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Spectral broadening of femtosecond pulses into continuum radiation in microstructured fibers

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Abstract

We report on the influence of the choice of the pump wavelength relative to the zero-dispersion wavelength for continuum generation in microstructured fibers. Different nonlinear mechanisms are observed depending on whether the pump is located in the normal or anomalous dispersion region. Raman scattering and the wavelength dependence of the group delay of the fiber are found to play an important role in the process. We give an experimental and numerical analysis of the observed phenomena and find a good agreement between the two.

©2002 Optical Society of America

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Supplementary Material (4)

Media 1: MOV (1606 KB)     
Media 2: MOV (1910 KB)     
Media 3: MOV (1597 KB)     
Media 4: MOV (1866 KB)     

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Figures (17)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Experimental setup. MF: Microstructured fiber, OSA: Optical spectrum analyzer.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Group delay and dispersion of the highly birefringent MF. RW: radiated waves, SSFS: soliton self-frequency shift. The inset shows a microscope image of the fiber cross-section together with the relevant dimensions.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Evolution of the input pulse into supercontinuum in the highly birefringent MF.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Simulation of the first stages of the continuum formation. a) only β2 , b) β2 + SS + HOD, c) β2 + RS + SS and d) β2 + HOD + RS + SS.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Wavelength of the first Stokes component appearing in the spectrum vs. average input power for z equal to a) 20 cm and b) 5 m. The squares and the solid line represent the measured and calculated shift, respectively.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Supercontinuum generated in a) 20 cm and b) 5 m long MF.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Simulated time trace of the output. Both the sech fit and the modulation on the soliton tails resulting from interference between the solitons and the dispersive waves are outlined.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Phase-matching diagram calculated for the elliptical-core MF. The dotted, dashed, and solid lines represent the phase-matching condition for a peak power of ~0, 0.5 and 5 kW, respectively.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. Supercontinuum generated in 1 m of the highly birefringent MF. Pav =84 mW and λp =731 nm.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 10. Simulation of the spectrogram after a) 10 cm and b) 1 m of propagation along the MF. Pav =20 mW and λp =804 nm. The normalized intensity is plotted in a logarithmic scale. The animation represents the formation of the continuum as the pulses propagate along the fiber, each frame corresponding to a step of 1 cm of propagation. [Media 1] [Media 2]
Fig. 11.
Fig. 11. Group delay and dispersion of the round-core MF. The inset shows a microscope image of the fiber cross-section together with the relevant dimensions.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 12. Evolution of the input pulse into supercontinuum in the 14 m long round-core MF for λp =746 nm.
Fig. 13.
Fig. 13. Evolution of the input pulse into supercontinuum in the 14 m long round-core MF for λp =831 nm.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 14. Phase-matching diagram calculated for the round-core MF. The dotted, dashed, and solid lines represent the phase-matching condition for a peak power of ~0, 0.5 and 5 kW, respectively.
Fig. 15.
Fig. 15. Supercontinuum generated in 1 m of the round-core MF: a) measured and b) simulated. λp =860 nm, Pav =120 mW, TFWHM =130 fs.
Fig. 16.
Fig. 16. Supercontinuum generated in 1 m of the round-core MF for different pulse widths. a) 300 fs, b) 200 fs, and c) 130 fs. λp =810 nm, Pav =100 mW.
Fig. 17.
Fig. 17. Simulation of the spectrogram after a) 20 cm and b) 1 m of propagation along the round-core MF. Pav =120 mW, λp =860 nm, TFWHM =130 fs. The normalized intensity is plotted in a logarithmic scale. The animation represents the formation of the continuum as the pulses propagate along the fiber, each frame corresponding to a step of 1 cm of propagation. [Media 3] [Media 4]

Tables (2)

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Table 1. Parameters for the highly birefringent MF (λ = 800 nm).

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Table 2. Parameters for the round-core MF (λ= 860 nm).

Equations (8)

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A z + α 2 n i n + 1 n ! β n n A T n = ( 1 + i ω 0 T ) A + R ( T ) A ( z , T T ) 2 dT ,
R ( T ) = ( 1 f R ) δ ( T ) + f R h R ( T ) ,
h R ( T ) = τ 1 2 + τ 2 2 τ 1 τ 2 2 e T τ 2 sin ( T τ 1 ) ,
A k = A 0 ( 2 A 0 2 k + 1 ) N
T k = T 0 2 A 0 2 k + 1 ,
Δ ν k = 1.2904 λ 2 D ( λ ) q ( T k ) z T k 4 ,
2 ω p ω s + ω as .
Δϕ = ϕ ( ω a ) + ϕ ( ω as ) 2 ϕ ( ω p ) = L ( 2 n β 2 n ( 2 n ) ! ( ω a ω p ) 2 n + 2 γ P p ) = 0 .
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