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Direct visualization of a polariton resonator in the THz regime

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Abstract

We report fabrication of a THz phonon-polariton resonator in a single crystal of LiNbO3 using femtosecond laser machining with high energy pulses. Fundamental and overtone resonator modes are excited selectively and monitored through spatiotemporal imaging. The resonator is integrated into a single solid-state platform that can include THz generation, manipulation, readout and other functionalities.

©2004 Optical Society of America

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Supplementary Material (2)

Media 1: MPG (1507 KB)     
Media 2: MPG (1883 KB)     

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Figures (6)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. (a) Experimental setup used to generate and monitor narrow-band phonon polaritons inside the resonator. A phase mask (LHS illustration) or a third cylindrical lens (RHS) is used to project several optical interference fringes or a single line of excitation light onto the resonator, permitting generation of a selected harmonic or the fundamental frequency respectively. (b) Machined structure. The resonator is formed by the crystalline material between the two carved out rectangles. The distances indicated are approximate values. As evident, the resonator walls are not perfect and it turns out that the side surfaces are tilted by about 6 to 8 degrees due to the laser machining process. The air gaps also form resonators which may be coupled to the central crystalline resonator.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. (a) Schematic illustration of the coupled system of resonators with tilted side surfaces. The excitation pulse (in red) passes through the center of the LiNbO3 resonator and generates two polariton waveforms (in green) propagating in opposite lateral direction with a forward component. (b) Calculated frequency response. The two modes observed in the experiments are indicated by two gray bars, where the width corresponds to the uncertainty in the measured frequency.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. (a) A phonon-polariton response with approximately 80 µm wavelength has been generated inside the resonator. A well-defined standing wave and its confined oscillations at a frequency of (0.67±0.02) THz ((1.50±0.05) ps period) are clearly observed. (b) (1544 KB) Evolution of the polariton inside the resonator.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Each horizontal line is constructed from images at different time steps, such as those in Fig. 3, by averaging the signal along the resonator length where the signal extends.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. (a) Line excitation inside the resonator and subsequent recurrences. As evident from the figure, recurrences occur on average every (3.9±0.4) ps. The dotted line between the last two images indicates that they are separated by two recurrence periods. (b) (1929 KB) Evolution of the polariton inside the resonator.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Each horizontal line is constructed from images at different time steps, such as those in Fig. 5, by averaging the signal along the resonator length where the signal extends.

Tables (1)

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Table 1. Values of parameters used in FDTD simulations.

Equations (6)

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2 Q ¯ j t 2 = ω ̿ T j 2 Q ¯ j Γ ̿ j Q ¯ j t + ε f ω ̿ T j 2 S ̿ j E ¯
P ¯ = j ε f ω ̿ T j 2 S ̿ j Q ¯ j + ε f ( ε ̿ 1 ) E ¯
E j t = 1 ε f ε ( ( × H ¯ ) j ε f ( ε 0 j ε j ) ω T j Q j t )
H j t = 1 μ f ( × E ¯ ) j
2 Q j t 2 = ω T j 2 Q j Γ j Q j t + ε f ( ε 0 j ε j ) ω T j E j + F ISRS
F ISRS = 1 2 N μ ε f ( α x ) E Laser 2
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