Excitation of surface plasmon resonance with&#x00A0;sodium-based photonic crystal fiber for sensing applications

Zhiyong Yin; Xili Jing

doi:10.1364/JOSAB.496874

Journal of the Optical Society of America B
Vol. 40,
Issue 9,
pp. 2356-2364
(2023)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.496874

Excitation of surface plasmon resonance with sodium-based photonic crystal fiber for sensing applications

Zhiyong Yin and Xili Jing

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Zhiyong Yin and Xili Jing, "Excitation of surface plasmon resonance with sodium-based photonic crystal fiber for sensing applications," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 40, 2356-2364 (2023)

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Abstract

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors using precious metal excitation have encountered bottlenecks in performance enhancement. To address this issue, we propose a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor that utilizes a polymer-protected sodium film to excite the SPR effect. The PCF has hexagonally arranged air holes and a polishing plane. The sodium film is deposited on the polished plane and protected with polymethyl methacrylate or polydimethylsiloxane for refractive index sensing or temperature sensing. We analyzed this structure using the finite element method and found that the sodium-based SPR sensor has greater sensitivity, wider detection range, and higher figure of merit (FOM) than the SPR sensor using precious metal excitation. Numerical results showed that the maximum sensitivity was 35,400 nm/RIU, the widest detection range was 1.22–1.42, and the highest FOM was ${3550}\;{{\rm RIU}^{- 1}}$ at different sodium film thicknesses. When applied to temperature sensing, its maximum sensitivity is 20.5 nm/°C, and the temperature detection range is 0°C–100°C. In addition, our proposed sodium-based SPR fiber sensor is compatible with a thermo-assisted spin-coating process, so a good guideline scheme is available for the preparation. Therefore, our proposed sensor shows excellent potential in sensing and expands the application range of sodium-based plasma devices.

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Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Sensing Structure	RI of Analyte	Sensitivity (nm/RIU)	FOM ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )	Ref.
Gold-based hollow-core PCF SPR sensor	1.33–1.37	13,000	228.07	[9]
External gold-coated PCF SPR sensor	1.33–1.40	12,000	–	[10]
Based on a PCF with open-channels SPR sensor	1.33–1.39	5000	47.00	[11]
Based on Ag/ZrN bimetallic structure PCF SPR sensor	1.32–1.34	5400	65.04	[12]
Based on Ag/TiN bimetallic structure PCF SPR sensor	1.32–1.34	7000	119.61	[12]
Photonic crystal fiber sensor based on gold film coating	1.34–1.38	20,000	105.88	[13]
Microstructure optical fiber sensor based on gold film coating	1.00–1.45	15,000	295.00	[14]

Parameter	Symbol	Value
Air hole radius	$r$	2.5 um
Air hole spacing	$Λ$	10 um
Polishing depth	$d$	30 um
Diameter of PCF	$D$	125 um
Sodium film thickness	$t$	20–60 nm
PMMA layer thickness	–	20 nm
PDMS layer thickness	–	20 nm

Parameters	Physical Significance	Value (Sodium)
$ε_{b}$	Polarization response	0.500
$ω_{p}$	Plasma frequency	5.414
$ω_{1}$	Resonant frequency	2.945
$f_{1}$	Amplitude of the inter-band transition	0.280
$γ_{1}$	Resonant frequency	2.706
$γ_{p}$	Drude damping rate	0.010

Parameters	Physical Significance	Value (Gold)	Value (Silver)	Value (Copper)
$ω_{p}$	plasma frequency	9.03	9.01	10.83
$m$	number of oscillators	1	1	1
$f_{0}$	oscillator strength	0.760	0.845	0.575
$Γ_{0}$	damping constant	0.053	0.048	0.030
$f_{1}$	inter-band transitions with strength	0.024	0.065	0.061
$Γ_{1}$	inter-band transitions with lifetime	0.241	3.886	0.378
$ω_{1}$	inter-band transitions with frequency	0.415	0.816	0.291

Index	Equation	Parametric Meaning	Ref.
$S (λ, n)$	$S (λ, n) = \frac{Δ λ}{Δ n} (n m / R I U)$	$Δ λ$ is the shift distance of resonance peak position, $Δ n$ is the variation of the analyte RI	[25]
FOM	$F O M = \frac{S (λ, n)}{F W H M} ({R I U}^{- 1})$	Full width at half-maximum (FWHM)	[25]
R(RI)	$\frac{Δ n \cdot {Δ λ}_{min}}{{Δ λ}_{p e a k}} (R I U)$	$Δ λ_{p e a k}$ is the resonance peak shift, $Δ λ_{m i n}$ is the minimum spectral resolution, we take 0.1 nm as the minimum spectral resolution	[25]
Detection range	–	It is determined by the optical properties of the metal itself	–

Film Thickness (nm)	Detection Range	Sensitivity (max) (nm/RIU)	Sensitivity (min) (nm/RIU)	FOM (max) ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )	Resolution (RIU)
20	1.33–1.44	20,200	1300	3550	$1.79 \times 10^{- 5}$
30	1.28–1.43	26,500	1200	2707	$1.90 \times 10^{- 5}$
40	1.25–1.42	19,100	1200	1243	$2.25 \times 10^{- 5}$
50	1.23–1.42	29,100	1200	1090	$1.92 \times 10^{- 5}$
60	1.22–1.42	35,400	1200	1000	$1.73 \times 10^{- 5}$

Abstract

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Journal of the Optical Society of America B