Tuberculosis detection using a low-loss and highly sensitive photonic crystal fiber technique in the terahertz regime

Sofyan A. Taya; Dana N. Alhamss; Abdulkarem H. M. Almawgani; Ahmad Alzahrani; Ilhami Colak; Shobhit K. Patel

doi:10.1364/JOSAB.497918

Journal of the Optical Society of America B
Vol. 40,
Issue 9,
pp. 2382-2391
(2023)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.497918

Tuberculosis detection using a low-loss and highly sensitive photonic crystal fiber technique in the terahertz regime

Sofyan A. Taya, Dana N. Alhamss, Abdulkarem H. M. Almawgani, Ahmad Alzahrani, Ilhami Colak, and Shobhit K. Patel

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Sofyan A. Taya, Dana N. Alhamss, Abdulkarem H. M. Almawgani, Ahmad Alzahrani, Ilhami Colak, and Shobhit K. Patel, "Tuberculosis detection using a low-loss and highly sensitive photonic crystal fiber technique in the terahertz regime," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 40, 2382-2391 (2023)

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Abstract

This research paper introduces a design and numerical investigation of a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor with a hollow core. The sensor is specifically designed to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the frequency range of 1–2 THz. The cladding region of the PCF sensor incorporates six rectangular air holes and an absorbing layer known as the perfectly matched layer (PML), which is utilized to examine various optical properties. Through a thorough investigation, our designed PCF sensor demonstrates enhanced sensitivity of 98.692%, 98.721%, 98.75%, and 98.764% for four different infected samples of tuberculosis at a frequency of 1.6 THz. The sensor exhibits minimal confinement loss and effective material loss. Furthermore, the numerical aperture and effective mode index of the proposed sensor are analyzed. An effective area of 346,550, 345,110, 343,710, and ${{343}}{,}{{020}}\;\unicode{x00B5} {{\rm{m}}^2}$ for the four different infected samples of tuberculosis is obtained. The fabrication methods employed for this sensor are mentioned. Overall, this PCF sensor can be promising for a wide range of chemical, gas, and biosensing applications.

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Data availability

Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Width of $r_{c}$	620 µm
Height of $r_{c}$	800 µm
Width of $r_{1}$	650 µm
Height of $r_{1}$	1120 µm
Width of $r_{2}$	550 µm
Height of $r_{2}$	2580 µm
Width of $r_{3}$	500 µm
Height of $r_{3}$	1400 µm
Radius of the fiber	1800 µm
PML	180 µm
Distance between adjacent air holes	10 µm
$α_{Zeonex}$	$0.2 c m^{- 1}$
$n_{Z e o n e x}$	1.53
$n_{N P S}$	1.351
$n_{{T B}_{1}}$	1.343
$n_{{T B}_{2}}$	1.345
$n_{{T B}_{3}}$	1.347
$n_{{T B}_{4}}$	1.348

References	Effective Area ( $µ m^{2}$ )	Numerical Aperture	EML ( ${c m}^{- 1}$ )	Confinement Loss ( ${c m}^{- 1}$ )	Relative Sensitivity (%)
[6]	—	—	—	$2.17 \times 10^{- 12}$	41.4
[29]	—	—	—	$5.58 \times 10^{- 7}$	49.1
[16]	144000	—	—	$2.50 \times 10^{- 7}$	63.2
[30]	397340	—	0.004	$4.87 \times 10^{- 11}$	91.5
[31]	$5 \times 10^{4}$	—	0.02	$10^{- 16 \pm 1}$	$90 \pm 1$
[32]	209930	—	0.006	$5.94 \times 10^{- 15}$	92.3
[33]	93754	0.194	0.0117	$6.52 \times 10^{- 14}$	92.2
[34]	$3.13 \times 10^{5}$	0.17707	0.0059	$1.28 \times 10^{- 13}$	94.2
[35]	$1.59 \times 10^{5}$	0.225	0.008	$2.68 \times 10^{- 13}$	96.50
[36]	—	—	—	$2.26 \times 10^{- 5}$	77.14
[37]	—	—	—	$6.54 \times 10^{- 6}$	44.45
The proposed PCF	252310	0.31919	0.00156	$1.1806 \times 10^{- 14}$	98.805

Width of $r_{c}$	620 µm
Height of $r_{c}$	800 µm
Width of $r_{1}$	650 µm
Height of $r_{1}$	1120 µm
Width of $r_{2}$	550 µm
Height of $r_{2}$	2580 µm
Width of $r_{3}$	500 µm
Height of $r_{3}$	1400 µm
Radius of the fiber	1800 µm
PML	180 µm
Distance between adjacent air holes	10 µm
$α_{Zeonex}$	$0.2 c m^{- 1}$
$n_{Z e o n e x}$	1.53
$n_{N P S}$	1.351
$n_{{T B}_{1}}$	1.343
$n_{{T B}_{2}}$	1.345
$n_{{T B}_{3}}$	1.347
$n_{{T B}_{4}}$	1.348

References	Effective Area ( $µ m^{2}$ )	Numerical Aperture	EML ( ${c m}^{- 1}$ )	Confinement Loss ( ${c m}^{- 1}$ )	Relative Sensitivity (%)
[6]	—	—	—	$2.17 \times 10^{- 12}$	41.4
[29]	—	—	—	$5.58 \times 10^{- 7}$	49.1
[16]	144000	—	—	$2.50 \times 10^{- 7}$	63.2
[30]	397340	—	0.004	$4.87 \times 10^{- 11}$	91.5
[31]	$5 \times 10^{4}$	—	0.02	$10^{- 16 \pm 1}$	$90 \pm 1$
[32]	209930	—	0.006	$5.94 \times 10^{- 15}$	92.3
[33]	93754	0.194	0.0117	$6.52 \times 10^{- 14}$	92.2
[34]	$3.13 \times 10^{5}$	0.17707	0.0059	$1.28 \times 10^{- 13}$	94.2
[35]	$1.59 \times 10^{5}$	0.225	0.008	$2.68 \times 10^{- 13}$	96.50
[36]	—	—	—	$2.26 \times 10^{- 5}$	77.14
[37]	—	—	—	$6.54 \times 10^{- 6}$	44.45
The proposed PCF	252310	0.31919	0.00156	$1.1806 \times 10^{- 14}$	98.805

Abstract

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Equations (6)

Journal of the Optical Society of America B