Brillouin amplification in phase coherent transfer of optical frequencies over 480 km fiber

O. Terra; G. Grosche; H. Schnatz

doi:10.1364/OE.18.016102

Optics Express
Vol. 18,
Issue 15,
pp. 16102-16111
(2010)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.016102

Brillouin amplification in phase coherent transfer of optical frequencies over 480 km fiber

O. Terra, G. Grosche, and H. Schnatz

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O. Terra, G. Grosche, and H. Schnatz, "Brillouin amplification in phase coherent transfer of optical frequencies over 480 km fiber," Opt. Express 18, 16102-16111 (2010)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Fiber Optics and Optical Communications
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Fiber optics and optical communications (060.0060)
- Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology (120.0120)
- Lasers and laser optics (140.0140)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: May 18, 2010
- Revised Manuscript: June 25, 2010
- Manuscript Accepted: June 28, 2010
- Published: July 15, 2010

Abstract

We describe the use of fiber Brillouin amplification (FBA) for the coherent transmission of optical frequencies over a 480 km long optical fiber link. FBA uses the transmission fiber itself for efficient, bi-directional coherent amplification of weak signals with pump powers around 30 mW. In a test setup we measured the gain and the achievable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of FBA and compared it to that of the widely used uni-directional Erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) and to our recently built bi-directional EDFA. We measured also the phase noise introduced by the FBA and used a new and simple technique to stabilize the frequency of the FBA pump laser. We then transferred a stabilized laser frequency over a wide area network with a total fiber length of 480 km using only one intermediate FBA station. After compensating the noise induced by the fiber, the frequency is delivered to the user end with an uncertainty below 2 × 10⁻¹⁸ and an instability σ_y(τ) = 2 × 10⁻¹⁴ /(τ/s).

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References

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Year
Author
Publication

S. A. Diddams, J. C. Bergquist, S. R. Jefferts, and C. W. Oates, “Standards of time and frequency at the outset of the 21st century,” Science 306(5700), 1318–1324 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
L. S. Ma, P. Jungner, J. Ye, and J. L. Hall, “Delivering the same optical frequency at two places: accurate cancellation of phase noise introduced by an optical fiber or other time-varying path,” Opt. Lett. 19(21), 1777–1779 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
O. Lopez, A. Amy-Klein, C. Daussy, Ch. Chardonnet, F. Narbonneau, M. Lours, and G. Santarelli, “86-km optical link with a resolution of 2 × 10−18 for RF frequency transfer,” Eur. Phys. J. D 48(1), 35–41 (2008).
[Crossref]
O. Terra, G. Grosche, K. Predehl, R. Holzwarth, T. Legero, U. Sterr, B. Lipphardt, and H. Schnatz, “Phase-coherent comparison of two optical frequency standards over 146 km using a telecommunication fiber link,” Appl. Phys. B 97(3), 541–551 (2009).
[Crossref]
G. Grosche, O. Terra, K. Predehl, R. Holzwarth, B. Lipphardt, F. Vogt, U. Sterr, and H. Schnatz, “Optical frequency transfer via 146 km fiber link with 10 -19 relative accuracy,” Opt. Lett. 34(15), 2270–2272 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
E. Desurvire, Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers: principle and applications, (Wiley-Interscience publication, 1994).
H. Schnatz, O. Terra, K. Predehl, T. Feldmann, T. Legero, B. Lipphardt, U. Sterr, G. Grosche, R. Holzwarth, T. Hansch, T. Udem, Z. Lu, L. Wang, W. Ertmer, J. Friebe, A. Pape, E.-M. Rasel, M. Riedmann, and T. Wub, “Phase-coherent frequency comparison of optical clocks using a telecommunication fiber link,” IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 57(1), 175–181 (2010).
[Crossref]
K. Predehl, R. Holzwarth, T. Udem, T. W. Hänsch, O. Terra, G. Grosche, B. Lipphardt, and H. Schnatz, “Ultra Precise Frequency Dissemination across Germany - Towards a 900 km Optical Fiber Link from PTB to MPQ,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/International Quantum Electronics Conference, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2009), paper CTuS2.
N. Olsson and J. van der Ziel, “Cancellation of fiber loss by semi-conductor laser pumped Brillouin amplification at 1.5 μm,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 48(20), 1329 (1986).
[Crossref]
R. Tkach and A. Chraplyvy, “Fibre Brillouin amplifiers,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 21(1), S105–S112 (1989).
[Crossref]
M. Ferreira, J. Rocha, and J. Pinto, “Analysis of the gain and noise characteristics of fibre Brillouin amplifiers,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 26(1), 35–44 (1994).
[Crossref]
R. G. Smith, “Optical power handling capacity of low loss optical fibers as determined by stimulated Raman and brillouin scattering,” Appl. Opt. 11(11), 2489–2494 (1972).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
E. Ippen and R. Stolen, “Stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 21(11), 539 (1972).
[Crossref]
G. Agrawal, Applications of Nonlinear Fiber Optics, (Academic Press, 2001).
G. Grosche, B. Lipphardt, and H. Schnatz, “Optical frequency synthesis and measurement using fiber-based femtosecond lasers,” Eur. Phys. J. D 48(1), 27–33 (2008).
[Crossref]
J. Geng, S. Staines, M. Blake, and S. Jiang, “Distributed fiber temperature and strain sensor using coherent radio-frequency detection of spontaneous Brillouin scattering,” Appl. Opt. 46(23), 5928–5932 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
F. Walls, A. Clements, C. Felton, M. Lombardi, and M. Vanek, “Extending the Range and Accuracy of Phase Noise Measurements,” National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Technical Note 1337, TN129 (1990).
W. Williams, W. C. Swann, and N. R. Newbury, “High-stability transfer of an optical frequency over long fiber-optic links,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25(8), 1284 (2008).
[Crossref]
E. Rubiola, “On the measurement of frequency and of its sample variance with high-resolution counters,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76(5), 054703 (2005).
[Crossref]
W. Lee, D. Yu, C. Park, and J. Mun, “The uncertainty associated with the weigted mean frequency of a phase-stabilized signal with white phase noise,” Metrologia 47(1), 24–32 (2010).
[Crossref]

2010 (2)

H. Schnatz, O. Terra, K. Predehl, T. Feldmann, T. Legero, B. Lipphardt, U. Sterr, G. Grosche, R. Holzwarth, T. Hansch, T. Udem, Z. Lu, L. Wang, W. Ertmer, J. Friebe, A. Pape, E.-M. Rasel, M. Riedmann, and T. Wub, “Phase-coherent frequency comparison of optical clocks using a telecommunication fiber link,” IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 57(1), 175–181 (2010).
[Crossref]

W. Lee, D. Yu, C. Park, and J. Mun, “The uncertainty associated with the weigted mean frequency of a phase-stabilized signal with white phase noise,” Metrologia 47(1), 24–32 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (2)

O. Terra, G. Grosche, K. Predehl, R. Holzwarth, T. Legero, U. Sterr, B. Lipphardt, and H. Schnatz, “Phase-coherent comparison of two optical frequency standards over 146 km using a telecommunication fiber link,” Appl. Phys. B 97(3), 541–551 (2009).
[Crossref]

G. Grosche, O. Terra, K. Predehl, R. Holzwarth, B. Lipphardt, F. Vogt, U. Sterr, and H. Schnatz, “Optical frequency transfer via 146 km fiber link with 10 -19 relative accuracy,” Opt. Lett. 34(15), 2270–2272 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2008 (3)

O. Lopez, A. Amy-Klein, C. Daussy, Ch. Chardonnet, F. Narbonneau, M. Lours, and G. Santarelli, “86-km optical link with a resolution of 2 × 10−18 for RF frequency transfer,” Eur. Phys. J. D 48(1), 35–41 (2008).
[Crossref]

W. Williams, W. C. Swann, and N. R. Newbury, “High-stability transfer of an optical frequency over long fiber-optic links,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25(8), 1284 (2008).
[Crossref]

G. Grosche, B. Lipphardt, and H. Schnatz, “Optical frequency synthesis and measurement using fiber-based femtosecond lasers,” Eur. Phys. J. D 48(1), 27–33 (2008).
[Crossref]

2007 (1)

J. Geng, S. Staines, M. Blake, and S. Jiang, “Distributed fiber temperature and strain sensor using coherent radio-frequency detection of spontaneous Brillouin scattering,” Appl. Opt. 46(23), 5928–5932 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (1)

E. Rubiola, “On the measurement of frequency and of its sample variance with high-resolution counters,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76(5), 054703 (2005).
[Crossref]

2004 (1)

S. A. Diddams, J. C. Bergquist, S. R. Jefferts, and C. W. Oates, “Standards of time and frequency at the outset of the 21st century,” Science 306(5700), 1318–1324 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1994 (2)

L. S. Ma, P. Jungner, J. Ye, and J. L. Hall, “Delivering the same optical frequency at two places: accurate cancellation of phase noise introduced by an optical fiber or other time-varying path,” Opt. Lett. 19(21), 1777–1779 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Ferreira, J. Rocha, and J. Pinto, “Analysis of the gain and noise characteristics of fibre Brillouin amplifiers,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 26(1), 35–44 (1994).
[Crossref]

1989 (1)

R. Tkach and A. Chraplyvy, “Fibre Brillouin amplifiers,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 21(1), S105–S112 (1989).
[Crossref]

1986 (1)

N. Olsson and J. van der Ziel, “Cancellation of fiber loss by semi-conductor laser pumped Brillouin amplification at 1.5 μm,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 48(20), 1329 (1986).
[Crossref]

1972 (2)

R. G. Smith, “Optical power handling capacity of low loss optical fibers as determined by stimulated Raman and brillouin scattering,” Appl. Opt. 11(11), 2489–2494 (1972).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. Ippen and R. Stolen, “Stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 21(11), 539 (1972).
[Crossref]

Amy-Klein, A.

Bergquist, J. C.

S. A. Diddams, J. C. Bergquist, S. R. Jefferts, and C. W. Oates, “Standards of time and frequency at the outset of the 21st century,” Science 306(5700), 1318–1324 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Blake, M.

Chardonnet, Ch.

Chraplyvy, A.

R. Tkach and A. Chraplyvy, “Fibre Brillouin amplifiers,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 21(1), S105–S112 (1989).
[Crossref]

Daussy, C.

Diddams, S. A.

S. A. Diddams, J. C. Bergquist, S. R. Jefferts, and C. W. Oates, “Standards of time and frequency at the outset of the 21st century,” Science 306(5700), 1318–1324 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ertmer, W.

Feldmann, T.

Ferreira, M.

M. Ferreira, J. Rocha, and J. Pinto, “Analysis of the gain and noise characteristics of fibre Brillouin amplifiers,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 26(1), 35–44 (1994).
[Crossref]

Friebe, J.

Geng, J.

Grosche, G.

G. Grosche, B. Lipphardt, and H. Schnatz, “Optical frequency synthesis and measurement using fiber-based femtosecond lasers,” Eur. Phys. J. D 48(1), 27–33 (2008).
[Crossref]

Hall, J. L.

Hansch, T.

Holzwarth, R.

Ippen, E.

E. Ippen and R. Stolen, “Stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 21(11), 539 (1972).
[Crossref]

Jefferts, S. R.

S. A. Diddams, J. C. Bergquist, S. R. Jefferts, and C. W. Oates, “Standards of time and frequency at the outset of the 21st century,” Science 306(5700), 1318–1324 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jiang, S.

Jungner, P.

Lee, W.

W. Lee, D. Yu, C. Park, and J. Mun, “The uncertainty associated with the weigted mean frequency of a phase-stabilized signal with white phase noise,” Metrologia 47(1), 24–32 (2010).
[Crossref]

Legero, T.

Lipphardt, B.

G. Grosche, B. Lipphardt, and H. Schnatz, “Optical frequency synthesis and measurement using fiber-based femtosecond lasers,” Eur. Phys. J. D 48(1), 27–33 (2008).
[Crossref]

Lopez, O.

Lours, M.

Lu, Z.

Ma, L. S.

Mun, J.

W. Lee, D. Yu, C. Park, and J. Mun, “The uncertainty associated with the weigted mean frequency of a phase-stabilized signal with white phase noise,” Metrologia 47(1), 24–32 (2010).
[Crossref]

Narbonneau, F.

Newbury, N. R.

W. Williams, W. C. Swann, and N. R. Newbury, “High-stability transfer of an optical frequency over long fiber-optic links,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25(8), 1284 (2008).
[Crossref]

Oates, C. W.

S. A. Diddams, J. C. Bergquist, S. R. Jefferts, and C. W. Oates, “Standards of time and frequency at the outset of the 21st century,” Science 306(5700), 1318–1324 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Olsson, N.

N. Olsson and J. van der Ziel, “Cancellation of fiber loss by semi-conductor laser pumped Brillouin amplification at 1.5 μm,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 48(20), 1329 (1986).
[Crossref]

Pape, A.

Park, C.

W. Lee, D. Yu, C. Park, and J. Mun, “The uncertainty associated with the weigted mean frequency of a phase-stabilized signal with white phase noise,” Metrologia 47(1), 24–32 (2010).
[Crossref]

Pinto, J.

M. Ferreira, J. Rocha, and J. Pinto, “Analysis of the gain and noise characteristics of fibre Brillouin amplifiers,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 26(1), 35–44 (1994).
[Crossref]

Predehl, K.

Rasel, E.-M.

Riedmann, M.

Rocha, J.

M. Ferreira, J. Rocha, and J. Pinto, “Analysis of the gain and noise characteristics of fibre Brillouin amplifiers,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 26(1), 35–44 (1994).
[Crossref]

Rubiola, E.

E. Rubiola, “On the measurement of frequency and of its sample variance with high-resolution counters,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76(5), 054703 (2005).
[Crossref]

Santarelli, G.

Schnatz, H.

G. Grosche, B. Lipphardt, and H. Schnatz, “Optical frequency synthesis and measurement using fiber-based femtosecond lasers,” Eur. Phys. J. D 48(1), 27–33 (2008).
[Crossref]

Smith, R. G.

R. G. Smith, “Optical power handling capacity of low loss optical fibers as determined by stimulated Raman and brillouin scattering,” Appl. Opt. 11(11), 2489–2494 (1972).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Staines, S.

Sterr, U.

Stolen, R.

E. Ippen and R. Stolen, “Stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 21(11), 539 (1972).
[Crossref]

Swann, W. C.

W. Williams, W. C. Swann, and N. R. Newbury, “High-stability transfer of an optical frequency over long fiber-optic links,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25(8), 1284 (2008).
[Crossref]

Terra, O.

Tkach, R.

R. Tkach and A. Chraplyvy, “Fibre Brillouin amplifiers,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 21(1), S105–S112 (1989).
[Crossref]

Udem, T.

van der Ziel, J.

N. Olsson and J. van der Ziel, “Cancellation of fiber loss by semi-conductor laser pumped Brillouin amplification at 1.5 μm,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 48(20), 1329 (1986).
[Crossref]

Vogt, F.

Wang, L.

Williams, W.

W. Williams, W. C. Swann, and N. R. Newbury, “High-stability transfer of an optical frequency over long fiber-optic links,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25(8), 1284 (2008).
[Crossref]

Wub, T.

Ye, J.

Yu, D.

W. Lee, D. Yu, C. Park, and J. Mun, “The uncertainty associated with the weigted mean frequency of a phase-stabilized signal with white phase noise,” Metrologia 47(1), 24–32 (2010).
[Crossref]

Appl. Opt. (2)

R. G. Smith, “Optical power handling capacity of low loss optical fibers as determined by stimulated Raman and brillouin scattering,” Appl. Opt. 11(11), 2489–2494 (1972).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. B (1)

Appl. Phys. Lett. (2)

N. Olsson and J. van der Ziel, “Cancellation of fiber loss by semi-conductor laser pumped Brillouin amplification at 1.5 μm,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 48(20), 1329 (1986).
[Crossref]

E. Ippen and R. Stolen, “Stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 21(11), 539 (1972).
[Crossref]

Eur. Phys. J. D (2)

G. Grosche, B. Lipphardt, and H. Schnatz, “Optical frequency synthesis and measurement using fiber-based femtosecond lasers,” Eur. Phys. J. D 48(1), 27–33 (2008).
[Crossref]

IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control (1)

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (1)

W. Williams, W. C. Swann, and N. R. Newbury, “High-stability transfer of an optical frequency over long fiber-optic links,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25(8), 1284 (2008).
[Crossref]

Metrologia (1)

W. Lee, D. Yu, C. Park, and J. Mun, “The uncertainty associated with the weigted mean frequency of a phase-stabilized signal with white phase noise,” Metrologia 47(1), 24–32 (2010).
[Crossref]

Opt. Lett. (2)

Opt. Quantum Electron. (2)

R. Tkach and A. Chraplyvy, “Fibre Brillouin amplifiers,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 21(1), S105–S112 (1989).
[Crossref]

M. Ferreira, J. Rocha, and J. Pinto, “Analysis of the gain and noise characteristics of fibre Brillouin amplifiers,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 26(1), 35–44 (1994).
[Crossref]

Rev. Sci. Instrum. (1)

E. Rubiola, “On the measurement of frequency and of its sample variance with high-resolution counters,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76(5), 054703 (2005).
[Crossref]

Science (1)

S. A. Diddams, J. C. Bergquist, S. R. Jefferts, and C. W. Oates, “Standards of time and frequency at the outset of the 21st century,” Science 306(5700), 1318–1324 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Other (4)

E. Desurvire, Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers: principle and applications, (Wiley-Interscience publication, 1994).

K. Predehl, R. Holzwarth, T. Udem, T. W. Hänsch, O. Terra, G. Grosche, B. Lipphardt, and H. Schnatz, “Ultra Precise Frequency Dissemination across Germany - Towards a 900 km Optical Fiber Link from PTB to MPQ,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/International Quantum Electronics Conference, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2009), paper CTuS2.

F. Walls, A. Clements, C. Felton, M. Lombardi, and M. Vanek, “Extending the Range and Accuracy of Phase Noise Measurements,” National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Technical Note 1337, TN129 (1990).

G. Agrawal, Applications of Nonlinear Fiber Optics, (Academic Press, 2001).

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Fig. 1 Set-up to measure the gain of FBA or EDFA: VA: variable attenuator, PD: photodetector, signal: signal laser with isolator, pump: pump laser, AOM: acousto-optic modulator, a 25 km fiber is used as gain medium for FBA.

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Fig. 2 FBA in comparison to EDFAs (uni-directional and bi-directional) for different signal powers received at the output of a 25 km fiber: (a) gain (b) SNR. The spectrum analyzer bandwidth is 100 kHz.

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Fig. 3 Detected heterodyne beat power (RF) obtained with FBA and with EDFA, when 5 mW signal power are injected into (a) 148 km fiber (P _pump = 20 mW, ν_B = 10.974 GHz) and (b) 332 km fiber (P _pump = 40 mW, ν_B = 10.970 GHz).

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Fig. 4 (a) Phase noise of the free-running interferometer without (black line) and with a bi-directional EDFA (red ο). (b) Phase noise of 25 km spooled SMF28 fiber without (black line) and with using FBA (blue ο).

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Fig. 5 (a) Measurement setup for the scattered and transmitted pump power changes. The pump is injected in the opposite direction to the signal laser. CIR: circulator and OPM: optical power meter. (signal power is about 1 μW after 148 km fiber) (b).The change of the scattered pump power when the pump frequency is swept around (ν_sig + ν_B ) and a Gaussian fit.

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Fig. 6 Brillouin amplification in a frequency transfer system, AOM: Acousto-optic modulator, PD: photodetector, FM: Faraday mirror, C1: 30/70, C2: 40/60, C3:40/60, C4:30/70 simple fiber couplers (for details see text).

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Fig. 7 Phase noise of the out-of-loop signal (OL) before (black dashed), and after (red solid) compensation. The green curve (ο) gives the theoretical compensation limit according to [18].

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Fig. 8 Out-of-loop signal (OL) with compensated (red ο) and uncompensated phase noise (black ■).

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Equations (2)

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P_{c r i t} = \frac{21 A}{γ L_{e f f}} (1 + \frac{Δ ν_{l a s e r}}{Δ ν_{B}})

g = \frac{γ L_{e f f} P_{p u m p}}{A}