Abstract

Several kinds of nonlinear optical effects have been observed in recent years using silicon waveguides, and their device applications are attracting considerable attention. In this review, we provide a unified theoretical platform that not only can be used for understanding the underlying physics but should also provide guidance toward new and useful applications. We begin with a description of the third-order nonlinearity of silicon and consider the tensorial nature of both the electronic and Raman contributions. The generation of free carriers through two-photon absorption and their impact on various nonlinear phenomena is included fully within the theory presented here. We derive a general propagation equation in the frequency domain and show how it leads to a generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation when it is converted to the time domain. We use this equation to study propagation of ultrashort optical pulses in the presence of self-phase modulation and show the possibility of soliton formation and supercontinuum generation. The nonlinear phenomena of cross-phase modulation and stimulated Raman scattering are discussed next with emphasis on the impact of free carriers on Raman amplification and lasing. We also consider the four-wave mixing process for both continuous-wave and pulsed pumping and discuss the conditions under which parametric amplification and wavelength conversion can be realized with net gain in the telecommunication band.

©2007 Optical Society of America

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T. Tanabe, K. Nishiguchi, A. Shinya, E. Kuramochi, H. Inokawa, and M. Notomi, “Fast all-optical switching using ion-implanted silicon photonic crystal nanocavities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 031115 (2007).
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Q. Lin, F. Yaman, and G. P. Agrawal, “Photon-pair generation in optical fibers through four-wave mixing: Role of Raman scattering and pump polarization,” Phys. Rev. A 75, 023803 (2007).
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K. F. Lee, J. Chen, C. Liang, X. Li, P. L. Voss, and P. Kumar, “Generation of high-purity telecom-band entangled photon pairs in dispersion-shifted fiber,” Opt. Lett. 31, 1905–1907 (2006).
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Q. Lin, J. Zhang, P. M. Fauchet, and G. P. Agrawal, “Ultrabroadband parametric generation and wavelength conversion in silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express 14, 4786–4799 (2006).
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D. Dimitropoulos, D. R. Solli, R. Claps, and B. Jalali, “Noise figure and photon statistics in coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering,” Opt. Express 14, 11418–11432 (2006).
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Opt. Commun. (1)

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Opt. Express (47)

E. Tien, N. S. Yuksek, F. Qian, and O. Boyraz, “Pulse compression and modelocking by using TPA in silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express 15, 6500–6506 (2007).
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T. J. Johnson, M. Borselli, and O. Painter, “Self-induced optical modulation of the transmission through a high-Q silicon microdisk resonator”, Opt. Express 14, 817–831 (2006).
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X. Yang and C. W. Wong, “Coupled-mode theory for stimulated Raman scattering in high-Q/Vm silicon photonic band gap defect cavity lasers,” Opt. Express 15, 4763–4780 (2007).
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V. Sih, S. Xu, Y. Kuo, H. Rong, M. Paniccia, O. Cohen, and O. Raday, “Raman amplification of 40 Gb/s data in low-loss silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express 15, 357–362 (2007).
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O. Boyraz and B. Jalali, “Demonstration of directly modulated silicon Raman laser,” Opt. Express 13, 796–800 (2005).
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R. L. Espinola, J. I. Dadap, R. M. Osgood, S. J. McNab, and Y. A. Vlasov, “Raman amplification in ultrasmall silicon-on-insulator wire waveguides,” Opt. Express 12, 3713–3718 (2004).
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X. Yang and C. W. Wong, “Design of photonic band gap nanocavities for stimulated Raman amplification and lasing in monolithic silicon,” Opt. Express 13, 4723–4730 (2005).
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D. Dimitropoulos, D. R. Solli, R. Claps, and B. Jalali, “Noise figure and photon statistics in coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering,” Opt. Express 14, 11418–11432 (2006).
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H. Rong, Y. Kuo, A. Liu, M. Paniccia, and O. Cohen, “High efficiency wavelength conversion of 10 Gb/s data in silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express 14, 1182–1188 (2006).
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Q. Lin, J. Zhang, P. M. Fauchet, and G. P. Agrawal, “Ultrabroadband parametric generation and wavelength conversion in silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express 14, 4786–4799 (2006).
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Y. Kuo, H. Rong, V. Sih, S. Xu, M. Paniccia, and O. Cohen, “Demonstration of wavelength conversion at 40 Gb/s data rate in silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express 14, 11721–11726 (2006).
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V. Raghunathan, D. Borlaug, R. R. Rice, and B. Jalali, “Demonstration of a mid-infrared silicon Raman amplifier,” Opt. Express 15, 14355–14362 (2007).
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R. Claps, V. Raghunathan, D. Dimitropoulos, and B. Jalali, “Anti-Sotkes Raman conversion in silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express 11, 2862–2872 (2003).
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D. Dimitropoulos, V. Raghunathan, R. Claps, and B. Jalali, “Phase-matching and nonlinear optical processes in silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express 12, 149–160 (2003).
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R. L. Espinola, J. I Dadap, R. M. Osgood, S. J. McNab, and Y. A. Vlasov, “C-band wavelength conversion in silicon photonic wire waveguides,” Opt. Express 13, 4341–4349 (2005).
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H. Fukuda, K. Yamada, T. Shoji, M. Takahashi, T. Tsuchizawa, T. Watanabe, J. Takahashi, and S. Itabashi, “Four-wave mixing in silicon wire waveguides,” Opt. Express 13, 4629–4637 (2005).
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S. Blair and K. Zheng, “Intensity-tunable group delay using stimulated Raman scattering in silicon slow-light waveguides,” Opt. Express 14, 1064–1069 (2006).
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Y. Okawachi, M. A. Foster, J. E. Sharping, A. L. Gaeta, Q. Xu, and M. Lipson, “All-optical slow-light on a photonic chip,” Opt. Express 14, 2317–2322 (2006).
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E. Dulkeith, Y. A. Vlasov, X. Chen, N. C. Panoiu, and R. M. Osgood, “Self-phase-modulation in submicron silicon-on-insulator photonic wires,” Opt. Express 14, 5524–5534 (2006).
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A. R. Cowan, G. W. Rieger, and J. F. Young, “Nonlinear transmission of 1.5 µm pulses through single-mode silicon-on-insulator waveguide structures,” Opt. Express 12, 1611–1621 (2004).
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R. Salem, M. A. Foster, A. C. Turner, D. F. Geraghty, M. Lipson, and A. L. Gaeta, “All-optical regeneration on a silicon chip,” Opt. Express 15, 7802–7809 (2007).
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R. Dekker, A. Driessen, T. Wahlbrink, C. Moormann, J. Niehusmann, and M. Först, “Ultrafast Kerr-induced all-optical wavelength conversion in silicon waveguides using 1.55 µm femtosecond pulses,” Opt. Express 14, 8336–8346 (2006).
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I-W. Hsieh, X. Chen, J. I. Dadap, N. C. Panoiu, R. M. Osgood, S. J. McNab, and Y. A. Vlasov, “Ultrafast-pulse self-phase modulation and third-order dispersion in Si photonic wire-waveguides,” Opt. Express 14, 12380–12387 (2006).
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O. Boyraz, T. Indukuri, and B. Jalali, “Self-phase-modulation induced spectral broadening in silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express 12, 829–834 (2004).
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R. Claps, D. Dimitropoulos, V. Raghunathan, Y. Han, and B. Jalali, “Observation of stimulated Raman amplification in silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express 11, 1731–1739 (2003).
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I-W. Hsieh, X. Chen, X. Liu, J. I. Dadap, N. C. Panoiu, C-Y. Chou, F. Xia, W. M. Green, Y. A. Vlasov, and R. M. Osgood, “Supercontinuum generation in silicon photonic wires,” Opt. Express 15, 15242–15248 (2007).
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Ö. Boyraz, P. Koonath, V. Raghunathan, and B. Jalali, “All optical switching and continuum generation in silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express 12, 4094–4102 (2004).
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I-W. Hsieh, X. Chen, J. I. Dadap, N. C. Panoiu, R. M. Osgood, S. J. McNab, and Y. A. Vlasov, “Cross-phase modulation-induced spectral and temporal effects on co-propagating femtosecond pulses in silicon photonic wires,” Opt. Express 15, 1135–1146 (2007).
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R. Claps, D. Dimitropoulos, Y. Han, and B. Jalali, “Observation of Raman emission in silicon waveguide at 1.54 µm,” Opt. Express 10, 1305–1313 (2002).
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M. Krause, H. Renner, and E. Brinkmeyer, “Analysis of Raman lasing characteristics in silicon-on-insulator waveguides,” Opt. Express 12, 5703–5710 (2004).
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R. Claps, V. Raghunathan, D. Dimitropoulos, and B. Jalali, “Influence of nonlinear absorption on Raman amplification in silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express 12, 2774–2780 (2004).
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A. C. Turner, C. Manolatou, B. S. Schmidt, M. Lipson, M. A. Foster, J. E. Sharping, and A. L. Gaeta, “Tailored anomalous group-velocity dispersion in silicon channel waveguides,” Opt. Express 14, 4357–4362 (2006).
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J. M. Chavez Boggio, J. D. Marconi, S. R. Bickham, and H. L. Fragnito, “Spectrally flat and broadband doublepumped fiber optical parametric amplifiers,” Opt. Express 15, 5288–5309 (2007).
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K. K. Tsia, S. Fathpour, and B. Jalali, “Energy harvesting in silicon wavelength converters,” Opt. Express 14, 12327–12333 (2006).
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J. Fulconis, O. Alibart, W. J. Wadsworth, P. St. J. Russell, and J. G. Rarity, “High brightness single mode source of correlated photon pairs using a photonic crystal fiber,” Opt. Express 13, 7572–7582 (2005).
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Opt. Lett. (22)

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Figures (10)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Rotation of the coordinate system required for SOI waveguides fabricated along the [0 1 ̄ 1] direction.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Wavelength dependence of β 2 for several waveguide widths simulated with the finite-element method (FEMLAB, COMSOL). Solid and dashed curves correspond to the TE and TM modes, respectively. The black curve shows for comparison the case of bulk silicon, and the inset shows the waveguide geometry.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. (a) SPM-broadened spectra and (b) nonlinear phase shifts showing the impact of FCC. Red curves neglect both FCA and FCC, black curves include FCA but neglect FCC, and green curves include both. (After Ref. [21].)

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Simulated shape (a) and spectrum (b) of input (blue curves) and output (red curves) pulses in the soliton regime. The green curve in (a) shows the output pulse in the absence nonlinear effects. The dashed curve in (b) corresponds to a sech pulse. (After Ref. [17].)

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. (a) Measured spectra (blue curves) at the input and output ends for Gaussian pulses. The green and red curves show the Gaussian and ‘sech’ fits to the data. Part (b) shows a numerical fit to the output spectrum. (After Ref. [17].)

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Supercontinuum created inside a 3-mm-long SOI waveguide when a 50-fs pulse excites the third-order soliton (red curve). The blue curve ignores the effects of TPA and FCA are ignored. The dotted curve shows the input pulse spectrum. (After Ref. [16].)

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Signal gain (a) and wavelength-conversion efficiency (b) as a function of signal wavelength for three pump wavelengths in the vicinity of the ZDWL (dashed line) of the TM mode. Input pump intensity is 0.2 GW/cm2 in all cases. (After Ref. [68].)

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Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Signal gain (a) and conversion efficiency (b) for the TE mode under the same conditions as in Fig. 7. (After Ref. [68].)

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Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. Parametric gain spectra at three pump wavelengths in the mid-infrared region for the waveguide with a cross section of 1.8×0.4 µm2. (After Ref. [137].)

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Fig. 10.
Fig. 10. Normalized photon flux (a) and pair correlation and spectral brightness (b) for the TM mode as a function of pump intensity. The inset shows the waveguide design. (After Ref. [73].)

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Equations (137)

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P ˜ i ( 3 ) ( r , ω i ) = 3 ε 0 4 ( 2 π ) 2 ∬ χ ijkl ( 3 ) ( − ω i ; ω j , − ω k , ω l ) E ˜ j ( r , ω j ) E ˜ k * ( r , ω k ) E ˜ l ( r , ω l ) d ω j d ω k ,
χ ijkl R ( − ω i ; ω j , − ω k , ω l ) = g ′ H ˜ R ( ω l − ω k ) ∑ v = x , y , z ℜ ij v ℜ kl v + g ′ H ˜ R ( ω j − ω k ) ∑ v = x , y , z ℜ il v ℜ jk v ,
H ˜ R ( Ω ) = Ω R 2 Ω R 2 − Ω 2 − 2 i Γ R Ω .
ℜ ij x = δ iy δ jz + δ iz δ jy , ℜ ij y = δ ix δ jz + δ iz δ jx , ℜ ij z = δ ix δ jy + δ iy δ jx ,
χ ijkl R ( − ω i ; ω j , − ω k , ω l ) = g ′ H ˜ R ( ω l − ω k ) ( δ ik δ jl + δ il δ jk − 2 δ ijkl )
+ g ′ H ˜ R ( ω j − ω k ) ( δ ik δ jl + δ ij δ kl − 2 δ ijkl ) ,
χ ijkl e = χ 1122 e δ ij δ kl + χ 1212 e δ ik δ jl + χ 1221 e δ il δ jk + χ d e δ ijkl ,
χ ijkl e = χ 1111 e [ ρ 3 ( δ ij δ kl + δ ik δ jl + δ il δ jk ) + ( 1 − ρ ) δ ijkl ] ,
ω c n 2 ( ω ) + i 2 β T ( ω ) = 3 ω 4 ε 0 c 2 n 0 2 ( ω ) χ 1111 e ( − ω ; ω , − ω , ω ) ,
P i f ( r , t ) = N e ( r , t ) 〈 p i e ( r , t ) 〉 + N h ( r , t ) 〈 p i h ( r , t ) 〉 ,
ϒ v ( ω ) = q 2 τ v ε 0 m v * ( − 1 ω ( ω τ v + i ) ) .
P ˜ i f ( r , ω ) = ε 0 ∫ χ ˜ f ( ω , ω ′ , N ˜ e , N ˜ h ) E ˜ i ( r , ω ′ ) d ω ′ ,
χ ˜ f ( ω , ω ′ , N ˜ e , N ˜ h ) ≡ ϒ e ( ω ′ ) N ˜ e ( r , ω − ω ′ ) + ϒ h ( ω ′ ) N ˜ h ( r , ω − ω ′ ) .
P i f ( r , t ) = ε 0 ∑ u χ f ( ω u , N e , N h ) E i ( r , ω u , t ) ,
χ f ( ω u , N e , N h ) = ϒ e ( ω u ) N e ( r , t ) + ϒ h ( ω u ) N h ( r , t ) .
χ f = 2 n 0 [ n f + i c α f ⁄ ( 2 ω ) ] ,
n f ( ω , N e , N h ) = − q 2 2 ε 0 n 0 ω 2 ( N e m e * + N h m h * ) ,
α f ( ω , N e , N h ) = q 3 ε 0 c n 0 ω 2 ( N e μ e m e * 2 + N h μ h m h * 2 ) ,
n f ( ω r , N e , N h ) = − ( 8.8 × 10 − 4 N e + 8.5 N h 0.8 ) × 10 − 18 ,
α f ( ω r , N e , N h ) = ( 8.5 N e + 6.0 N h ) × 10 − 18 ,
n f = σ n ( ω ) N , α f = σ a ( ω ) N ,
∇ 2 E ˜ i ( r , ω ) + ω 2 c 2 n 0 2 ( ω ) E ˜ i ( r , ω ) = − μ 0 ω 2 [ P ˜ i f ( r , ω ) + P ˜ i ( 3 ) ( r , ω ) ] .
E ˜ i ( r , ω ) ≈ F ˜ i ( x , y , ω ) A ˜ i ( z , ω ) ,
∂ 2 A ˜ i ∂ z 2 + β i 2 ( ω ) A ˜ i = − μ 0 ω 2 ∬ F ˜ i * [ P ˜ i f + P ˜ i ( 3 ) ] dx dy ∬ ∣ F ˜ i ∣ 2 dx dy ,
β i 2 ( ω ) = ω 2 c 2 ∬ n 0 2 ( ω ) ∣ F ˜ i ∣ 2 dx dy ∬ ∣ F ˜ i ∣ 2 dx dy + ∬ F ˜ i * ∇ T 2 F ˜ i dx dy ∬ ∣ F ˜ i ∣ 2 dx dy ,
∂ 2 ∂ z 2 + β i 2 = ( ∂ ∂ z + i β i ) ( ∂ ∂ z − i β i ) ≈ 2 i β i ( ∂ ∂ z − i β i ) .
∂ A ˜ i ∂ z = i β i ( ω ) A ˜ i + i μ 0 ω 2 2 β i ( ω ) ∬ F ˜ i * [ P ˜ i f + P ˜ i ( 3 ) ] dx dy ∬ [ F ˜ i ] 2 dx dy .
∂ A ˜ i ∂ z = i β i ( ω ) A ˜ i + i ∫ β ˜ i f ( ω , ω ′ , N ˜ e , N ˜ h ) A ˜ i ( z , ω ′ ) d ω ′
+ i 4 π 2 ∬ γ ijkl ( − ω ; ω j , − ω k , ω l ) A j ( z , ω j ) A k * ( z , ω k ) A l ( z , ω l ) d ω j d ω k ,
γ ijkl ( − ω i ; ω j , − ω k , ω l ) = 3 ω i η ijkl 4 ε 0 c 2 a ¯ ( n i n j n k n l ) 1 ⁄ 2 χ ijkl ( 3 ) ( − ω i ; ω j , − ω k , ω l ) ,
a ¯ ≡ ( a i a j a k a l ) 1 ⁄ 4 , a v = [ ∬ ∣ F v ˜ ∣ 2 dx dy ] 2 ∬ ∣ F ˜ v ∣ 4 dx dy ,
η ijkl ≡ ∬ F ˜ i * F ˜ j F ˜ k * F ˜ l dx dy [ Π v = i , j , k , l ∫ ∣ F ˜ v ∣ 4 dx dy ] 1 ⁄ 4 .
β ˜ i f ( ω , ω ′ , N ˜ e , N ˜ h ) = ω 2 c n i ( ω ) ∬ χ ˜ f ( ω , ω ′ , N ˜ e , N ˜ h ) ∣ F ˜ i ∣ 2 dx dy ∬ ∣ F ˜ i ∣ 2 dx dy ,
β ˜ i f = ω 2 c n i ( ω ) χ ˜ f ( ω , ω ′ , N ¯ ˜ e , N ¯ ˜ h ) , N ¯ ˜ v = ∬ N ˜ v ∣ F ˜ i ∣ 2 dx dy ∬ ∣ F ˜ i ∣ 2 dx dy .
β i f ( ω u , N ¯ e , N ¯ h ) = n 0 ( ω u ) n i ( ω u ) [ ω u c n f ( ω u , N ¯ e , N ¯ h ) + i 2 α f ( ω u , N ¯ e , N ¯ h ) ] ,
∂ N v ∂ t = G − N v τ v ′ + D v ∇ 2 N v − s v μ v ∇ · ( N v E dc ) ,
∬ ∣ F ˜ i ∣ 2 [ D v ∇ 2 N v − s v μ v ∇ · ( N v E dc ) ] dx dy ∬ ∣ F ˜ i ∣ 2 dx dy = − N ¯ v τ v * ,
∂ N ¯ v ∂ t = G ¯ − N ¯ v τ 0 , G ¯ = ∬ G ∣ F ˜ i ∣ 2 dx dy ∬ ∣ F ˜ i ∣ 2 dx dy ,
∂ A i ∂ z = ∑ m = 0 ∞ i m + 1 β im m ! ∂ m A i ∂ t m + i β i f ( ω 0 , N ¯ e , N ¯ h ) A i + i ( 1 + i ξ ∂ ∂ t ) P i NL ,
P i NL ( z , t ) = A j ( z , t ) ∫ − ∞ ∞ R ijkl ( 3 ) ( t − τ ) A k * ( z , τ ) A l ( z , τ ) d τ ,
R ijkl ( 3 ) ( τ ) = γ e ( ω 0 ) δ ( τ ) [ ρ 3 ( δ ij δ kl + δ ik δ jl + δ il δ jk ) + ( 1 − ρ ) δ ijkl ]
+ γ R h R ( τ ) ( δ ik δ jl + δ il δ jk − 2 δ ijkl ) ,
γ e ( ω 0 ) ≡ γ 1111 e ( − ω 0 ; ω 0 , − ω 0 , ω 0 ) ≡ γ 0 ( ω 0 ) + i 2 β T ′ ( ω 0 ) ,
h R ( t ) = Ω R 2 τ 1 e − t ⁄ τ 2 sin ( t ⁄ τ 1 ) ,
R ′ ijkl ( 3 ) ( τ ) = γ e δ ( τ ) [ ρ 3 ( δ ij δ kl + δ ik δ jl + δ il δ jk ) + ( 1 − ρ ) ∑ s M si M sj M sk M sl ]
+ h R ( τ ) ( δ ik δ jl + δ il δ jk − 2 ∑ s M si M sj M sk M sl ) .
M = ( 1 0 0 0 1 ⁄ 2 − 1 ⁄ 2 0 1 ⁄ 2 1 ⁄ 2 ) .
R ′ xxxx ( 3 ) ( τ ) = γ e δ ( τ ) , R ′ yyyy ( 3 ) ( τ ) = γ e δ ( τ ) ( 1 + ρ ) ⁄ 2 + γ R h R ( τ ) ,
R ′ yxxy ( 3 ) ( τ ) = R ′ xyyx ( 3 ) ( τ ) , R ′ xyyx ( 3 ) ( τ ) = γ e ρ δ ( τ ) ⁄ 3 + γ R h R ( τ ) .
ξ ≡ 1 ω 0 + 1 χ e ( ω 0 ) d χ e d ω ∣ ω 0 − 1 a ¯ ( ω 0 ) d a ¯ d ω ∣ ω 0 ,
∂ A ∂ z = i β f ( ω 0 , N ¯ ) A + i γ e ∣ A ∣ 2 A ,
G ¯ = − 1 2 h ¯ ω 0 a ¯ ∂ P ∂ z = β T ∣ A ∣ 4 2 h ¯ ω 0 a 2 ¯ .
N ¯ ( z , τ ) = β T 2 h ¯ ω 0 a ¯ 2 ∫ − ∞ τ e − ( τ − τ ′ ) ⁄ τ 0 ∣ A ( z , τ ′ ) ∣ 4 d τ ′ .
N ¯ m = β T 2 h ¯ ω 0 a ¯ 2 ∫ − ∞ ∞ ∣ A ( z , τ ′ ) ∣ 4 d τ ′ .
N ¯ m = π β T P 0 2 T 0 2 2 h ¯ ω 0 a ¯ 2 .
r a ≡ α fm α Tm = n 0 σ a ℰ p 2 2 h ¯ ω 0 n a ¯ ,
∂ Φ K ∂ z = γ 0 ∣ A ∣ 2 , ∂ Φ f ∂ z = n 0 ω 0 σ n cn N ¯ ,
∂ ( δ ω K ) ∂ z = − γ 0 ∂ ∣ A ∣ 2 ∂ τ , ∂ ( δ ω f ) ∂ z = − n 0 ω 0 σ n cn ∂ N ¯ ∂ τ .
∂ N ¯ ∂ τ = β T 2 h ¯ ω 0 a ¯ 2 [ ∣ A ∣ 4 − 1 τ 0 ∫ − ∞ τ e − ( τ − τ ′ ) ⁄ τ 0 ∣ A ( z , τ ′ ) ∣ 4 d τ ′ ] .
∂ ( δ ω f ) ∂ z ≈ − n 0 σ n β T ∣ A ∣ 4 2 cn h ¯ a ¯ 2 .
∂ ( δ ω fm ) ∂ z ≈ − n 0 σ n β T P 0 2 2 cn h ¯ a ¯ 2 .
r c ≡ ∣ ∂ ( δ ω fm ) ⁄ ∂ z ∣ ∣ ∂ ( δ ω Km ) ⁄ ∂ z ∣ ≈ n 0 ∣ σ n ∣ ℰ p 4 π 3 ⁄ 2 F n cn h ¯ a ¯ .
∂ A ∂ z = − α l 2 A + i γ e ∣ A ∣ 2 A ,
P ( z , τ ) = P ( 0 , τ ) exp ( − α l z ) 1 + β T P ( 0 , τ ) α l a [ 1 − exp ( − α l z ) ] .
Φ K ( L , τ ) = γ 0 a ¯ β T ln [ 1 + β T P ( 0 , τ ) a ¯ L eff ] ,
∂ A ∂ z + α l 2 A + i β 2 2 ∂ 2 A ∂ τ 2 = i γ e ∣ A ∣ 2 A .
∂ A p ∂ z − i ∑ m = 0 ∞ i m β mp m ! ∂ m A p ∂ t m = − α lp 2 A p + i β p f A p + i { γ pp ( 0 ) ∣ A p ∣ 2 + [ γ ps e + γ ps ( 0 ) ] ∣ A s ∣ 2 } A p
+ i γ ps R A s ∫ − ∞ t h R ( t − t ′ ) e i Ω ps ( t − t ′ ) A s * ( z , t ′ ) A p ( z , t ′ ) d t ′ ,
∂ A s ∂ z − i ∑ m = 0 ∞ i m β ms m ! ∂ m A s ∂ t m = − α ls 2 A s + i β s f A s + i { γ ss ( 0 ) ∣ A s ∣ 2 + [ γ sp e + γ sp ( 0 ) ] ∣ A p ∣ 2 } A s
+ i γ sp R A p ∫ − ∞ t h R ( t − t ′ ) e i Ω sp ( t − t ′ ) A p * ( z , t ′ ) A s ( z , t ′ ) d t ′ ,
g R ( ω u ) = 3 ω u g ′ Ω R η uv 2 ε 0 c 2 n u n v Γ R ,
γ uv e = γ 1111 e ( − ω u ; ω v , − ω v , ω u ) ( 1 + ρ ) ⁄ 2 .
∂ A p ∂ z + β 1 p ∂ A p ∂ t = i β p f A p + i ( γ pp e ∣ A p ∣ 2 + 2 γ ps e ∣ A s ∣ 2 ) A p ,
∂ A s ∂ z + β 1 s ∂ A s ∂ t = i β s f A s + i ( γ ss e ∣ A s ∣ 2 + 2 γ sp e ∣ A p ∣ 2 ) A s ,
∂ P p ∂ z + β 1 p ∂ P p ∂ t = − β Tpp ′ P p 2 − 2 β Tps ′ P s P p ,
∂ P s ∂ z + β 1 s ∂ P s ∂ t = − β Tss ′ P s 2 − 2 β Tsp ′ P s P p ,
β Tps ′ ω p = β Tsp ′ ω s ,
G ¯ = β Tpp ∣ A p ∣ 4 2 h ¯ ω p a ¯ pp 2 + β Tss ∣ A s ∣ 4 2 h ¯ ω s a ss 2 ¯ + 2 β Tps ∣ A p ∣ 2 ∣ A s ∣ 2 h ¯ ω p a ¯ ps 2 ,
∂ Φ K ∂ z = 2 Re ( γ sp e ) ∣ A p ∣ 2 , ∂ Φ f ∂ z = n 0 s ω s cn s σ ns N ¯ .
∂ Φ fm ∂ z = π n 0 s ω s σ ns β Tpp P 0 2 T 0 2 2 cn s h ¯ ω p a ¯ pp 2 .
r x ≡ ∣ ∂ Φ fm ⁄ ∂ z ∣ ∣ ∂ Φ Km ⁄ ∂ z ∣ = n 0 s ω s ∣ σ ns ∣ β Tpp ℰ p 4 2 cn s Re ( γ sp e ) h ¯ ω p a ¯ pp 2 ≈ π r c 2 2 ,
∂ A p ∂ z = i β p A p − α lp 2 A p + i β p f A p + i { γ pp ( 0 ) ∣ A p ∣ 2 + [ γ ps ( 0 ) + γ ps ( Ω ps ) ] ∣ A s ∣ 2 } A p ,
∂ A s ∂ z = i β s A s − α ls 2 A s + i β s f A s + i { γ ss ( 0 ) ∣ A s ∣ 2 + [ γ sp ( 0 ) + γ sp ( Ω sp ) ] ∣ A p ∣ 2 } A s .
∂ P p ∂ z = − ( α lp + α fp ) P p − β Tpp ′ P p 2 − 2 β Tps ′ P s P p − 2 γ ps R Im [ H ˜ R ( Ω ps ) ] P s P p ,
∂ P s ∂ z = − ( α ls + α fs ) P s − β Tss ′ P s 2 − 2 β Tsp ′ P p P s − 2 γ sp R Im [ H ˜ R ( Ω sp ) ] P p P s ,
α fs = n 0 s σ as β Tpp τ 0 P p 2 2 h ¯ ω p n s a ¯ pp 2 .
r a = n 0 s σ as β Tpp P p τ 0 a ¯ sp 4 h ¯ ω 0 n s β Tsp a ¯ pp 2 .
( g R − 2 β Tsp ) P p a ¯ sp − n 0 s σ as β Tpp τ 0 P p 2 2 h ¯ ω p n s a ¯ pp 2 − α ls > 0 .
τ 0 < τ th ≡ h ¯ ω p n s a ¯ pp 2 ( g R − 2 β Tsp ) 2 2 α ls σ as n 0 s β Tpp a ¯ sp 2 .
( g R − 2 β Tsp ) a ¯ sp ∫ 0 L P p dz − n 0 s σ as β Tpp τ 0 2 h ¯ ω p n s a ¯ pp 2 ∫ 0 L P p 2 dz − α ls L > 0 .
P th = ω p ω s n gp n gs V m 2 c 2 ( g R − 2 β Tsp ) Q ep Q ts Q tp 2 τ th τ 0 [ 1 − ( 1 − τ 0 τ th ) 1 ⁄ 2 ] ,
P th = ω p ω s n gp n gs V m 4 c 2 ( g R − 2 β Tsp ) Q ep Q ts Q tp 2 ,
P m = ω p ω s n gp n gs V m 2 c 2 ( g R − 2 β Tsp ) Q ep Q ts Q tp 2 τ th τ 0 [ 1 + ( 1 − τ 0 τ th ) 1 ⁄ 2 ] .
β R = g R P p Γ R Ω R a ¯ sp Ω R 2 − Ω 2 ( Ω R 2 − Ω 2 ) 2 + 4 Γ R 2 Ω 2 .
τ g = g R 2 Γ R a ¯ sp ∫ 0 L P p ( z ) dz .
∂ A ∂ z = ∑ m = 0 ∞ i m + 1 β m m ! ∂ m A ∂ t m + i γ e ∣ A ∣ 2 A + i γ f A ∫ − ∞ t e − ( t − t ′ ) ⁄ τ 0 ∣ A ( z , t ′ ) ∣ 4 dt ′ ,
γ f = β T 2 h ¯ ω 0 a ¯ 2 n 0 ( ω 0 ) n ( ω 0 ) [ ω 0 c σ n ( ω 0 ) + i 2 σ a ( ω 0 ) ] .
∂ A p ∂ z − i ∑ m = 0 ∞ i m β mp m ! ∂ m A p ∂ t m = i γ e ∣ A p ∣ 2 A p + i γ f A p ∫ − ∞ t e − ( t − t ′ ) ⁄ τ 0 ∣ A p ( z , t ′ ) ∣ 4 dt ′ ,
∂ A s ∂ z − i ∑ m = 0 ∞ i m β ms m ! ∂ m A s ∂ t m = 2 i γ e ∣ A p ∣ 2 A s + i γ e A p 2 A i * + i γ f A s ∫ − ∞ t e − ( t − t ′ ) ⁄ τ 0 ∣ A p ∣ 4 dt ′ ,
+ 2 i γ f A p ∫ − ∞ t e − ( t − t ′ ) ⁄ τ 0 e i Ω sp ( t − t ′ ) ∣ A p ∣ 2 ( A p * A s + A p A i * ) dt ′ ,
∂ A i ∂ z − i ∑ m = 0 ∞ i m β mi m ! ∂ m A i ∂ t m = 2 i γ e ∣ A p ∣ 2 A i + i γ e A p 2 A s * + i γ f A i ∫ − ∞ t e − ( t − t ′ ) ⁄ τ 0 ∣ A p ∣ 4 dt ′
+ 2 i γ f A p ∫ − ∞ t e − ( t − t ′ ) ⁄ τ 0 e i Ω ip ( t − t ′ ) ∣ A p ∣ 2 ( A p * A i + A p A s * ) dt ′ ,
∂ A p ∂ z = i β p A p + i γ e ∣ A p ∣ 2 A p + i γ f τ 0 ∣ A p ∣ 4 A p ,
∂ A s ∂ z = i β s A s + 2 i γ e ∣ A p ∣ 2 A s + i γ e A p 2 A i *
+ i γ f τ 0 ∣ A p ∣ 2 [ ∣ A p ∣ 2 A s + 2 1 + i Ω ps τ 0 ( ∣ A p ∣ 2 A s + A p 2 A i * ) ] ,
∂ A i ∂ z = i β i A i + 2 i γ e ∣ A p ∣ 2 A i + i γ e A p 2 A s *
+ i γ f τ 0 ∣ A p ∣ 2 [ ∣ A p ∣ 2 A i + 2 1 + i Ω pi τ 0 ( ∣ A p ∣ 2 A i + A p 2 A s * ) ] ,
r FWM = 2 γ f τ 0 ∣ A p ∣ 2 γ e ( 1 + i Ω ps τ 0 ) .
r FWM ≈ n 0 σ n τ 0 ∣ A p ∣ 2 hcn a ¯ F n ( 1 + i Ω ps τ 0 ) .
Δ κ f = 4 Re ( γ f ) τ 0 ∣ A p ∣ 4 1 + ( Ω ps τ 0 ) 2 .
r κ = 2 Re ( γ f ) τ 0 ∣ A p ∣ 2 Re ( γ e ) [ 1 + ( Ω ps τ 0 ) 2 ] .
∂ A p ∂ z + β 1 p ∂ A p ∂ t = i β p A p + i γ e ∣ A p ∣ 2 A p + i γ f T 0 ∣ A p ∣ 4 A p ,
∂ A s ∂ z + β 1 s ∂ A s ∂ t = i β s A s + 2 i γ e ∣ A p ∣ 2 A s + i γ e A p 2 A i * + i γ f T 0 ∣ A p ∣ 2 ( 3 ∣ A p ∣ 2 A s + 2 A p 2 A i * ) ,
∂ A i ∂ z + β 1 i ∂ A i ∂ t = i β i A i + 2 i γ e ∣ A p ∣ 2 A i + i γ e A p 2 A s * + i γ f T 0 ∣ A p ∣ 2 ( 3 ∣ A p ∣ 2 A i + 2 A p 2 A s * ) ,
r FWM = 2 γ f T 0 ∣ A p ∣ 2 ⁄ γ e , r κ = 2 Re ( γ f ) T 0 ∣ A p ∣ 2 ⁄ Re ( γ e ) .
∂ A p ∂ z = [ i ( β p + β p f ) − α lp 2 ] A p + i ( γ p e P p + 2 γ ps e P s + 2 γ pi e P i ) A p + 2 i γ pspi e A s A i A p * ,
∂ A s ∂ z = [ i ( β s + β s f ) − α ls 2 ] A s + i ( γ s e P s + 2 γ sp e P p + 2 γ si e P i ) A s + i γ spip e A p 2 A i * ,
∂ A i ∂ z = [ i ( β i + β i f ) − α li 2 ] A i + i ( γ i e P i + 2 γ ip e P p + 2 γ is e P s ) A i + i γ ipsp e A p 2 A p * ,
γ pspi e = 3 ω p η pspi χ 1111 e ( − ω p ; ω s , − ω p , ω i ) 4 ε 0 c 2 a ¯ pspi n p n s n i ,
χ 1111 e ( − ω s ; ω p , − ω i , ω p ) = χ 1111 e ( − ω i ; ω p , − ω s , ω p ) = [ χ 1111 e ( − ω p ; ω s , − ω p , ω i ) ] * .
γ spip e ω s = γ ipsp e ω i = γ pspi e * ω p .
1 ω s ∂ P s ∂ z = 1 ω i ∂ P i ∂ z = − 1 2 ω p ∂ P p ∂ z .
G ¯ = ∑ v = p , s , i β Tvv ∣ A p ∣ 4 2 h ¯ ω v a ¯ vv 2 + ∑ u , v = p , s , i u ≠ v β Tuv ∣ A u ∣ 2 ∣ A v ∣ 2 h ¯ ω u a ¯ uv 2 ,
∂ A p ∂ z = [ i ( β p + β p f ) − α lp 2 ] A p + i γ p e P p A p ,
∂ A s ∂ z = [ i ( β s + β s f ) − α ls 2 ] A s + 2 i γ sp e P p A s + i γ spip e A p 2 A i * ,
∂ A i ∂ z = [ i ( β i + β i f ) − α li 2 ] A i + 2 i γ ip e P p A i + i γ ipsp e A p 2 A s * .
κ = Δ β + Δ β f + 2 P p Re ( γ sp e + γ ip e * − γ p e ) ,
Δ β f = N ¯ σ np ω p 2 c 2 ( n 0 s β s + n 0 i β i − 2 n 0 p β p ) = 2 N ¯ σ np ω p 2 c 2 ∑ m = 1 ∞ ζ 2 m ( 2 m ) ! Ω sp 2 m ,
β 2 = N ¯ σ np ω p 2 ζ 2 ⁄ c 2 , β 4 = N ¯ σ np ω p 2 ζ 4 ⁄ ( c 2 ) .
2 [ Re ( γ spip e ) − β Tsp ′ ] P p − n 0 s σ as β Tpp τ 0 P p 2 2 h ¯ ω p n s a ¯ pp 2 − α ls > 0 ,
τ 0 < 2 h ¯ ω p n s a ¯ pp 2 α 1 s σ as n 0 s β Tpp [ Re ( γ spip e ) − β Tsp ′ ] 2 ≈ 2 h ¯ ω p n s β Tpp α 1 s σ as n 0 s ( 2 π F n − 1 ) 2 ,
∂ A p ∂ z = [ i ( β p + β p f ) − α lp 2 ] A p + i γ p ( 0 ) P p A p ,
∂ A s ∂ z = [ i ( β s + β s f ) − α 1 s 2 ] A s + i [ γ sp ( 0 ) + γ sp ( Ω sp ) ] P p A s + i γ spip ( Ω sp ) A p 2 A i * ,
∂ A i ∂ z = [ i ( β i + β i f ) − α 1 i 2 ] A i + i [ γ ip ( 0 ) + γ ip ( Ω ip ) ] P p A i + i γ ipsp ( Ω ip ) A p 2 A s * ,
∂ A ̂ s ∂ z = [ i ( β s + β s f ) − 1 2 α 1 s ] A ̂ s + i [ γ sp ( 0 ) + γ sp ( Ω sp ) ] P p A ̂ s + i γ spip ( Ω sp ) A p 2 A ̂ i †
+ m ^ l ( z , ω s ) + m ^ f ( z , ω s ) + m ^ T ( z , ω s ) A p + i m ^ R ( z , Ω sp ) A p .
[ m ̂ j ( z 1 , ω u ) , m ̂ j † ( z 2 , ω v ) ] = 2 π D j δ ( ω u − ω v ) δ ( z 1 − z 2 ) ,

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