5	237.6	3.54	0.915	59.6	217.3	3.653	0.867	58.1	215.8	3.77
	8	0.925	58.8	227.6	3.78	0.935	57.1	235.4	3.97	0.939	59.5	247.2	3.82	0.9	61.4	236.6	3.618
	9	0.927	59.7	230.2	3.72	0.923	54.8	231.7	4.18	0.923	64.6	241	3.39	0.903	64.2	222.9	3.327
	10	0.925	58.3	227.6	3.82	0.933	59.7	236.6	3.75	0.92	64.7	240.6	3.4	0.9	64.5	222.7	3.3
WoMF	1	0.386	-	-	-	0.394	-	-	-	0.455	-	-	-	0.455	-	-	-
	2	0.671	-	-	-	0.69	129.3	151.3	0.338	0.686	-	-	-	0.685	-	-	-
	3	0.8	101.2	166.9	1.167	0.749	117.6	183.3	0.915	0.765	124.6	182.3	0.762	0.766	112.6	190.3	1.081
	4	0.845	79.6	168.5	1.988	0.843	76	186.7	2.341	0.797	109	191.3	1.184	0.793	107.7	190.8	1.213
	5	0.862	63.8	171.3	2.641	0.871	66.4	186.7	2.912	0.877	98.1	206.2	1.605	0.814	109	201	1.26
	6	0.869	60.2	175.8	3.277	0.875	56.8	191.3	3.713	0.882	86.7	214.5	2.062	0.821	106.4	193.7	1.271
	7	0.871	55.5	173.4	3.675	0.883	57.6	196.8	3.682	0.87	75.8	191.3	2.389	0.824	106.7	197.1	1.289
	8	0.874	54.5	177.6	3.815	0.881	56.2	194.6	3.797	0.851	102.5	195.8	1.394	0.826	108.9	195.5	1.22
	9	0.876	54.3	178.1	3.84	0.883	54.1	193.6	4	0.843	101.8	190.3	1.37	0.821	130.6	198.1	0.782
	10	0.876	53.4	175.5	3.898	0.878	55.7	192	3.793	0.83	107.3	195.2	1.259	0.811	132.4	199.3	0.763
WoMF&SL	1	0.442	-	-	-	0.443	-	-	-	0.441	-	-	-	0.307	-	-	-
	2	0.471	-	-	-	0.495	-	-	-	0.492	-	-	-	0.491	-	-	-
	3	0.548	-	-	-	0.604	-	-	-	0.636	-	-	-	0.647	-	-	-
	4	0.602	-	-	-	0.721	150.6	180.7	0.33	0.718	137.6	179.9	0.517	0.695	147.7	205.1	0.569
	5	0.655	-	-	-	0.764	134.7	182	0.579	0.76	135	179.9	0.555	0.738	147.7	195.5	0.497
	6	0.67	-	-	-	0.794	129	188.2	0.731	0.8	140.2	192.9	0.584	0.766	146.1	202.8	0.574
	7	0.691	-	-	-	0.783	131.3	177.8	0.597	0.8038	135.2	202	0.733	0.76	138.6	186.4	0.555
	8	0.698	-	-	-	0.818	127.5	196.2	0.823	0.828	142.6	206.6	0.651	0.79	155.9	212.5	0.51
	9	0.708	149.2	161.5	0.153	0.812	121.8	190.3	0.89	0.806	125.9	189.6	0.8	0.818	152.3	214.3	0.5347
	10	0.712	147.1	161.3	0.18	0.808	131.5	188.9	0.693	0.792	132.3	187.4	0.66	0.772	155.5	213.7	0.523

Abstract

Data availability

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Figures (6)

Tables (4)

Equations (13)

Journal of the Optical Society of America B