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Scanning laser reflectometry of retinal and subretinal tissues

A.E. Elsner, L. Moraes, E. Beausencourt, A. Remky, S.A. Burns, J.J. Weiter, J. P. Walker, G. L. Wing, P. A. Raskauskas, and L. M. Kelley

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Abstract

Measurements of the human ocular fundus that make use of the light returning through the pupil are called reflectometry. Early reflectometry studies were limited by poor light return from the retina and strong reflections from the anterior surface of the eye. Artifacts produced misleading results in diseases like age-related macular degeneration. Novel laser sources, scanning, confocal optics, and digital imaging provide improved sampling of the signal from the tissues of interest: photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial cells. A wider range of wavelengths is now compared, including the near infrared. Reflectometry now provides functional mapping, even in severe pathology.

©2000 Optical Society of America

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Figures (5)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Left- Cone photopigment distribution in the central macula of a normal 45 yr old male subject. Right- Cone photopigment distribution of a normal 35 year old female, showing a defect in a smooth distribution.

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Fig 2.
Fig 2. Top left- Image of female subject in Fig 1, with a 594 nm, 40 deg field. The bright detect that corresponds to the missing photopigment. Note that this wavelength localizes retinal vasculature, but not macular pigment. Top right- color fundus photograph. Bottom left- 514 nm, 40 deg field, showing little the defect, but little absorption of macular pigment at this wavelength. Bottom right- 488 nm, 40 deg field. The dark central region indicates the location of macular pigment.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Left- Macular-centered image of a small retinal defect of macular pigment, computed from the images in Fig. 2 and magnified 5X. The contrast is adjusted to enhance the print visualization of the macular pigment. Right- 860 nm, 40 deg image. No large drusen or clumped hyperpigmentation were seen in any normal subject that co-localized with the measured alterations in photopigment or macular pigment distribution.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Left- Infrared image of the macula of a patient with age-related macular degeneration. The large, bright structures are drusen. Right- Red image of the same patient. The dark structures are hyperpigmentation.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Pseudo color from images in Fig 4, to show image fusion. Top left- confocal image. Top right- multiply scattered light image. Bottom- fusion image.

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Equations (2)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

DD = log ( bleached image ) − log ( dark adapted image ) .
MDD = log ( image at 514 nm ) − log ( image at 488 nm * c )
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