Expand this Topic clickable element to expand a topic
Skip to content
Optica Publishing Group
Journal Home About Issues in Progress Current Issue All Issues Feature Issues

Guidance properties of low-contrast photonic bandgap fibres

A. Argyros, T. A. Birks, S. G. Leon-Saval, C. M. B. Cordeiro, and P. St.J. Russell

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

We investigate the guidance properties of low-contrast photonic band gap fibres. As predicted by the antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW) picture, band gaps were observed between wavelengths where modes of the high-index rods in the cladding are cutoff. At these wavelengths, leakage from the core by coupling to higher-order modes of the rods was observed directly. The low index contrast allowed for bend loss to be investigated; unlike in index-guiding fibres, anomalous “centripetal” light leakage through the inside of the bend can occur.

©2005 Optical Society of America

Full Article  |  PDF Article
More Like This
Bend loss in all-solid bandgap fibres

T. A. Birks, F. Luan, G. J. Pearce, A. Wang, J. C. Knight, and D. M. Bird
Opt. Express 14(12) 5688-5698 (2006)

Photonic bandgap with an index step of one percent

A. Argyros, T. A. Birks, S. G. Leon-Saval, C. M. B. Cordeiro, F. Luan, and P. St.J. Russell
Opt. Express 13(1) 309-314 (2005)

Detailed theoretical investigation of bending properties in solid-core photonic bandgap fibers

Tadashi Murao, Kunimasa Saitoh, and Masanori Koshiba
Opt. Express 17(9) 7615-7629 (2009)

View More...

References

  • View by:
  • Article Order
  • Year
  • Author
  • Publication
  1. P.St.J. Russell, “Photonic crystal fibers,” Science 299, 69–74 (2004).
  2. J. D. Joannopoulos, R. D. Meade, and J. N. Winn. Photonic Crystals (Princeton University Press, 1995).
  3. R. F. Cregan, B. J. Managan, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. St. J. Russell, P. J. Roberts, and D. C. Allen, “Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–9 (1999).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  4. T. T. Alkeskjold, J. Lægsgaard, A. Bjarklev, D. S. H. Anawati, J. Broeng, J. Li, and S.-T. Wu, “All-optical modulation in dye-doped nematic liquid crystal photonic bandgap fibers,” Opt. Express 12, 5857–71, http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-24-5857.
    [PubMed]
  5. P. Steinvurzel, B. T. Kuhmley, T. P. White, M. J. Steel, C. M. de Sterke, and B. J. Eggleton, “Longwavelength anti-resonant guidance in high index inclusion microstructured fibers,” Opt. Express 12, 5424–33, http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-22-5424.
    [PubMed]
  6. F. Luan, A. K. George, T. D. Hedley, G. J. Pearce, D. M. Bird, J. C. Knight, and P. St.J. Russell, “All-solid photonic band gap fiber,” Opt. Lett. 29, 2369–71 (2004).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  7. A. Argyros, T. A. Birks, S. G. Leon-Saval, C. M. B. Cordeiro, F. Luan, and P. St.J. Russell, “Photonic bandgap with an index step of one percent,” Opt. Express 13, 309–14 (2005), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-13-1-309.
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  8. T. P. White, R. C. McPhedran, C. M. de Sterke, N. M. Litchinitser, and B. J. Eggleton, “Resonance and scattering in microstructured optical fibers,” Opt. Lett. 27, 1977–1979 (2002).
    [Crossref]
  9. N. M. Litchinitser, S. C. Dunn, B. Usner, B. J. Eggleton, T. P. White, R. C. McPhedran, and C. M. de Sterke, “Resonances in microstructured optical waveguides,” Opt. Express 11, 1243–51 (2003) http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-10-1243.
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  10. A. W. Snyder and J. D. Love, Optical Waveguide Theory, (Chapman and Hall, London, 1983).
  11. J. Lægsgaard, “Gap formation and guided modes in photonic band gap fibres with high-inex rods,” J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 6, 798–804 (2004).
    [Crossref]
  12. J. C. Baggett, T. M. Monro, K. Furusawa, V. Finazzi, and D. J. Richardson, “Understanding bend losses in holey optical fibers,” Opt. Commun. 227, 317–335 (2003).
    [Crossref]
  13. M. Heiblum and J. H. Harris, “Analysis of curved optical waveguides by conformal transformation,” IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 11, 75–83 (1975).
    [Crossref]
  14. D. Marcuse, “Influence of curvature on the losses of doubly clad fibers,” Appl. Opt. 21, 4208–13 (1982)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  15. H. F. Taylor, “Bending effects in optical fibers,” J. Lightwave Tech. 2, 617–28 (1984).
    [Crossref]
  16. N. A. Issa and L. Poladian, “Vector wave expansion method for leaky modes of microstructured fibers,” IEEE J. Lightwave Tech. 21, 1005–12 (2003)
    [Crossref]
  17. S. R. Rengarajan, “On higher order mode cutoff frequencies in elliptical step index fibers,” IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques 37, 1244–8 (1989).
    [Crossref]
  18. Cladding of fibres B and C: Corning Corguide, 50 µm core diameter, 125 µm outer diameter, NA=0.21. This fibre had a double-cladding structure, which when drawn down becomes equivalent to a step index core with an NA of 0.18. Cladding of fibre D: Thorlabs GIF625: 62.5 µm core diameter, 125 µm outer diameter, graded index, NA=0.275. Core of fibre B: Corning SMF 28, 9 µm core diameter, 125 µm outer diameter, NA=0.14. A different single-mode fibre with a 3.5 µm core diameter, 125 µm outer diameter and NA=0.11 was used in the core of fibres C and D.
  19. M.-S. Chung and C.-M. Kim, “Analysis of optical fibers with graded index profile by a combination of modified Airy functions and WKB solutions,” J. Lightwave Tech. 17, 2534–41 (1999).
    [Crossref]
  20. W. J. Wadsworth, N. Joly, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, F. Biancalana, and P. St.J. Russell, “Supercontinuum and four-wave mixing with Q-switched pulses in endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Express 12, 299–309 (2004), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-2-299.
    [Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (1)

2004 (4)

2003 (3)

N. A. Issa and L. Poladian, “Vector wave expansion method for leaky modes of microstructured fibers,” IEEE J. Lightwave Tech. 21, 1005–12 (2003)
[Crossref]

J. C. Baggett, T. M. Monro, K. Furusawa, V. Finazzi, and D. J. Richardson, “Understanding bend losses in holey optical fibers,” Opt. Commun. 227, 317–335 (2003).
[Crossref]

N. M. Litchinitser, S. C. Dunn, B. Usner, B. J. Eggleton, T. P. White, R. C. McPhedran, and C. M. de Sterke, “Resonances in microstructured optical waveguides,” Opt. Express 11, 1243–51 (2003) http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-10-1243.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (1)

1999 (2)

R. F. Cregan, B. J. Managan, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. St. J. Russell, P. J. Roberts, and D. C. Allen, “Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–9 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M.-S. Chung and C.-M. Kim, “Analysis of optical fibers with graded index profile by a combination of modified Airy functions and WKB solutions,” J. Lightwave Tech. 17, 2534–41 (1999).
[Crossref]

1989 (1)

S. R. Rengarajan, “On higher order mode cutoff frequencies in elliptical step index fibers,” IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques 37, 1244–8 (1989).
[Crossref]

1984 (1)

H. F. Taylor, “Bending effects in optical fibers,” J. Lightwave Tech. 2, 617–28 (1984).
[Crossref]

1982 (1)

1975 (1)

M. Heiblum and J. H. Harris, “Analysis of curved optical waveguides by conformal transformation,” IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 11, 75–83 (1975).
[Crossref]

Alkeskjold, T. T.

Allen, D. C.

R. F. Cregan, B. J. Managan, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. St. J. Russell, P. J. Roberts, and D. C. Allen, “Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–9 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Anawati, D. S. H.

Argyros, A.

Baggett, J. C.

J. C. Baggett, T. M. Monro, K. Furusawa, V. Finazzi, and D. J. Richardson, “Understanding bend losses in holey optical fibers,” Opt. Commun. 227, 317–335 (2003).
[Crossref]

Biancalana, F.

Bird, D. M.

Birks, T. A.

Bjarklev, A.

Broeng, J.

Chung, M.-S.

M.-S. Chung and C.-M. Kim, “Analysis of optical fibers with graded index profile by a combination of modified Airy functions and WKB solutions,” J. Lightwave Tech. 17, 2534–41 (1999).
[Crossref]

Cordeiro, C. M. B.

Cregan, R. F.

R. F. Cregan, B. J. Managan, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. St. J. Russell, P. J. Roberts, and D. C. Allen, “Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–9 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

de Sterke, C. M.

Dunn, S. C.

Eggleton, B. J.

Finazzi, V.

J. C. Baggett, T. M. Monro, K. Furusawa, V. Finazzi, and D. J. Richardson, “Understanding bend losses in holey optical fibers,” Opt. Commun. 227, 317–335 (2003).
[Crossref]

Furusawa, K.

J. C. Baggett, T. M. Monro, K. Furusawa, V. Finazzi, and D. J. Richardson, “Understanding bend losses in holey optical fibers,” Opt. Commun. 227, 317–335 (2003).
[Crossref]

George, A. K.

Harris, J. H.

M. Heiblum and J. H. Harris, “Analysis of curved optical waveguides by conformal transformation,” IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 11, 75–83 (1975).
[Crossref]

Hedley, T. D.

Heiblum, M.

M. Heiblum and J. H. Harris, “Analysis of curved optical waveguides by conformal transformation,” IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 11, 75–83 (1975).
[Crossref]

Issa, N. A.

N. A. Issa and L. Poladian, “Vector wave expansion method for leaky modes of microstructured fibers,” IEEE J. Lightwave Tech. 21, 1005–12 (2003)
[Crossref]

Joannopoulos, J. D.

J. D. Joannopoulos, R. D. Meade, and J. N. Winn. Photonic Crystals (Princeton University Press, 1995).

Joly, N.

Kim, C.-M.

M.-S. Chung and C.-M. Kim, “Analysis of optical fibers with graded index profile by a combination of modified Airy functions and WKB solutions,” J. Lightwave Tech. 17, 2534–41 (1999).
[Crossref]

Knight, J. C.

Kuhmley, B. T.

Lægsgaard, J.

Leon-Saval, S. G.

Li, J.

Litchinitser, N. M.

Love, J. D.

A. W. Snyder and J. D. Love, Optical Waveguide Theory, (Chapman and Hall, London, 1983).

Luan, F.

Managan, B. J.

R. F. Cregan, B. J. Managan, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. St. J. Russell, P. J. Roberts, and D. C. Allen, “Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–9 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Marcuse, D.

McPhedran, R. C.

Meade, R. D.

J. D. Joannopoulos, R. D. Meade, and J. N. Winn. Photonic Crystals (Princeton University Press, 1995).

Monro, T. M.

J. C. Baggett, T. M. Monro, K. Furusawa, V. Finazzi, and D. J. Richardson, “Understanding bend losses in holey optical fibers,” Opt. Commun. 227, 317–335 (2003).
[Crossref]

Pearce, G. J.

Poladian, L.

N. A. Issa and L. Poladian, “Vector wave expansion method for leaky modes of microstructured fibers,” IEEE J. Lightwave Tech. 21, 1005–12 (2003)
[Crossref]

Rengarajan, S. R.

S. R. Rengarajan, “On higher order mode cutoff frequencies in elliptical step index fibers,” IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques 37, 1244–8 (1989).
[Crossref]

Richardson, D. J.

J. C. Baggett, T. M. Monro, K. Furusawa, V. Finazzi, and D. J. Richardson, “Understanding bend losses in holey optical fibers,” Opt. Commun. 227, 317–335 (2003).
[Crossref]

Roberts, P. J.

R. F. Cregan, B. J. Managan, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. St. J. Russell, P. J. Roberts, and D. C. Allen, “Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–9 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Russell, P. St. J.

R. F. Cregan, B. J. Managan, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. St. J. Russell, P. J. Roberts, and D. C. Allen, “Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–9 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Russell, P. St.J.

Russell, P.St.J.

P.St.J. Russell, “Photonic crystal fibers,” Science 299, 69–74 (2004).

Snyder, A. W.

A. W. Snyder and J. D. Love, Optical Waveguide Theory, (Chapman and Hall, London, 1983).

Steel, M. J.

Steinvurzel, P.

Taylor, H. F.

H. F. Taylor, “Bending effects in optical fibers,” J. Lightwave Tech. 2, 617–28 (1984).
[Crossref]

Usner, B.

Wadsworth, W. J.

White, T. P.

Winn, J. N.

J. D. Joannopoulos, R. D. Meade, and J. N. Winn. Photonic Crystals (Princeton University Press, 1995).

Wu, S.-T.

Appl. Opt. (1)

IEEE J. Lightwave Tech. (1)

N. A. Issa and L. Poladian, “Vector wave expansion method for leaky modes of microstructured fibers,” IEEE J. Lightwave Tech. 21, 1005–12 (2003)
[Crossref]

IEEE J. Quant. Electron. (1)

M. Heiblum and J. H. Harris, “Analysis of curved optical waveguides by conformal transformation,” IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 11, 75–83 (1975).
[Crossref]

IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques (1)

S. R. Rengarajan, “On higher order mode cutoff frequencies in elliptical step index fibers,” IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques 37, 1244–8 (1989).
[Crossref]

J. Lightwave Tech. (2)

H. F. Taylor, “Bending effects in optical fibers,” J. Lightwave Tech. 2, 617–28 (1984).
[Crossref]

M.-S. Chung and C.-M. Kim, “Analysis of optical fibers with graded index profile by a combination of modified Airy functions and WKB solutions,” J. Lightwave Tech. 17, 2534–41 (1999).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. (1)

J. Lægsgaard, “Gap formation and guided modes in photonic band gap fibres with high-inex rods,” J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 6, 798–804 (2004).
[Crossref]

Opt. Commun. (1)

J. C. Baggett, T. M. Monro, K. Furusawa, V. Finazzi, and D. J. Richardson, “Understanding bend losses in holey optical fibers,” Opt. Commun. 227, 317–335 (2003).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (5)

Opt. Lett. (2)

Science (2)

P.St.J. Russell, “Photonic crystal fibers,” Science 299, 69–74 (2004).

R. F. Cregan, B. J. Managan, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. St. J. Russell, P. J. Roberts, and D. C. Allen, “Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,” Science 285, 1537–9 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Other (3)

Cladding of fibres B and C: Corning Corguide, 50 µm core diameter, 125 µm outer diameter, NA=0.21. This fibre had a double-cladding structure, which when drawn down becomes equivalent to a step index core with an NA of 0.18. Cladding of fibre D: Thorlabs GIF625: 62.5 µm core diameter, 125 µm outer diameter, graded index, NA=0.275. Core of fibre B: Corning SMF 28, 9 µm core diameter, 125 µm outer diameter, NA=0.14. A different single-mode fibre with a 3.5 µm core diameter, 125 µm outer diameter and NA=0.11 was used in the core of fibres C and D.

J. D. Joannopoulos, R. D. Meade, and J. N. Winn. Photonic Crystals (Princeton University Press, 1995).

A. W. Snyder and J. D. Love, Optical Waveguide Theory, (Chapman and Hall, London, 1983).

Cited By

Optica participates in Crossref's Cited-By Linking service. Citing articles from Optica Publishing Group journals and other participating publishers are listed here.

Alert me when this article is cited.


Figures (6)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. (a) A typical bandgap fibre cross-section, a schematic of an elliptical rod, and calculated intensity distributions of some modes of a rod. For elliptical rods, some modes split into odd/even versions about the minor axis. The modes are shown in the correct order for small deviations from circularity (b/a > 0.6). (b) The calculated confinement loss for a bandgap fibre with n r=1.465, n m=1.45 (1% index contrast), d/Λ=0.4 and circular rods, for different numbers of rings of rods around the 7-cell core. The cutoffs of modes of the rods are indicated. (c) and (d) The calculated confinement loss for the same fibre with 5 rings but for elliptical rods with b/a=0.8 and 0.6.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Scanning electron micrographs of samples of fibres (left to right) B, C and D. Elliptical deformations are clearly seen in C and D. The black regions in C and D are (random) air bubbles that, apart from possibly contributing to the loss, did not appear to affect the guidance properties of the fibres.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. (a) Transmission in the first two bandgaps of fibre B (Λ=7.5 µm, length 0.15 m) for illumination of the core alone. Insets are filtered images of the fibre endface for wide illumination. (b) Transmission in the first 4 bandgaps of a sample of fibre C (Λ=10 µm, length 0.4 m). Insets are modes excited in the rods by focusing light into the core at the high-loss wavelengths for a sample of fibre C. (c) Transmission of fibre D (Λ=6 µm, length 0.4 m). Insets show the two modes supported by the core (LP01 and oLP11) at λ=1064 nm. The high-order mode cutoffs are indicated, corresponding to high-loss wavelengths. Spectra have been normalised to give 0 dB transmission in the first bandgap.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. (a) Cutback loss measurement on 15 m of a sample of fibre C with Λ=5 µm. Inset: typical near-field image of the fundamental mode in the first bandgap. (b) Normalised transmission of fibre C tapered from Λ=11.5 to 6.6 µm over 2.0 m to give a transmission window of 50 nm FWHM. For comparison, the transmission windows of uniform sections with Λ=6.6 and 11.5 µm were approximately 300 and 600 nm wide respectively.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. (a) Schematic index profile of straight and bent step-index fibres. The red line is the core mode’s n eff and is resonant with radiation modes in the cladding only on the outside of the bend. (b) A calculated plot of the n eff of the first two bands of a bandgap fibre, with the low-index line in red. (The core mode line will be only slightly below the low-index line, the exact trajectory being dependent on the size of the core.) (c) Schematic variation of the band n eff across a slightly bent bandgap fibre, for wavelengths at (left to right) the blue edge, middle and red edge of the bandgap.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. (a) Transmission spectra of a bandgap fibre for different bend radii. (b) Average loss as a function of bend radius for wavelength ranges at both edges and the middle of the bandgap, 600–700 nm corresponding to the blue edge, 770–980 nm to the middle and 1100–1270 nm to the red edge.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Equations (3)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

V = 2 π N A r ⁄ λ ,
N A = ( n r 2 − n m 2 ) 1 2 .
n ( x ) = n o ( x ) [ 1 + ( 1 − χ ) x ⁄ R ] ,

Metrics

Select as filters
Select Topics Cancel
Top
       
© Copyright 2022 | Optica Publishing Group. All Rights Reserved
Privacy | Terms of Use