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Full-color three-dimensional microscopy by wide-field optical coherence tomography

Lingfeng Yu and M.K. Kim

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

We demonstrate a method of optical tomography for surface and sub-surface imaging of biological tissues, based on the principle of wide field optical coherence tomography and capable of providing full-color three-dimensional views of a tissue structure. Contour or tomographic images are obtained with an interferometric imaging system using broadband light sources. The interferometric images are analyzed in the three color channels and recombined to generate 3D microscopic images of tissue structures with full natural color representation. In contrast to most existing three-dimensional microscopy methods, the presented technique allows monitoring of tissue structures close to its natural color, which may be useful in physiological and pathological applications.

©2004 Optical Society of America

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References

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  • Publication
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2004 (1)

Y. Sando, M. Itoh, and T. Yatagai, “Color computer-generated holograms from projection images,” Opt. Exp. 12, 2487–2493 (2004), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-11-2487.
[Crossref]

2003 (3)

C.K. Hitzenberger, P. Trost, P.W. Lo, and Q. Zhou, “Three-dimensional imaging of the human retina by high-speed optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Exp. 11, 2753–2761 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-21-2753.
[Crossref]

A. Dakoff, J. Gass, and M.K. Kim, “Microscopic three-dimensional imaging by digital interference holography,” J. Electronic Imaging 12, 643–647 (2003).
[Crossref]

A.F. Fercher, W. Drexler, C.K. Hitzenberger, and T. Lasser, “Optical coherence tomography — principles and applications,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 66, 239–303 (2003).
[Crossref]

2002 (6)

2000 (2)

P.J. Smith, C.M. Taylor, A.J. Shaw, and E.M. McCabe, “Programmable array microscopy with a ferroelectric liquid-crystal spatial light modulator,” Appl. Opt. 39, 1664–1669 (2000).
[Crossref]

M.K. Kim, “Tomographic three-dimensional imaging of a biological specimen using wavelength-scanning digital interference holography,” Opt. Exp. 7, 305–310 (2000), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-7-9-305.
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

1997 (1)

1993 (1)

Abraham, E.

Bazeille, J.E.S.

Beaurepaire, E.

Benattar, L.

Boccara, A.C.

Bordenave, E.

Bourquin, S.

M. Ducros, M. Laubscher, B. Karamata, S. Bourquin, T. Lasser, and R. P. Salathe, “Parallel optical coherence tomography in scattering samples using a two-dimensional smart-pixel detector array,” Opt. Comm. 202, 29–35 (2002).
[Crossref]

Chen, Z.

Z. Ding, Y. Zhao, H. Ren, J.S. Nelson, and Z. Chen, “Real-time phase-resolved optical coherence tomography and optical Doppler tomography,” Opt. Exp. 10, 236–245 (2002), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-5-236.
[Crossref]

Dakoff, A.

A. Dakoff, J. Gass, and M.K. Kim, “Microscopic three-dimensional imaging by digital interference holography,” J. Electronic Imaging 12, 643–647 (2003).
[Crossref]

De Martino, A.

Dickensheets, D.

Ding, Z.

Z. Ding, Y. Zhao, H. Ren, J.S. Nelson, and Z. Chen, “Real-time phase-resolved optical coherence tomography and optical Doppler tomography,” Opt. Exp. 10, 236–245 (2002), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-5-236.
[Crossref]

Drevillon, B.

Drexler, W.

A.F. Fercher, W. Drexler, C.K. Hitzenberger, and T. Lasser, “Optical coherence tomography — principles and applications,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 66, 239–303 (2003).
[Crossref]

Dubois, A.

Ducros, M.

M. Ducros, M. Laubscher, B. Karamata, S. Bourquin, T. Lasser, and R. P. Salathe, “Parallel optical coherence tomography in scattering samples using a two-dimensional smart-pixel detector array,” Opt. Comm. 202, 29–35 (2002).
[Crossref]

Fercher, A.F.

A.F. Fercher, W. Drexler, C.K. Hitzenberger, and T. Lasser, “Optical coherence tomography — principles and applications,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 66, 239–303 (2003).
[Crossref]

Fujimoto, J.G.

Gass, J.

A. Dakoff, J. Gass, and M.K. Kim, “Microscopic three-dimensional imaging by digital interference holography,” J. Electronic Imaging 12, 643–647 (2003).
[Crossref]

Hee, M.R.

Hitzenberger, C.K.

C.K. Hitzenberger, P. Trost, P.W. Lo, and Q. Zhou, “Three-dimensional imaging of the human retina by high-speed optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Exp. 11, 2753–2761 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-21-2753.
[Crossref]

A.F. Fercher, W. Drexler, C.K. Hitzenberger, and T. Lasser, “Optical coherence tomography — principles and applications,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 66, 239–303 (2003).
[Crossref]

Huang, D.

Itoh, M.

Y. Sando, M. Itoh, and T. Yatagai, “Color computer-generated holograms from projection images,” Opt. Exp. 12, 2487–2493 (2004), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-11-2487.
[Crossref]

Izatt, J.A.

Jonusauskas, G.

Juskaitis, R.

Karamata, B.

M. Ducros, M. Laubscher, B. Karamata, S. Bourquin, T. Lasser, and R. P. Salathe, “Parallel optical coherence tomography in scattering samples using a two-dimensional smart-pixel detector array,” Opt. Comm. 202, 29–35 (2002).
[Crossref]

Kato, J.I.

Kim, M.K.

A. Dakoff, J. Gass, and M.K. Kim, “Microscopic three-dimensional imaging by digital interference holography,” J. Electronic Imaging 12, 643–647 (2003).
[Crossref]

M.K. Kim, “Tomographic three-dimensional imaging of a biological specimen using wavelength-scanning digital interference holography,” Opt. Exp. 7, 305–310 (2000), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-7-9-305.
[Crossref]

Lassegues, M.

Lasser, T.

A.F. Fercher, W. Drexler, C.K. Hitzenberger, and T. Lasser, “Optical coherence tomography — principles and applications,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 66, 239–303 (2003).
[Crossref]

M. Ducros, M. Laubscher, B. Karamata, S. Bourquin, T. Lasser, and R. P. Salathe, “Parallel optical coherence tomography in scattering samples using a two-dimensional smart-pixel detector array,” Opt. Comm. 202, 29–35 (2002).
[Crossref]

Laubscher, M.

M. Ducros, M. Laubscher, B. Karamata, S. Bourquin, T. Lasser, and R. P. Salathe, “Parallel optical coherence tomography in scattering samples using a two-dimensional smart-pixel detector array,” Opt. Comm. 202, 29–35 (2002).
[Crossref]

Laude, B.

Lin, C.P.

Lo, P.W.

C.K. Hitzenberger, P. Trost, P.W. Lo, and Q. Zhou, “Three-dimensional imaging of the human retina by high-speed optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Exp. 11, 2753–2761 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-21-2753.
[Crossref]

Matsumura, T.

McCabe, E.M.

P.J. Smith, C.M. Taylor, A.J. Shaw, and E.M. McCabe, “Programmable array microscopy with a ferroelectric liquid-crystal spatial light modulator,” Appl. Opt. 39, 1664–1669 (2000).
[Crossref]

Minot, P. E.

Neil, M. A. A.

Nelson, J.S.

Z. Ding, Y. Zhao, H. Ren, J.S. Nelson, and Z. Chen, “Real-time phase-resolved optical coherence tomography and optical Doppler tomography,” Opt. Exp. 10, 236–245 (2002), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-5-236.
[Crossref]

Oberle, J.

Prasad, P.N.

Pudavar, H.E.

Puliafito, C.A.

Ren, H.

Z. Ding, Y. Zhao, H. Ren, J.S. Nelson, and Z. Chen, “Real-time phase-resolved optical coherence tomography and optical Doppler tomography,” Opt. Exp. 10, 236–245 (2002), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-5-236.
[Crossref]

Rulliere, C.

Salathe, R. P.

M. Ducros, M. Laubscher, B. Karamata, S. Bourquin, T. Lasser, and R. P. Salathe, “Parallel optical coherence tomography in scattering samples using a two-dimensional smart-pixel detector array,” Opt. Comm. 202, 29–35 (2002).
[Crossref]

Sando, Y.

Y. Sando, M. Itoh, and T. Yatagai, “Color computer-generated holograms from projection images,” Opt. Exp. 12, 2487–2493 (2004), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-11-2487.
[Crossref]

Schuman, J.S.

Schwartz, L.

Shaw, A.J.

P.J. Smith, C.M. Taylor, A.J. Shaw, and E.M. McCabe, “Programmable array microscopy with a ferroelectric liquid-crystal spatial light modulator,” Appl. Opt. 39, 1664–1669 (2000).
[Crossref]

Sheppard, C.J.R.

C.J.R. Sheppard and D.M. Shotton, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, (Springer, New York, 1997).

Shotton, D.M.

C.J.R. Sheppard and D.M. Shotton, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, (Springer, New York, 1997).

Smith, P.J.

P.J. Smith, C.M. Taylor, A.J. Shaw, and E.M. McCabe, “Programmable array microscopy with a ferroelectric liquid-crystal spatial light modulator,” Appl. Opt. 39, 1664–1669 (2000).
[Crossref]

Swanson, E.A.

Taylor, C.M.

P.J. Smith, C.M. Taylor, A.J. Shaw, and E.M. McCabe, “Programmable array microscopy with a ferroelectric liquid-crystal spatial light modulator,” Appl. Opt. 39, 1664–1669 (2000).
[Crossref]

Trost, P.

C.K. Hitzenberger, P. Trost, P.W. Lo, and Q. Zhou, “Three-dimensional imaging of the human retina by high-speed optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Exp. 11, 2753–2761 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-21-2753.
[Crossref]

Tsurumachi, N.

Vabre, L.

Wilson, T.

Xu, F.M.

Yamaguchi, I.

Yatagai, T.

Y. Sando, M. Itoh, and T. Yatagai, “Color computer-generated holograms from projection images,” Opt. Exp. 12, 2487–2493 (2004), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-11-2487.
[Crossref]

Zhao, Y.

Z. Ding, Y. Zhao, H. Ren, J.S. Nelson, and Z. Chen, “Real-time phase-resolved optical coherence tomography and optical Doppler tomography,” Opt. Exp. 10, 236–245 (2002), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-5-236.
[Crossref]

Zhou, Q.

C.K. Hitzenberger, P. Trost, P.W. Lo, and Q. Zhou, “Three-dimensional imaging of the human retina by high-speed optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Exp. 11, 2753–2761 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-21-2753.
[Crossref]

Appl. Opt. (4)

J. Electronic Imaging (1)

A. Dakoff, J. Gass, and M.K. Kim, “Microscopic three-dimensional imaging by digital interference holography,” J. Electronic Imaging 12, 643–647 (2003).
[Crossref]

Opt. Comm. (1)

M. Ducros, M. Laubscher, B. Karamata, S. Bourquin, T. Lasser, and R. P. Salathe, “Parallel optical coherence tomography in scattering samples using a two-dimensional smart-pixel detector array,” Opt. Comm. 202, 29–35 (2002).
[Crossref]

Opt. Exp. (4)

M.K. Kim, “Tomographic three-dimensional imaging of a biological specimen using wavelength-scanning digital interference holography,” Opt. Exp. 7, 305–310 (2000), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-7-9-305.
[Crossref]

Y. Sando, M. Itoh, and T. Yatagai, “Color computer-generated holograms from projection images,” Opt. Exp. 12, 2487–2493 (2004), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-11-2487.
[Crossref]

C.K. Hitzenberger, P. Trost, P.W. Lo, and Q. Zhou, “Three-dimensional imaging of the human retina by high-speed optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Exp. 11, 2753–2761 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-21-2753.
[Crossref]

Z. Ding, Y. Zhao, H. Ren, J.S. Nelson, and Z. Chen, “Real-time phase-resolved optical coherence tomography and optical Doppler tomography,” Opt. Exp. 10, 236–245 (2002), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-5-236.
[Crossref]

Opt. Lett. (4)

Rep. Prog. Phys. (1)

A.F. Fercher, W. Drexler, C.K. Hitzenberger, and T. Lasser, “Optical coherence tomography — principles and applications,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 66, 239–303 (2003).
[Crossref]

Other (1)

C.J.R. Sheppard and D.M. Shotton, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, (Springer, New York, 1997).

Supplementary Material (18)

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Figures (12)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Apparatus for color WFOCT. See text for details.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Phase-shift interference imaging. Four quadrature phase interferograms and the extracted interference images are shown, as well as cross-sectional profiles of the interferograms.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. (a) The spectra of red, green, and blue LED’s. (b) The interference profiles of the LED’s vs. the axial distance z.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Phase-shift interference imaging of a coin surface: (a) direct image of the object; (b) image of the object with reference wave; (c) contour image extracted by the phase-shift interference; (d) flat view of the accumulated contour images. (image volume=12 mm×9 mm×405 µm; voxels=640×480×82; voxel volume=19 µm×19 µm×5 µm)

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Color WFOCT of a painted coin surface. See text for details

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Color WFOCT movies of a painted coin surface: (a) (1.17MB) xysection images; (b) (0.26MB) xz-section images; (c) (0.90MB) 3D perspective views. (image volume=7.2 mm×7.2 mm×335 µm; voxels=480×480×67; voxel volume=15 µm×15 µm×5 µm)

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Monochrome WFOCT movies of a bee: (a) (0.73MB) xy-section images; (b) (0.26MB) xz-section images; (c) (0.64MB) 3D perspective views; (d) direct image of the specimen. (image volume=6.0 mm×7.8 mm×980 µm; voxels=400×520×99; voxel volume=15 µm×15 µm×10 µm)

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Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Color WFOCT movies of an insect wing: (a) (0.81MB) xy-section images; (b) (0.38MB) xz-section images; (c) (0.78MB) 3D perspective views; (d) direct image of the specimen. (image volume=7.2 mm×9.6 mm×810 µm; voxels=480×640×82; voxel volume=15 µm×15 µm×10 µm)

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Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. Color WFOCT of a piece of apple skin. See text for details

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Fig. 10.
Fig. 10. Color WFOCT movies of apple skin: (a) (0.27MB) xy-section images; (b) (0.10MB) xz-section images; (c) (1.90MB) 3D perspective views. (image volume=4.7 mm×4.7 mm×170 µm; voxels=313×313×34; voxel volume =15 µm×15 µm×5 µm)

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Fig. 11.
Fig. 11. Color WFOCT movies of a leaf: (a) (0.48MB) xy-section images; (b) (0.15MB) xz-section images; (c) (0.92MB) 3D perspective views. (image volume=6.3 mm×6.3 mm×145 µm; voxels=420×420×30; voxel volume =15 µm×15 µm×5 µm)

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Fig. 12.
Fig. 12. Color WFOCT movies of a leaf: (a) (0.65MB) xy-section images; (b) (0.22MB) xz-section images; (c) (0.93MB) 3D perspective views. (image volume=7.2 mm×7.2 mm×190 µm; voxels=480×640×39; voxel volume =15 µm×15 µm×5 µm)

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Equations (7)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

I = I O ( x , y ) + I B ( x , y ) + I R ( x , y ) + 2 I O ( x , y ) I R ( x , y ) cos [ φ i + φ ( x , y ) ]
I 0 = I O + I B + I R + 2 I O I R cos φ
I π ⁄ 2 = I O + I B + I R − 2 I O I R sin φ
I π = I O + I B + I R − 2 I O I R cos φ
I 3 π 2 = I O + I B + I R + 2 I O I R sin φ
I O = ( I 0 − I π ) 2 + ( I π ⁄ 2 − I 3 π ⁄ 2 ) 2 16 I R
φ = tan − 1 I 3 π ⁄ 2 − I π ⁄ 2 I 0 − I π

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