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Electro-optical switching using coupled photonic crystal waveguides

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Abstract

We present an electro-optical switch implemented in coupled photonic crystal waveguides. The switch is proposed and analyzed using both the FDTD and PWM methods. The device is designed in a square lattice of silicon posts in air as well as in a hexagonal lattice of air holes in a silicon slab. The switching mechanism is a change in the conductance in the coupling region between the waveguides and hence modulating the coupling coefficient and eventually switching is achieved. Conductance is induced electrically by carrier injection or is induced optically by electron-hole pair generation. Low insertion loss and optical crosstalk in both the cross and bar switching states are predicted.

©2002 Optical Society of America

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Figures (10)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Coupled Photonic Crystal Waveguided (CPhCW) system consisting of two closely coupled PBG waveguides separated by two PBG layers of length Lc. system formed using a periodic array of silicon pillars arranged in square lattice.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2 (a) Dispersion diagram for the structure shown in Fig. 1 obtained using both PWM and FDTD methods. Two solutions corresponding to the eigenmodes (odd and even) exists within the band gap (0.23<a/λ<0.41). Where dashed line corresponds to FDTD results and solid line solution corresponds to PWM results. (b) Modal dispersion curves of the eigenmodes of the system of CPhCW shown in (a). Where the odd mode is the high frequency mode and the even mode is the low frequency mode. A straight line drawn from a normalized frequency axis will intersect with the two curves from which modal propagation constants of the even and the odd modes can be determined and hence the coupling length Lc can be calculated. (c) Dispersion diagram for a system of CPhCW consisting of two waveguides created in a hexagonal array of air holes in high dielectric background. Three layers of air holes in the coupling region separate the two waveguides. Dispersion diagram was obtained using PWM, shows that two solutions (even and odd) modes exist within the band gap (0.24786<a/λ<0.3131). (d) Modal dispersion curves of the eigenmodes of the system of CPhCW shown in bottom right corner of plot (c), where the odd mode is the low frequency mode and the even mode is the low frequency mode. Similar to plot in (b) a straight line drawn from a normalized frequency axis will intersect with the two curves from which modal propagation constants of the odd and even modes can be extracted and used to calculate the frequency dependant coupling length Lc.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Coupled Photonic Crystal Waveguided (CPhCW) system consisting of two closely coupled PBG waveguides separated by two PBG layers of length Lc. system formed using a periodic array of air holes arranged in hexagonal lattice. Increasing the refractive index in the wave guiding direction to create an acceptor type waveguide created single mode waveguide. [26, 27]
Fig 4.
Fig 4. Four snapshots for FDTD simulations of 2×2 electro-optical switch shown in Fig.1. the switch is formed in a square photonic crystal lattice of silicon pillars.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Calculated switching characteristics of Fig. 1 crossbar switch (silicon pillars case).
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Dependence of σ upon N and P doping.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6 Four snapshots for FDTD simulations of 2×2 electro-optical switch formed in a perforated slab of air holes arranged on a hexagonal photonic crystal lattice.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7 Calculated switching characteristics of Fig. 3 crossbar switch (perforated slab case).
Fig. 8
Fig. 8 (171KB) Movie 2×2 cross bar PhC switch (silicon pillars) in OFF state.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9 (253KB) Movie 2×2 cross bar PhC switch (silicon pillars) in ON state.

Equations (5)

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L c = π ( β e β o ) .
L c = π ( 2.568 2.357 ) × 10 6 = 14.88 μm
= 14.88 μm 0.5425 μm = 28 a = 9.6 λ .
L c = π ( 3.541 3.054 ) × 10 6 = 6.44 μm
= 6.44 μm 0.4185 μm = 16 a = 4.0 λ .
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