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Effect of molecular concentrations in tissue-simulating phantoms on images obtained using diffuse reflectance polarimetry

Mehrübe Mehrübeoğlu, Nasser Kehtarnavaz, Sohi Rastegar, and Lihong V. Wang

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

We have investigated the possibility of using diffuse reflectance polarimetry to detect changes caused by different molecular compounds and concentrations in tissue-simulating phantoms. The effects of glucose, β-alanine and l-lysine at different concentrations in turbid media have been investigated separately. This approach is based on the effect of optical properties on the polarization state of light. The results show that this method has potential for determining changes in molecular concentrations in highly scattering biological media from polarization images.

©1998 Optical Society of America

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References

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1998 (1)

1997 (5)

1996 (2)

M. R. Ostermeyer, D. V. Stephens, L. -H. Wang, and S. L. Jacques, “Nearfield polarization effects on light propagation in random media,” in Biomedical Optical Spectroscopy and Diagnostics, E. Sevick-Muraca and D. Benaron, eds., Trends in Optics and Photonics  3, 20–25 (1996).

S. L. Jacques, M. Ostermeyer, L.-H. Wang, and D. V. Stephens, “Polarized light transmission through skin using video reflectometry: toward optical tomography of superficial tissue layers,” in Lasers and Surgery: Advanced Characterization, Therapeutics, and Systems VI, R. R. Anderson, ed., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 2671, 199–210 (1996).

1994 (2)

1993 (1)

M. Dogariu and T. Asakura, “Polarization Dependent Backscattering Patterns from Weakly Scattering Media,” J. Optics 24, 271–278 (1993).
[Crossref]

1991 (1)

1985 (1)

Asakura, T.

M. Dogariu and T. Asakura, “Polarization Dependent Backscattering Patterns from Weakly Scattering Media,” J. Optics 24, 271–278 (1993).
[Crossref]

Berger, M.

Bigio, I. J.

Böcker, D.

Böcker, Dirk

Bruulsema, J. T.

Cameron, B. D.

Carswell, A. I.

Cope, M.

Coté, G. L.

Dean, J. A.

H. H. Willard, L. L. Meritt, and J. A. Dean, Instrumental Methods of Analysis (Princeton, New Jersey, 1958), pp.320-3.

Dogariu, M.

M. Dogariu and T. Asakura, “Polarization Dependent Backscattering Patterns from Weakly Scattering Media,” J. Optics 24, 271–278 (1993).
[Crossref]

Eick, A. A.

A. H. Hielscher, A. A. Eick, J. R. Mourant, D. Shen, J. P. Freyer, and I. J. Bigio, “Diffuse backscattering Mueller matrices of highly scattering media,” Opt. Express 1, 441–454 (1997). http://epubs.osa.org/oearchive/pdf/2826.pdf
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. H. Hielscher, A. A. Eick, J. R. Mourant, J. P. Freyer, and I. J. Bigio, “Biomedical Diagnostic with Diffusely Backscattered Linearly and Circularly Polarized Light,” SPIE 2976, 298–305 (1997).
[Crossref]

Essenpreis, M.

Essenpreis, Matthias

Fantini, S.

Farrell, T. J.

Franceschini, M, M. A.

Freyer, J. P.

A. H. Hielscher, A. A. Eick, J. R. Mourant, J. P. Freyer, and I. J. Bigio, “Biomedical Diagnostic with Diffusely Backscattered Linearly and Circularly Polarized Light,” SPIE 2976, 298–305 (1997).
[Crossref]

A. H. Hielscher, A. A. Eick, J. R. Mourant, D. Shen, J. P. Freyer, and I. J. Bigio, “Diffuse backscattering Mueller matrices of highly scattering media,” Opt. Express 1, 441–454 (1997). http://epubs.osa.org/oearchive/pdf/2826.pdf
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gratton, E.

Guyton, A. C.

A. C. Guyton, Textbook of medical physiology, 8th ed., (Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1991).

Hayward, J. E.

Heinemann, L.

Hielscher, A. H.

Jacques, S. L.

M. R. Ostermeyer, D. V. Stephens, L. -H. Wang, and S. L. Jacques, “Nearfield polarization effects on light propagation in random media,” in Biomedical Optical Spectroscopy and Diagnostics, E. Sevick-Muraca and D. Benaron, eds., Trends in Optics and Photonics  3, 20–25 (1996).

S. L. Jacques, M. Ostermeyer, L.-H. Wang, and D. V. Stephens, “Polarized light transmission through skin using video reflectometry: toward optical tomography of superficial tissue layers,” in Lasers and Surgery: Advanced Characterization, Therapeutics, and Systems VI, R. R. Anderson, ed., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 2671, 199–210 (1996).

Kattawar, G. W.

Khong, M. P.

Kohl, M.

Koschinsky, T.

Maier, J. S.

Mehrübeoglu, M.

Meritt, L. L.

H. H. Willard, L. L. Meritt, and J. A. Dean, Instrumental Methods of Analysis (Princeton, New Jersey, 1958), pp.320-3.

Moes, C. J. M.

Morgan, S. P.

Mourant, J. R.

Orskov, H.

Ostermeyer, M.

S. L. Jacques, M. Ostermeyer, L.-H. Wang, and D. V. Stephens, “Polarized light transmission through skin using video reflectometry: toward optical tomography of superficial tissue layers,” in Lasers and Surgery: Advanced Characterization, Therapeutics, and Systems VI, R. R. Anderson, ed., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 2671, 199–210 (1996).

Ostermeyer, M. R.

M. R. Ostermeyer, D. V. Stephens, L. -H. Wang, and S. L. Jacques, “Nearfield polarization effects on light propagation in random media,” in Biomedical Optical Spectroscopy and Diagnostics, E. Sevick-Muraca and D. Benaron, eds., Trends in Optics and Photonics  3, 20–25 (1996).

Pal, S. R.

Patterson, M. S.

Prahl, S. A.

Rakovic, M. J.

Rastegar, S.

Sandahl-Christiansen, J.

Schmelzeisen-Redeker, G.

Shen, D.

Somekh, M. G.

Stephens, D. V.

S. L. Jacques, M. Ostermeyer, L.-H. Wang, and D. V. Stephens, “Polarized light transmission through skin using video reflectometry: toward optical tomography of superficial tissue layers,” in Lasers and Surgery: Advanced Characterization, Therapeutics, and Systems VI, R. R. Anderson, ed., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 2671, 199–210 (1996).

M. R. Ostermeyer, D. V. Stephens, L. -H. Wang, and S. L. Jacques, “Nearfield polarization effects on light propagation in random media,” in Biomedical Optical Spectroscopy and Diagnostics, E. Sevick-Muraca and D. Benaron, eds., Trends in Optics and Photonics  3, 20–25 (1996).

van Gemert, M. J. C.

van Marle, J.

van Staveren, H. J.

Walker, S. A.

Wang, L. -H.

M. R. Ostermeyer, D. V. Stephens, L. -H. Wang, and S. L. Jacques, “Nearfield polarization effects on light propagation in random media,” in Biomedical Optical Spectroscopy and Diagnostics, E. Sevick-Muraca and D. Benaron, eds., Trends in Optics and Photonics  3, 20–25 (1996).

Wang, L. V.

Wang, L.-H.

S. L. Jacques, M. Ostermeyer, L.-H. Wang, and D. V. Stephens, “Polarized light transmission through skin using video reflectometry: toward optical tomography of superficial tissue layers,” in Lasers and Surgery: Advanced Characterization, Therapeutics, and Systems VI, R. R. Anderson, ed., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 2671, 199–210 (1996).

Willard, H. H.

H. H. Willard, L. L. Meritt, and J. A. Dean, Instrumental Methods of Analysis (Princeton, New Jersey, 1958), pp.320-3.

Appl. Opt. (4)

J. Optics (1)

M. Dogariu and T. Asakura, “Polarization Dependent Backscattering Patterns from Weakly Scattering Media,” J. Optics 24, 271–278 (1993).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (1)

Opt. Lett. (4)

Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. (1)

S. L. Jacques, M. Ostermeyer, L.-H. Wang, and D. V. Stephens, “Polarized light transmission through skin using video reflectometry: toward optical tomography of superficial tissue layers,” in Lasers and Surgery: Advanced Characterization, Therapeutics, and Systems VI, R. R. Anderson, ed., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 2671, 199–210 (1996).

SPIE (1)

A. H. Hielscher, A. A. Eick, J. R. Mourant, J. P. Freyer, and I. J. Bigio, “Biomedical Diagnostic with Diffusely Backscattered Linearly and Circularly Polarized Light,” SPIE 2976, 298–305 (1997).
[Crossref]

Other (8)

R. Farrighetti, ed., The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1997, (World Almanac Books, and K-III Reference Corporation, NJ1996).

E. Sevick-Muraca and D. Beneron, eds., Biomedical Optical Spectroscopy and Diagnostics, Vol. 3 of OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 1996).

M. R. Ostermeyer, D. V. Stephens, L. -H. Wang, and S. L. Jacques, “Nearfield polarization effects on light propagation in random media,” in Biomedical Optical Spectroscopy and Diagnostics, E. Sevick-Muraca and D. Benaron, eds., Trends in Optics and Photonics  3, 20–25 (1996).

R. Greger and U. Windhorst, eds., Comprehensive Human Physiology from Cellular Mechanisms to Integration, Vol. 2 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1996), p. 2328.

A. C. Guyton, Textbook of medical physiology, 8th ed., (Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1991).

D. R. Lide, ed.-in-chief, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 79th ed., (CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida, 1998), p. 3–12,8–64.

J. G. Grasselli and W. M. Ritchey, eds., CRC Atlas of Spectral Data and Physical Constants for Organic Compounds, Vol. III (CRC Press, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, 1975).

H. H. Willard, L. L. Meritt, and J. A. Dean, Instrumental Methods of Analysis (Princeton, New Jersey, 1958), pp.320-3.

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Figures (9)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Experimental system setup for imaging the polarization patterns of the turbid medium using a laser light source, two polarizers, a micro lens, and a CCD camera/detector.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Sample raw images as obtained by the CCD camera/detector system for glucose, β-alanine and l-lysine. Each row depicts images of increasing concentrations from left to right for the corresponding compound. The asymmetry about the horizontal axis through the center of each row is due to the 18° tilt of the CCD camera and lens system. The spot of laser incidence can be noted in the center of the butterfly patterns.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Difference images within each compound (glucose, β-alanine, l-lysine) with respect to the corresponding image for lowest concentration (241 mg/dl). Each row depicts difference images of increasing concentration from left to right for the compound labeled on the left of each row.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Ratio images within each compound (glucose, β-alanine, l-lysine) with respect to the corresponding image for lowest concentration. Each row depicts images of increasing concentration ratio from left to right for the compound labeled on the left of each row.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Correlation between raw images. Correlation is plotted for each compound, namely, glucose, β-alanine and l-lysine, with respect to the lowest concentration in each class, against increasing concentration (mg/dl).

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Correlation between difference images. The absolute value of the intensity of the difference images was used to obtain positive correlation values. Correlation is plotted for each compound (glucose, β-alanine and l-lysine) against increasing concentration difference (difference relative to the 241 mg/dl images).

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Mean-Square Difference for all molecular compounds with respect to the lowest concentration (241 mg/dl) image.

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Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Root Mean-Square Difference for all molecular compounds with respect to the lowest concentration (241 mg/dl) image. Of particular importance is the linear change of the polarization patterns with respect to increasing glucose concentration.

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Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. Effect of Glucose concentration on the refractive index of water (a) and the reduced scattering coefficient of turbid medium (b). A linear relation can be observed between added glucose and refractive index of water. The same is true for added glucose and reduced scattering coefficient of turbid medium.

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Equations (6)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

I d = I c − I r
corr ( n , l ) = ∑ i = 1 151 ∑ j = 1 151 ( img n ( i , j ) × img l ( i , j ) ) ∑ i = 1 151 ∑ j = 1 151 ( img n ( i , j ) × img n ( i , j ) ) × ∑ i = 1 151 ∑ i = 1 151 ( img l ( i , j ) × img l ( i , j ) )
MSD ( n , l ) = 1 ( 151 ) 2 ∑ i = 1 151 ∑ j = 1 151 ( img n ( i , j ) − img l ( i , j ) ) 2
RMSD ( n , l ) = MSD ( n , l )
μ s ′ = K ( n 1 − n 0 ) n 0
ϕ = ( 5.25 X 10 − 7 ) lc

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