Near-field to far-field transition of photonic crystal fibers: symmetries and interference phenomena

Niels Asger Mortensen; Jacob Riis Folkenberg

doi:10.1364/OE.10.000475

Abstract

The transition from the near to the far field of the fundamental mode radiating out of a photonic crystal fiber is investigated experimentally and theoretically. It is observed that the hexagonal shape of the near field rotates two times by π/6 when moving into the far field, and eventually six satellites form around a nearly gaussian far-field pattern. A semi-empirical model is proposed, based on describing the near field as a sum of seven gaussian distributions, which qualitatively explains all the observed phenomena and quantitatively predicts the relative intensity of the six satellites in the far field.

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Year
Author
Publication

“Focus Issue: Photonic Crystal Fiber,” Opt. Express 9, 674–779 (2001), http://www.opticsexpress.org/issue.cfm?issue id=124.
[PubMed]
“Special Issue on Photonic Bandgaps,” J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 3, S103–S207 (2001).
J. C. Knight and P. S. J. Russell, “Applied optics: New ways to guide light,” Science 296, 276–277 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, and D. M. Atkin, “All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding,” Opt. Lett. 21, 1547–1549 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, and D. M. Atkin, “All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding: errata,” Opt. Lett. 22, 484–485 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. C. Knight, J. Broeng, T. A. Birks, and P. S. J. Russell, “Photonic band gap guidance in optical fibers,” Science 282, 1476–1478 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
R. F. Cregan, B. J. Mangan, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, P. J. Roberts, and D. C. Allan, “Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–1539 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
T. A. Birks, J. C. Knight, and P. S. J. Russell, “Endlessly single mode photonic crystal fibre,” Opt. Lett. 22, 961–963 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. Broeng, D. Mogilevstev, S. E. Barkou, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fibers: A new class of optical waveguides,” Opt. Fiber Technol. 5, 305–330 (1999).
[Crossref]
S. G. Johnson and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Block-iterative frequency-domain methods for Maxwell’s equations in a planewave basis,” Opt. Express 8, 173–190 (2000), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-8-3-173.
[Crossref]
A. K. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Introduction to Fiber Optics (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1998).
A. K. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Optical Electronics (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1989).
[Crossref]

2002 (1)

J. C. Knight and P. S. J. Russell, “Applied optics: New ways to guide light,” Science 296, 276–277 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2001 (2)

“Focus Issue: Photonic Crystal Fiber,” Opt. Express 9, 674–779 (2001), http://www.opticsexpress.org/issue.cfm?issue id=124.
[PubMed]

“Special Issue on Photonic Bandgaps,” J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 3, S103–S207 (2001).

2000 (1)

S. G. Johnson and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Block-iterative frequency-domain methods for Maxwell’s equations in a planewave basis,” Opt. Express 8, 173–190 (2000), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-8-3-173.
[Crossref]

1999 (2)

J. Broeng, D. Mogilevstev, S. E. Barkou, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fibers: A new class of optical waveguides,” Opt. Fiber Technol. 5, 305–330 (1999).
[Crossref]

R. F. Cregan, B. J. Mangan, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, P. J. Roberts, and D. C. Allan, “Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–1539 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1998 (1)

J. C. Knight, J. Broeng, T. A. Birks, and P. S. J. Russell, “Photonic band gap guidance in optical fibers,” Science 282, 1476–1478 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1997 (2)

J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, and D. M. Atkin, “All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding: errata,” Opt. Lett. 22, 484–485 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. A. Birks, J. C. Knight, and P. S. J. Russell, “Endlessly single mode photonic crystal fibre,” Opt. Lett. 22, 961–963 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1996 (1)

J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, and D. M. Atkin, “All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding,” Opt. Lett. 21, 1547–1549 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Allan, D. C.

R. F. Cregan, B. J. Mangan, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, P. J. Roberts, and D. C. Allan, “Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–1539 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Atkin, D. M.

J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, and D. M. Atkin, “All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding: errata,” Opt. Lett. 22, 484–485 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, and D. M. Atkin, “All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding,” Opt. Lett. 21, 1547–1549 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Barkou, S. E.

J. Broeng, D. Mogilevstev, S. E. Barkou, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fibers: A new class of optical waveguides,” Opt. Fiber Technol. 5, 305–330 (1999).
[Crossref]

Birks, T. A.

R. F. Cregan, B. J. Mangan, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, P. J. Roberts, and D. C. Allan, “Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–1539 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. C. Knight, J. Broeng, T. A. Birks, and P. S. J. Russell, “Photonic band gap guidance in optical fibers,” Science 282, 1476–1478 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, and D. M. Atkin, “All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding: errata,” Opt. Lett. 22, 484–485 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. A. Birks, J. C. Knight, and P. S. J. Russell, “Endlessly single mode photonic crystal fibre,” Opt. Lett. 22, 961–963 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, and D. M. Atkin, “All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding,” Opt. Lett. 21, 1547–1549 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bjarklev, A.

J. Broeng, D. Mogilevstev, S. E. Barkou, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fibers: A new class of optical waveguides,” Opt. Fiber Technol. 5, 305–330 (1999).
[Crossref]

Broeng, J.

J. Broeng, D. Mogilevstev, S. E. Barkou, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fibers: A new class of optical waveguides,” Opt. Fiber Technol. 5, 305–330 (1999).
[Crossref]

J. C. Knight, J. Broeng, T. A. Birks, and P. S. J. Russell, “Photonic band gap guidance in optical fibers,” Science 282, 1476–1478 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cregan, R. F.

R. F. Cregan, B. J. Mangan, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, P. J. Roberts, and D. C. Allan, “Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–1539 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ghatak, A. K.

A. K. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Introduction to Fiber Optics (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1998).

A. K. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Optical Electronics (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1989).
[Crossref]

Joannopoulos, J. D.

S. G. Johnson and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Block-iterative frequency-domain methods for Maxwell’s equations in a planewave basis,” Opt. Express 8, 173–190 (2000), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-8-3-173.
[Crossref]

Johnson, S. G.

S. G. Johnson and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Block-iterative frequency-domain methods for Maxwell’s equations in a planewave basis,” Opt. Express 8, 173–190 (2000), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-8-3-173.
[Crossref]

Knight, J. C.

J. C. Knight and P. S. J. Russell, “Applied optics: New ways to guide light,” Science 296, 276–277 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. F. Cregan, B. J. Mangan, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, P. J. Roberts, and D. C. Allan, “Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–1539 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. C. Knight, J. Broeng, T. A. Birks, and P. S. J. Russell, “Photonic band gap guidance in optical fibers,” Science 282, 1476–1478 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, and D. M. Atkin, “All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding: errata,” Opt. Lett. 22, 484–485 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. A. Birks, J. C. Knight, and P. S. J. Russell, “Endlessly single mode photonic crystal fibre,” Opt. Lett. 22, 961–963 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, and D. M. Atkin, “All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding,” Opt. Lett. 21, 1547–1549 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mangan, B. J.

R. F. Cregan, B. J. Mangan, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, P. J. Roberts, and D. C. Allan, “Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–1539 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mogilevstev, D.

J. Broeng, D. Mogilevstev, S. E. Barkou, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fibers: A new class of optical waveguides,” Opt. Fiber Technol. 5, 305–330 (1999).
[Crossref]

Roberts, P. J.

R. F. Cregan, B. J. Mangan, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, P. J. Roberts, and D. C. Allan, “Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–1539 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Russell, P. S. J.

J. C. Knight and P. S. J. Russell, “Applied optics: New ways to guide light,” Science 296, 276–277 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. F. Cregan, B. J. Mangan, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, P. J. Roberts, and D. C. Allan, “Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–1539 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. C. Knight, J. Broeng, T. A. Birks, and P. S. J. Russell, “Photonic band gap guidance in optical fibers,” Science 282, 1476–1478 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, and D. M. Atkin, “All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding: errata,” Opt. Lett. 22, 484–485 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. A. Birks, J. C. Knight, and P. S. J. Russell, “Endlessly single mode photonic crystal fibre,” Opt. Lett. 22, 961–963 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, and D. M. Atkin, “All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding,” Opt. Lett. 21, 1547–1549 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Thyagarajan, K.

A. K. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Optical Electronics (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1989).
[Crossref]

A. K. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Introduction to Fiber Optics (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1998).

J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. (1)

“Special Issue on Photonic Bandgaps,” J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 3, S103–S207 (2001).

Opt. Express (2)

“Focus Issue: Photonic Crystal Fiber,” Opt. Express 9, 674–779 (2001), http://www.opticsexpress.org/issue.cfm?issue id=124.
[PubMed]

S. G. Johnson and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Block-iterative frequency-domain methods for Maxwell’s equations in a planewave basis,” Opt. Express 8, 173–190 (2000), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-8-3-173.
[Crossref]

Opt. Fiber Technol. (1)

J. Broeng, D. Mogilevstev, S. E. Barkou, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fibers: A new class of optical waveguides,” Opt. Fiber Technol. 5, 305–330 (1999).
[Crossref]

Opt. Lett. (3)

T. A. Birks, J. C. Knight, and P. S. J. Russell, “Endlessly single mode photonic crystal fibre,” Opt. Lett. 22, 961–963 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, and D. M. Atkin, “All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding,” Opt. Lett. 21, 1547–1549 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, and D. M. Atkin, “All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding: errata,” Opt. Lett. 22, 484–485 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Science (3)

J. C. Knight, J. Broeng, T. A. Birks, and P. S. J. Russell, “Photonic band gap guidance in optical fibers,” Science 282, 1476–1478 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. F. Cregan, B. J. Mangan, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, P. J. Roberts, and D. C. Allan, “Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–1539 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. C. Knight and P. S. J. Russell, “Applied optics: New ways to guide light,” Science 296, 276–277 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Other (2)

A. K. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Introduction to Fiber Optics (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1998).

A. K. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Optical Electronics (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1989).
[Crossref]

Supplementary Material (1)

Media 1: GIF (3032 KB)

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Fig. 1. Schematic of a single-mode PCF (z < 0) with an end-facet from where light is radiated into free space (z > 0).

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Fig. 2. Experimentally observed near-field intensity distributions for a PCF with ʌ ≃ 3.5 μm and d/ʌ ≃ 0.5 (micro-graph in panel a) at a free-space wavelength λ = 635 nm. The distance from the end-facet varies from z = 0 to z ~ 10 μm (panels b to f). At a further distance the six low-intensity satellite spots develop (panels g and h, logarithmic scale).

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Fig. 3. Experimentally observed far-field intensity distribution showing an overall gaussian profile with six additional low-intensity satellite spots along one of the two principal directions (line 2). Angles are given in radians.

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Fig. 4. Panel a shows the experimentally observed near-field intensity along the two principal directions 1 and 2 (see insert of panel b). Panel b shows the numerically calculated intensity distribution in a corresponding ideal PCF with the solid lines showing the intensity along the principal directions and the difference. The blue and red dashed lines show gaussian fits to I ₂ and I ₂ - I ₁ and the dashed green line shows their difference.

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Fig. 5. Near-field intensity distribution calculated from Eq. (5) with values of w_h , w_c , and γ determined from the intensity in the PCF obtained by a fully-vectorial calculation, see Fig. 4. The distance varies from z = 0 to z = 8ʌ (panels a to i) in steps of Δz = ʌ (see also animation with Δz = ʌ/4, 3 Mbyte). [Media 1]

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Fig. 6. Far-field intensity distribution (z = 1000ʌ ⊫ λ) corresponding to the near field in Fig. 5. The intensity distribution has an overall gaussian profile with six additional low-intensity satellite spots along one of the two principal directions (line 2).

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Equations (5)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

H (x, y, z) = h (x, y) e^{\pm iβ (ω) z},

I (s) = {∣ h (s) ∣}^{2} = {∣ \sum_{j} A_{j} u (s - s_{j}, w_{j}) ∣}^{2}, u (s, w) = \exp (\frac{- s^{2}}{w^{2}}) .

u (s, w) \to u (s, z, w) = {(1 - i \frac{2 z}{k w^{2}})}^{- 1} \exp [- ik (z + \frac{s^{2}}{2 R (z)}) - \frac{s^{2}}{w^{2} (z)}],

I (s) = A^{2} {∣ u (s, w_{c}) - γ \sum_{j = 1}^{6} u (s - s_{j}, w_{h}) ∣}^{2},

I (s) \to I (s, z) = A^{2} {∣ u (s, {z, w}_{c}) - γ \sum_{j = 1}^{6} u (s - s_{j}, {z, w}_{h}) ∣}^{2} .

Near-field to far-field transition of photonic crystal fibers: symmetries and interference phenomena

Abstract

References

2002 (1)

2001 (2)

2000 (1)

1999 (2)

1998 (1)

1997 (2)

1996 (1)

Allan, D. C.

Atkin, D. M.

Barkou, S. E.

Birks, T. A.

Bjarklev, A.

Broeng, J.

Cregan, R. F.

Ghatak, A. K.

Joannopoulos, J. D.

Johnson, S. G.

Knight, J. C.

Mangan, B. J.

Mogilevstev, D.

Roberts, P. J.

Russell, P. S. J.

Thyagarajan, K.

J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. (1)

Opt. Express (2)

Opt. Fiber Technol. (1)

Opt. Lett. (3)

Science (3)

Other (2)

Supplementary Material (1)

Cited By

Figures (6)

Equations (5)

Metrics

Optics Express

Abstract

References

2002 (1)

2001 (2)

2000 (1)

1999 (2)

1998 (1)

1997 (2)

1996 (1)

Allan, D. C.

Atkin, D. M.

Barkou, S. E.

Birks, T. A.

Bjarklev, A.

Broeng, J.

Cregan, R. F.

Ghatak, A. K.

Joannopoulos, J. D.

Johnson, S. G.

Knight, J. C.

Mangan, B. J.

Mogilevstev, D.

Roberts, P. J.

Russell, P. S. J.

Thyagarajan, K.

J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. (1)

Opt. Express (2)

Opt. Fiber Technol. (1)

Opt. Lett. (3)

Science (3)

Other (2)

Supplementary Material (1)

Cited By

Figures (6)

Equations (5)

Metrics

Optics Express

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