Abstract

A technique to fabricate electrically conductive all-polymer 3D microstructures is reported. Superior conductivity, high spatial resolution and three-dimensionality are achieved by successive application of two-photon polymerization and in situ oxidative polymerization to a bi-component formulation, containing a photosensitive host matrix and an intrinsically conductive polymer precursor. By using polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEG-DA) and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), the conductivity of 0.04 S/cm is reached, which is the highest value for the two-photon polymerized all-polymer microstructures to date. The measured electrical conductivity dependency on the EDOT concentration indicates percolation phenomenon and a three-dimensional nature of the conductive pathways. Tunable conductivity, biocompatibility, and environmental stability are the characteristics offered by PEG-DA/EDOT blends which can be employed in biomedicine, MEMS, microfluidics, and sensorics.

© 2013 Optical Society of America

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References

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  1. M. Farsari and B. N. Chichkov, “Materials processing: two-photon fabrication,” Nat. Photonics 3(8), 450–452 (2009).
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  4. V. F. Paz, M. Emons, K. Obata, A. Ovsianikov, S. Peterhänsel, K. Frenner, C. Reinhardt, B. Chichkov, U. Morgner, and W. Osten, “Development of functional sub-100 nm structures with 3D two-photon polymerization technique and optical methods for characterization,” J. Laser Appl. 24(4), 042004 (2012).
    [Crossref]
  5. H.-B. Sun, S. Matsuo, and H. Misawa, “Three-dimensional photonic crystal structures achieved with two-photon-absorption photopolymerization of resin,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(6), 786 (1999).
    [Crossref]
  6. A. Ovsianikov, B. Chichkov, P. Mente, N. Monteiro Riviere, A. Doraiswamy, and R. Narayan, “Two photon polymerization of polymer–ceramic hybrid materials for transdermal drug delivery,” Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 4(1), 22–29 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  7. A. Ovsianikov, S. Schlie, A. Ngezahayo, A. Haverich, and B. N. Chichkov, “Two-photon polymerization technique for microfabrication of CAD-designed 3D scaffolds from commercially available photosensitive materials,” J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 1(6), 443–449 (2007).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  8. A. Ovsianikov, J. Viertl, B. Chichkov, M. Oubaha, B. MacCraith, I. Sakellari, A. Giakoumaki, D. Gray, M. Vamvakaki, M. Farsari, and C. Fotakis, “Ultra-low shrinkage hybrid photosensitive material for two-photon polymerization microfabrication,” ACS Nano 2(11), 2257–2262 (2008).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  9. W. Teh, U. Dürig, G. Salis, R. Harbers, U. Drechsler, R. Mahrt, C. Smith, and H.-J. Güntherodt, “SU-8 for real three-dimensional subdiffraction-limit two-photon microfabrication,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 84(20), 4095–4097 (2004).
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  10. L. Nguyen, M. Straub, and M. Gu, “Acrylate based photopolymer for two-photon microfabrication and photonic applications,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 15(2), 209–216 (2005).
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  11. V. Saxena and B. Malhotra, “Prospects of conducting polymers in molecular electronics,” Curr. Appl. Phys. 3(2-3), 293–305 (2003).
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  18. H. Shirakawa, E. J. Louis, A. G. MacDiarmid, C. K. Chiang, and A. J. Heeger, “Synthesis of electrically conducting organic polymers: halogen derivatives of polyacetylene, (CH),” J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 0(16), 578–580 (1977).
    [Crossref]
  19. A. G. MacDiarmid, “Synthetic metals: a novel role for organic polymers (Nobel lecture),” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 40(14), 2581–2590 (2001).
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  20. S. Günes, H. Neugebauer, and N. S. Sariciftci, “Conjugated polymer-based organic solar cells,” Chem. Rev. 107(4), 1324–1338 (2007).
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  23. T. S. Hansen, K. West, O. Hassager, and N. B. Larsen, “Direct fast patterning of conductive polymers using agarose stamping,” Adv. Mater. 19(20), 3261–3265 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  24. G. Venugopal, X. Quan, G. Johnson, F. Houlihan, E. Chin, and O. Nalamasu, “Photoinduced doping and photolithography of methyl-substituted polyaniline,” Chem. Mater. 7(2), 271–276 (1995).
    [Crossref]
  25. J. Lowe and S. Holdcroft, “Synthesis and photolithography of polymers and copolymers based on poly (3-(2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl) thiophene),” Macromolecules 28(13), 4608–4616 (1995).
    [Crossref]
  26. C. Clavijo Cedeño, J. Seekamp, A. Kam, T. Hoffmann, S. Zankovych, C. Sotomayor Torres, C. Menozzi, M. Cavallini, M. Murgia, G. Ruani, F. Biscarini, M. Behl, R. Zentel, and J. Ahopelto, “Nanoimprint lithography for organic electronics,” Microelectron. Eng. 61–62, 25–31 (2002).
    [Crossref]
  27. K. Yamada, J. Sone, and J. Chen, “Three-dimensional photochemical microfabrication of conductive polymers in transparent polymer sheet,” Opt. Rev. 16(2), 208–212 (2009).
    [Crossref]
  28. A. Patil, A. Heeger, and F. Wudl, “Optical properties of conducting polymers,” Chem. Rev. 88(1), 183–200 (1988).
    [Crossref]
  29. Y. Xia, K. Sun, and J. Ouyang, “Solution-processed metallic conducting polymer films as transparent electrode of optoelectronic devices,” Adv. Mater. 24(18), 2436–2440 (2012).
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    [Crossref]
  31. G. Heywang and F. Jonas, “Poly (alkylenedioxythiophene)s - new, very stable conducting polymers,” Adv. Mater. 4(2), 116–118 (1992).
    [Crossref]
  32. A. Ovsianikov, M. Malinauskas, S. Schlie, B. Chichkov, S. Gittard, R. Narayan, M. Löbler, K. Sternberg, K.-P. Schmitz, and A. Haverich, “Three-dimensional laser micro- and nano-structuring of acrylated poly(ethylene glycol) materials and evaluation of their cytoxicity for tissue engineering applications,” Acta Biomater. 7(3), 967–974 (2011).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  33. H. Garoff and W. Ansorge, “Improvements of DNA sequencing gels,” Anal. Biochem. 115(2), 450–457 (1981).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  34. J. N. Coleman, S. Curran, A. Dalton, A. Davey, B. McCarthy, W. Blau, and R. Barklie, “Percolation-dominated conductivity in a conjugated-polymer-carbon-nanotube composite,” Phys. Rev. B 58(12), R7492–R7495 (1998).
    [Crossref]
  35. A. Subramanian, U. M. Krishnan, and S. Sethuraman, “Development of biomaterial scaffold for nerve tissue engineering: biomaterial mediated neural regeneration,” J. Biomed. Sci. 16(1), 108 (2009).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]

2013 (3)

M. Malinauskas, M. Farsari, A. Piskarskas, and S. Juodkazis, “Ultrafast laser nanostructuring of photopolymers: a decade of advances,” Phys. Rep. 533(1), 1–31 (2013).
[Crossref]

S. Ushiba, S. Shoji, K. Masui, P. Kuray, J. Kono, and S. Kawata, “3D microfabrication of single-wall carbon nanotube/polymer composites by two-photon polymerization lithography,” Carbon 59, 283–288 (2013).
[Crossref]

E. M. Stewart, M. Fabretto, M. Mueller, P. J. Molino, H. J. Griesser, R. D. Short, and G. G. Wallace, “Cell attachment and proliferation on high conductivity PEDOT–glycol composites produced by vapour phase polymerisation,” Biomater. Sci. 1(4), 368–378 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (3)

Y. Xia, K. Sun, and J. Ouyang, “Solution-processed metallic conducting polymer films as transparent electrode of optoelectronic devices,” Adv. Mater. 24(18), 2436–2440 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Oubaha, A. Kavanagh, A. Gorin, G. Bickauskaite, R. Byrne, M. Farsari, R. Winfield, D. Diamond, C. McDonagh, and R. Copperwhite, “Graphene-doped photo-patternable ionogels: tuning of conductivity and mechanical stability of 3D microstructures,” J. Mater. Chem. 22(21), 10552–10559 (2012).
[Crossref]

V. F. Paz, M. Emons, K. Obata, A. Ovsianikov, S. Peterhänsel, K. Frenner, C. Reinhardt, B. Chichkov, U. Morgner, and W. Osten, “Development of functional sub-100 nm structures with 3D two-photon polymerization technique and optical methods for characterization,” J. Laser Appl. 24(4), 042004 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (1)

A. Ovsianikov, M. Malinauskas, S. Schlie, B. Chichkov, S. Gittard, R. Narayan, M. Löbler, K. Sternberg, K.-P. Schmitz, and A. Haverich, “Three-dimensional laser micro- and nano-structuring of acrylated poly(ethylene glycol) materials and evaluation of their cytoxicity for tissue engineering applications,” Acta Biomater. 7(3), 967–974 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2009 (3)

A. Subramanian, U. M. Krishnan, and S. Sethuraman, “Development of biomaterial scaffold for nerve tissue engineering: biomaterial mediated neural regeneration,” J. Biomed. Sci. 16(1), 108 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. Yamada, J. Sone, and J. Chen, “Three-dimensional photochemical microfabrication of conductive polymers in transparent polymer sheet,” Opt. Rev. 16(2), 208–212 (2009).
[Crossref]

M. Farsari and B. N. Chichkov, “Materials processing: two-photon fabrication,” Nat. Photonics 3(8), 450–452 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (1)

A. Ovsianikov, J. Viertl, B. Chichkov, M. Oubaha, B. MacCraith, I. Sakellari, A. Giakoumaki, D. Gray, M. Vamvakaki, M. Farsari, and C. Fotakis, “Ultra-low shrinkage hybrid photosensitive material for two-photon polymerization microfabrication,” ACS Nano 2(11), 2257–2262 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (4)

A. Ovsianikov, B. Chichkov, P. Mente, N. Monteiro Riviere, A. Doraiswamy, and R. Narayan, “Two photon polymerization of polymer–ceramic hybrid materials for transdermal drug delivery,” Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 4(1), 22–29 (2007).
[Crossref]

A. Ovsianikov, S. Schlie, A. Ngezahayo, A. Haverich, and B. N. Chichkov, “Two-photon polymerization technique for microfabrication of CAD-designed 3D scaffolds from commercially available photosensitive materials,” J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 1(6), 443–449 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Günes, H. Neugebauer, and N. S. Sariciftci, “Conjugated polymer-based organic solar cells,” Chem. Rev. 107(4), 1324–1338 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. S. Hansen, K. West, O. Hassager, and N. B. Larsen, “Direct fast patterning of conductive polymers using agarose stamping,” Adv. Mater. 19(20), 3261–3265 (2007).
[Crossref]

2005 (1)

L. Nguyen, M. Straub, and M. Gu, “Acrylate based photopolymer for two-photon microfabrication and photonic applications,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 15(2), 209–216 (2005).
[Crossref]

2004 (1)

W. Teh, U. Dürig, G. Salis, R. Harbers, U. Drechsler, R. Mahrt, C. Smith, and H.-J. Güntherodt, “SU-8 for real three-dimensional subdiffraction-limit two-photon microfabrication,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 84(20), 4095–4097 (2004).
[Crossref]

2003 (3)

J. Serbin, A. Egbert, A. Ostendorf, B. N. Chichkov, R. Houbertz, G. Domann, J. Schulz, C. Cronauer, L. Fröhlich, and M. Popall, “Femtosecond laser-induced two-photon polymerization of inorganic-organic hybrid materials for applications in photonics,” Opt. Lett. 28(5), 301–303 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. Saxena and B. Malhotra, “Prospects of conducting polymers in molecular electronics,” Curr. Appl. Phys. 3(2-3), 293–305 (2003).
[Crossref]

J. Janata and M. Josowicz, “Conducting polymers in electronic chemical sensors,” Nat. Mater. 2(1), 19–24 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (1)

C. Clavijo Cedeño, J. Seekamp, A. Kam, T. Hoffmann, S. Zankovych, C. Sotomayor Torres, C. Menozzi, M. Cavallini, M. Murgia, G. Ruani, F. Biscarini, M. Behl, R. Zentel, and J. Ahopelto, “Nanoimprint lithography for organic electronics,” Microelectron. Eng. 61–62, 25–31 (2002).
[Crossref]

2001 (2)

A. G. MacDiarmid, “Synthetic metals: a novel role for organic polymers (Nobel lecture),” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 40(14), 2581–2590 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. Kreuer, “On the development of proton conducting polymer membranes for hydrogen and methanol fuel cells,” J. Membr. Sci. 185(1), 29–39 (2001).
[Crossref]

2000 (1)

D. A. Pardo, G. E. Jabbour, and N. Peyghambarian, “Application of screen printing in the fabrication of organic light emitting devices,” Adv. Mater. 12(17), 1249–1252 (2000).
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

H.-B. Sun, S. Matsuo, and H. Misawa, “Three-dimensional photonic crystal structures achieved with two-photon-absorption photopolymerization of resin,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(6), 786 (1999).
[Crossref]

1998 (2)

D. Pede, G. Serra, and D. De Rossi, “Microfabrication of conducting polymer devices by ink-jet stereolithography,” Mater. Sci. Eng. C 5(3-4), 289–291 (1998).
[Crossref]

J. N. Coleman, S. Curran, A. Dalton, A. Davey, B. McCarthy, W. Blau, and R. Barklie, “Percolation-dominated conductivity in a conjugated-polymer-carbon-nanotube composite,” Phys. Rev. B 58(12), R7492–R7495 (1998).
[Crossref]

1995 (2)

G. Venugopal, X. Quan, G. Johnson, F. Houlihan, E. Chin, and O. Nalamasu, “Photoinduced doping and photolithography of methyl-substituted polyaniline,” Chem. Mater. 7(2), 271–276 (1995).
[Crossref]

J. Lowe and S. Holdcroft, “Synthesis and photolithography of polymers and copolymers based on poly (3-(2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl) thiophene),” Macromolecules 28(13), 4608–4616 (1995).
[Crossref]

1992 (1)

G. Heywang and F. Jonas, “Poly (alkylenedioxythiophene)s - new, very stable conducting polymers,” Adv. Mater. 4(2), 116–118 (1992).
[Crossref]

1988 (1)

A. Patil, A. Heeger, and F. Wudl, “Optical properties of conducting polymers,” Chem. Rev. 88(1), 183–200 (1988).
[Crossref]

1981 (1)

H. Garoff and W. Ansorge, “Improvements of DNA sequencing gels,” Anal. Biochem. 115(2), 450–457 (1981).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1977 (1)

H. Shirakawa, E. J. Louis, A. G. MacDiarmid, C. K. Chiang, and A. J. Heeger, “Synthesis of electrically conducting organic polymers: halogen derivatives of polyacetylene, (CH),” J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 0(16), 578–580 (1977).
[Crossref]

Ahopelto, J.

C. Clavijo Cedeño, J. Seekamp, A. Kam, T. Hoffmann, S. Zankovych, C. Sotomayor Torres, C. Menozzi, M. Cavallini, M. Murgia, G. Ruani, F. Biscarini, M. Behl, R. Zentel, and J. Ahopelto, “Nanoimprint lithography for organic electronics,” Microelectron. Eng. 61–62, 25–31 (2002).
[Crossref]

Ansorge, W.

H. Garoff and W. Ansorge, “Improvements of DNA sequencing gels,” Anal. Biochem. 115(2), 450–457 (1981).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Barklie, R.

J. N. Coleman, S. Curran, A. Dalton, A. Davey, B. McCarthy, W. Blau, and R. Barklie, “Percolation-dominated conductivity in a conjugated-polymer-carbon-nanotube composite,” Phys. Rev. B 58(12), R7492–R7495 (1998).
[Crossref]

Behl, M.

C. Clavijo Cedeño, J. Seekamp, A. Kam, T. Hoffmann, S. Zankovych, C. Sotomayor Torres, C. Menozzi, M. Cavallini, M. Murgia, G. Ruani, F. Biscarini, M. Behl, R. Zentel, and J. Ahopelto, “Nanoimprint lithography for organic electronics,” Microelectron. Eng. 61–62, 25–31 (2002).
[Crossref]

Bickauskaite, G.

M. Oubaha, A. Kavanagh, A. Gorin, G. Bickauskaite, R. Byrne, M. Farsari, R. Winfield, D. Diamond, C. McDonagh, and R. Copperwhite, “Graphene-doped photo-patternable ionogels: tuning of conductivity and mechanical stability of 3D microstructures,” J. Mater. Chem. 22(21), 10552–10559 (2012).
[Crossref]

Biscarini, F.

C. Clavijo Cedeño, J. Seekamp, A. Kam, T. Hoffmann, S. Zankovych, C. Sotomayor Torres, C. Menozzi, M. Cavallini, M. Murgia, G. Ruani, F. Biscarini, M. Behl, R. Zentel, and J. Ahopelto, “Nanoimprint lithography for organic electronics,” Microelectron. Eng. 61–62, 25–31 (2002).
[Crossref]

Blau, W.

J. N. Coleman, S. Curran, A. Dalton, A. Davey, B. McCarthy, W. Blau, and R. Barklie, “Percolation-dominated conductivity in a conjugated-polymer-carbon-nanotube composite,” Phys. Rev. B 58(12), R7492–R7495 (1998).
[Crossref]

Byrne, R.

M. Oubaha, A. Kavanagh, A. Gorin, G. Bickauskaite, R. Byrne, M. Farsari, R. Winfield, D. Diamond, C. McDonagh, and R. Copperwhite, “Graphene-doped photo-patternable ionogels: tuning of conductivity and mechanical stability of 3D microstructures,” J. Mater. Chem. 22(21), 10552–10559 (2012).
[Crossref]

Cavallini, M.

C. Clavijo Cedeño, J. Seekamp, A. Kam, T. Hoffmann, S. Zankovych, C. Sotomayor Torres, C. Menozzi, M. Cavallini, M. Murgia, G. Ruani, F. Biscarini, M. Behl, R. Zentel, and J. Ahopelto, “Nanoimprint lithography for organic electronics,” Microelectron. Eng. 61–62, 25–31 (2002).
[Crossref]

Chen, J.

K. Yamada, J. Sone, and J. Chen, “Three-dimensional photochemical microfabrication of conductive polymers in transparent polymer sheet,” Opt. Rev. 16(2), 208–212 (2009).
[Crossref]

Chiang, C. K.

H. Shirakawa, E. J. Louis, A. G. MacDiarmid, C. K. Chiang, and A. J. Heeger, “Synthesis of electrically conducting organic polymers: halogen derivatives of polyacetylene, (CH),” J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 0(16), 578–580 (1977).
[Crossref]

Chichkov, B.

V. F. Paz, M. Emons, K. Obata, A. Ovsianikov, S. Peterhänsel, K. Frenner, C. Reinhardt, B. Chichkov, U. Morgner, and W. Osten, “Development of functional sub-100 nm structures with 3D two-photon polymerization technique and optical methods for characterization,” J. Laser Appl. 24(4), 042004 (2012).
[Crossref]

A. Ovsianikov, M. Malinauskas, S. Schlie, B. Chichkov, S. Gittard, R. Narayan, M. Löbler, K. Sternberg, K.-P. Schmitz, and A. Haverich, “Three-dimensional laser micro- and nano-structuring of acrylated poly(ethylene glycol) materials and evaluation of their cytoxicity for tissue engineering applications,” Acta Biomater. 7(3), 967–974 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Ovsianikov, J. Viertl, B. Chichkov, M. Oubaha, B. MacCraith, I. Sakellari, A. Giakoumaki, D. Gray, M. Vamvakaki, M. Farsari, and C. Fotakis, “Ultra-low shrinkage hybrid photosensitive material for two-photon polymerization microfabrication,” ACS Nano 2(11), 2257–2262 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Ovsianikov, B. Chichkov, P. Mente, N. Monteiro Riviere, A. Doraiswamy, and R. Narayan, “Two photon polymerization of polymer–ceramic hybrid materials for transdermal drug delivery,” Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 4(1), 22–29 (2007).
[Crossref]

Chichkov, B. N.

M. Farsari and B. N. Chichkov, “Materials processing: two-photon fabrication,” Nat. Photonics 3(8), 450–452 (2009).
[Crossref]

A. Ovsianikov, S. Schlie, A. Ngezahayo, A. Haverich, and B. N. Chichkov, “Two-photon polymerization technique for microfabrication of CAD-designed 3D scaffolds from commercially available photosensitive materials,” J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 1(6), 443–449 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Serbin, A. Egbert, A. Ostendorf, B. N. Chichkov, R. Houbertz, G. Domann, J. Schulz, C. Cronauer, L. Fröhlich, and M. Popall, “Femtosecond laser-induced two-photon polymerization of inorganic-organic hybrid materials for applications in photonics,” Opt. Lett. 28(5), 301–303 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chin, E.

G. Venugopal, X. Quan, G. Johnson, F. Houlihan, E. Chin, and O. Nalamasu, “Photoinduced doping and photolithography of methyl-substituted polyaniline,” Chem. Mater. 7(2), 271–276 (1995).
[Crossref]

Clavijo Cedeño, C.

C. Clavijo Cedeño, J. Seekamp, A. Kam, T. Hoffmann, S. Zankovych, C. Sotomayor Torres, C. Menozzi, M. Cavallini, M. Murgia, G. Ruani, F. Biscarini, M. Behl, R. Zentel, and J. Ahopelto, “Nanoimprint lithography for organic electronics,” Microelectron. Eng. 61–62, 25–31 (2002).
[Crossref]

Coleman, J. N.

J. N. Coleman, S. Curran, A. Dalton, A. Davey, B. McCarthy, W. Blau, and R. Barklie, “Percolation-dominated conductivity in a conjugated-polymer-carbon-nanotube composite,” Phys. Rev. B 58(12), R7492–R7495 (1998).
[Crossref]

Copperwhite, R.

M. Oubaha, A. Kavanagh, A. Gorin, G. Bickauskaite, R. Byrne, M. Farsari, R. Winfield, D. Diamond, C. McDonagh, and R. Copperwhite, “Graphene-doped photo-patternable ionogels: tuning of conductivity and mechanical stability of 3D microstructures,” J. Mater. Chem. 22(21), 10552–10559 (2012).
[Crossref]

Cronauer, C.

Curran, S.

J. N. Coleman, S. Curran, A. Dalton, A. Davey, B. McCarthy, W. Blau, and R. Barklie, “Percolation-dominated conductivity in a conjugated-polymer-carbon-nanotube composite,” Phys. Rev. B 58(12), R7492–R7495 (1998).
[Crossref]

Dalton, A.

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T. S. Hansen, K. West, O. Hassager, and N. B. Larsen, “Direct fast patterning of conductive polymers using agarose stamping,” Adv. Mater. 19(20), 3261–3265 (2007).
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A. Ovsianikov, M. Malinauskas, S. Schlie, B. Chichkov, S. Gittard, R. Narayan, M. Löbler, K. Sternberg, K.-P. Schmitz, and A. Haverich, “Three-dimensional laser micro- and nano-structuring of acrylated poly(ethylene glycol) materials and evaluation of their cytoxicity for tissue engineering applications,” Acta Biomater. 7(3), 967–974 (2011).
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A. Ovsianikov, J. Viertl, B. Chichkov, M. Oubaha, B. MacCraith, I. Sakellari, A. Giakoumaki, D. Gray, M. Vamvakaki, M. Farsari, and C. Fotakis, “Ultra-low shrinkage hybrid photosensitive material for two-photon polymerization microfabrication,” ACS Nano 2(11), 2257–2262 (2008).
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W. Teh, U. Dürig, G. Salis, R. Harbers, U. Drechsler, R. Mahrt, C. Smith, and H.-J. Güntherodt, “SU-8 for real three-dimensional subdiffraction-limit two-photon microfabrication,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 84(20), 4095–4097 (2004).
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M. Malinauskas, M. Farsari, A. Piskarskas, and S. Juodkazis, “Ultrafast laser nanostructuring of photopolymers: a decade of advances,” Phys. Rep. 533(1), 1–31 (2013).
[Crossref]

A. Ovsianikov, M. Malinauskas, S. Schlie, B. Chichkov, S. Gittard, R. Narayan, M. Löbler, K. Sternberg, K.-P. Schmitz, and A. Haverich, “Three-dimensional laser micro- and nano-structuring of acrylated poly(ethylene glycol) materials and evaluation of their cytoxicity for tissue engineering applications,” Acta Biomater. 7(3), 967–974 (2011).
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S. Ushiba, S. Shoji, K. Masui, P. Kuray, J. Kono, and S. Kawata, “3D microfabrication of single-wall carbon nanotube/polymer composites by two-photon polymerization lithography,” Carbon 59, 283–288 (2013).
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[Crossref]

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M. Oubaha, A. Kavanagh, A. Gorin, G. Bickauskaite, R. Byrne, M. Farsari, R. Winfield, D. Diamond, C. McDonagh, and R. Copperwhite, “Graphene-doped photo-patternable ionogels: tuning of conductivity and mechanical stability of 3D microstructures,” J. Mater. Chem. 22(21), 10552–10559 (2012).
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A. Ovsianikov, B. Chichkov, P. Mente, N. Monteiro Riviere, A. Doraiswamy, and R. Narayan, “Two photon polymerization of polymer–ceramic hybrid materials for transdermal drug delivery,” Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 4(1), 22–29 (2007).
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E. M. Stewart, M. Fabretto, M. Mueller, P. J. Molino, H. J. Griesser, R. D. Short, and G. G. Wallace, “Cell attachment and proliferation on high conductivity PEDOT–glycol composites produced by vapour phase polymerisation,” Biomater. Sci. 1(4), 368–378 (2013).
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A. Ovsianikov, B. Chichkov, P. Mente, N. Monteiro Riviere, A. Doraiswamy, and R. Narayan, “Two photon polymerization of polymer–ceramic hybrid materials for transdermal drug delivery,” Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 4(1), 22–29 (2007).
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V. F. Paz, M. Emons, K. Obata, A. Ovsianikov, S. Peterhänsel, K. Frenner, C. Reinhardt, B. Chichkov, U. Morgner, and W. Osten, “Development of functional sub-100 nm structures with 3D two-photon polymerization technique and optical methods for characterization,” J. Laser Appl. 24(4), 042004 (2012).
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E. M. Stewart, M. Fabretto, M. Mueller, P. J. Molino, H. J. Griesser, R. D. Short, and G. G. Wallace, “Cell attachment and proliferation on high conductivity PEDOT–glycol composites produced by vapour phase polymerisation,” Biomater. Sci. 1(4), 368–378 (2013).
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C. Clavijo Cedeño, J. Seekamp, A. Kam, T. Hoffmann, S. Zankovych, C. Sotomayor Torres, C. Menozzi, M. Cavallini, M. Murgia, G. Ruani, F. Biscarini, M. Behl, R. Zentel, and J. Ahopelto, “Nanoimprint lithography for organic electronics,” Microelectron. Eng. 61–62, 25–31 (2002).
[Crossref]

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G. Venugopal, X. Quan, G. Johnson, F. Houlihan, E. Chin, and O. Nalamasu, “Photoinduced doping and photolithography of methyl-substituted polyaniline,” Chem. Mater. 7(2), 271–276 (1995).
[Crossref]

Narayan, R.

A. Ovsianikov, M. Malinauskas, S. Schlie, B. Chichkov, S. Gittard, R. Narayan, M. Löbler, K. Sternberg, K.-P. Schmitz, and A. Haverich, “Three-dimensional laser micro- and nano-structuring of acrylated poly(ethylene glycol) materials and evaluation of their cytoxicity for tissue engineering applications,” Acta Biomater. 7(3), 967–974 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Ovsianikov, B. Chichkov, P. Mente, N. Monteiro Riviere, A. Doraiswamy, and R. Narayan, “Two photon polymerization of polymer–ceramic hybrid materials for transdermal drug delivery,” Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 4(1), 22–29 (2007).
[Crossref]

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S. Günes, H. Neugebauer, and N. S. Sariciftci, “Conjugated polymer-based organic solar cells,” Chem. Rev. 107(4), 1324–1338 (2007).
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A. Ovsianikov, S. Schlie, A. Ngezahayo, A. Haverich, and B. N. Chichkov, “Two-photon polymerization technique for microfabrication of CAD-designed 3D scaffolds from commercially available photosensitive materials,” J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 1(6), 443–449 (2007).
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V. F. Paz, M. Emons, K. Obata, A. Ovsianikov, S. Peterhänsel, K. Frenner, C. Reinhardt, B. Chichkov, U. Morgner, and W. Osten, “Development of functional sub-100 nm structures with 3D two-photon polymerization technique and optical methods for characterization,” J. Laser Appl. 24(4), 042004 (2012).
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V. F. Paz, M. Emons, K. Obata, A. Ovsianikov, S. Peterhänsel, K. Frenner, C. Reinhardt, B. Chichkov, U. Morgner, and W. Osten, “Development of functional sub-100 nm structures with 3D two-photon polymerization technique and optical methods for characterization,” J. Laser Appl. 24(4), 042004 (2012).
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[Crossref]

A. Ovsianikov, J. Viertl, B. Chichkov, M. Oubaha, B. MacCraith, I. Sakellari, A. Giakoumaki, D. Gray, M. Vamvakaki, M. Farsari, and C. Fotakis, “Ultra-low shrinkage hybrid photosensitive material for two-photon polymerization microfabrication,” ACS Nano 2(11), 2257–2262 (2008).
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[Crossref]

A. Ovsianikov, M. Malinauskas, S. Schlie, B. Chichkov, S. Gittard, R. Narayan, M. Löbler, K. Sternberg, K.-P. Schmitz, and A. Haverich, “Three-dimensional laser micro- and nano-structuring of acrylated poly(ethylene glycol) materials and evaluation of their cytoxicity for tissue engineering applications,” Acta Biomater. 7(3), 967–974 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Ovsianikov, J. Viertl, B. Chichkov, M. Oubaha, B. MacCraith, I. Sakellari, A. Giakoumaki, D. Gray, M. Vamvakaki, M. Farsari, and C. Fotakis, “Ultra-low shrinkage hybrid photosensitive material for two-photon polymerization microfabrication,” ACS Nano 2(11), 2257–2262 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Ovsianikov, S. Schlie, A. Ngezahayo, A. Haverich, and B. N. Chichkov, “Two-photon polymerization technique for microfabrication of CAD-designed 3D scaffolds from commercially available photosensitive materials,” J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 1(6), 443–449 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Ovsianikov, B. Chichkov, P. Mente, N. Monteiro Riviere, A. Doraiswamy, and R. Narayan, “Two photon polymerization of polymer–ceramic hybrid materials for transdermal drug delivery,” Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 4(1), 22–29 (2007).
[Crossref]

Pardo, D. A.

D. A. Pardo, G. E. Jabbour, and N. Peyghambarian, “Application of screen printing in the fabrication of organic light emitting devices,” Adv. Mater. 12(17), 1249–1252 (2000).
[Crossref]

Patil, A.

A. Patil, A. Heeger, and F. Wudl, “Optical properties of conducting polymers,” Chem. Rev. 88(1), 183–200 (1988).
[Crossref]

Paz, V. F.

V. F. Paz, M. Emons, K. Obata, A. Ovsianikov, S. Peterhänsel, K. Frenner, C. Reinhardt, B. Chichkov, U. Morgner, and W. Osten, “Development of functional sub-100 nm structures with 3D two-photon polymerization technique and optical methods for characterization,” J. Laser Appl. 24(4), 042004 (2012).
[Crossref]

Pede, D.

D. Pede, G. Serra, and D. De Rossi, “Microfabrication of conducting polymer devices by ink-jet stereolithography,” Mater. Sci. Eng. C 5(3-4), 289–291 (1998).
[Crossref]

Peterhänsel, S.

V. F. Paz, M. Emons, K. Obata, A. Ovsianikov, S. Peterhänsel, K. Frenner, C. Reinhardt, B. Chichkov, U. Morgner, and W. Osten, “Development of functional sub-100 nm structures with 3D two-photon polymerization technique and optical methods for characterization,” J. Laser Appl. 24(4), 042004 (2012).
[Crossref]

Peyghambarian, N.

D. A. Pardo, G. E. Jabbour, and N. Peyghambarian, “Application of screen printing in the fabrication of organic light emitting devices,” Adv. Mater. 12(17), 1249–1252 (2000).
[Crossref]

Piskarskas, A.

M. Malinauskas, M. Farsari, A. Piskarskas, and S. Juodkazis, “Ultrafast laser nanostructuring of photopolymers: a decade of advances,” Phys. Rep. 533(1), 1–31 (2013).
[Crossref]

Popall, M.

Quan, X.

G. Venugopal, X. Quan, G. Johnson, F. Houlihan, E. Chin, and O. Nalamasu, “Photoinduced doping and photolithography of methyl-substituted polyaniline,” Chem. Mater. 7(2), 271–276 (1995).
[Crossref]

Reinhardt, C.

V. F. Paz, M. Emons, K. Obata, A. Ovsianikov, S. Peterhänsel, K. Frenner, C. Reinhardt, B. Chichkov, U. Morgner, and W. Osten, “Development of functional sub-100 nm structures with 3D two-photon polymerization technique and optical methods for characterization,” J. Laser Appl. 24(4), 042004 (2012).
[Crossref]

Ruani, G.

C. Clavijo Cedeño, J. Seekamp, A. Kam, T. Hoffmann, S. Zankovych, C. Sotomayor Torres, C. Menozzi, M. Cavallini, M. Murgia, G. Ruani, F. Biscarini, M. Behl, R. Zentel, and J. Ahopelto, “Nanoimprint lithography for organic electronics,” Microelectron. Eng. 61–62, 25–31 (2002).
[Crossref]

Sakellari, I.

A. Ovsianikov, J. Viertl, B. Chichkov, M. Oubaha, B. MacCraith, I. Sakellari, A. Giakoumaki, D. Gray, M. Vamvakaki, M. Farsari, and C. Fotakis, “Ultra-low shrinkage hybrid photosensitive material for two-photon polymerization microfabrication,” ACS Nano 2(11), 2257–2262 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Salis, G.

W. Teh, U. Dürig, G. Salis, R. Harbers, U. Drechsler, R. Mahrt, C. Smith, and H.-J. Güntherodt, “SU-8 for real three-dimensional subdiffraction-limit two-photon microfabrication,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 84(20), 4095–4097 (2004).
[Crossref]

Sariciftci, N. S.

S. Günes, H. Neugebauer, and N. S. Sariciftci, “Conjugated polymer-based organic solar cells,” Chem. Rev. 107(4), 1324–1338 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Saxena, V.

V. Saxena and B. Malhotra, “Prospects of conducting polymers in molecular electronics,” Curr. Appl. Phys. 3(2-3), 293–305 (2003).
[Crossref]

Schlie, S.

A. Ovsianikov, M. Malinauskas, S. Schlie, B. Chichkov, S. Gittard, R. Narayan, M. Löbler, K. Sternberg, K.-P. Schmitz, and A. Haverich, “Three-dimensional laser micro- and nano-structuring of acrylated poly(ethylene glycol) materials and evaluation of their cytoxicity for tissue engineering applications,” Acta Biomater. 7(3), 967–974 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Ovsianikov, S. Schlie, A. Ngezahayo, A. Haverich, and B. N. Chichkov, “Two-photon polymerization technique for microfabrication of CAD-designed 3D scaffolds from commercially available photosensitive materials,” J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 1(6), 443–449 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Schmitz, K.-P.

A. Ovsianikov, M. Malinauskas, S. Schlie, B. Chichkov, S. Gittard, R. Narayan, M. Löbler, K. Sternberg, K.-P. Schmitz, and A. Haverich, “Three-dimensional laser micro- and nano-structuring of acrylated poly(ethylene glycol) materials and evaluation of their cytoxicity for tissue engineering applications,” Acta Biomater. 7(3), 967–974 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Schulz, J.

Seekamp, J.

C. Clavijo Cedeño, J. Seekamp, A. Kam, T. Hoffmann, S. Zankovych, C. Sotomayor Torres, C. Menozzi, M. Cavallini, M. Murgia, G. Ruani, F. Biscarini, M. Behl, R. Zentel, and J. Ahopelto, “Nanoimprint lithography for organic electronics,” Microelectron. Eng. 61–62, 25–31 (2002).
[Crossref]

Serbin, J.

Serra, G.

D. Pede, G. Serra, and D. De Rossi, “Microfabrication of conducting polymer devices by ink-jet stereolithography,” Mater. Sci. Eng. C 5(3-4), 289–291 (1998).
[Crossref]

Sethuraman, S.

A. Subramanian, U. M. Krishnan, and S. Sethuraman, “Development of biomaterial scaffold for nerve tissue engineering: biomaterial mediated neural regeneration,” J. Biomed. Sci. 16(1), 108 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Shirakawa, H.

H. Shirakawa, E. J. Louis, A. G. MacDiarmid, C. K. Chiang, and A. J. Heeger, “Synthesis of electrically conducting organic polymers: halogen derivatives of polyacetylene, (CH),” J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 0(16), 578–580 (1977).
[Crossref]

Shoji, S.

S. Ushiba, S. Shoji, K. Masui, P. Kuray, J. Kono, and S. Kawata, “3D microfabrication of single-wall carbon nanotube/polymer composites by two-photon polymerization lithography,” Carbon 59, 283–288 (2013).
[Crossref]

Short, R. D.

E. M. Stewart, M. Fabretto, M. Mueller, P. J. Molino, H. J. Griesser, R. D. Short, and G. G. Wallace, “Cell attachment and proliferation on high conductivity PEDOT–glycol composites produced by vapour phase polymerisation,” Biomater. Sci. 1(4), 368–378 (2013).
[Crossref]

Smith, C.

W. Teh, U. Dürig, G. Salis, R. Harbers, U. Drechsler, R. Mahrt, C. Smith, and H.-J. Güntherodt, “SU-8 for real three-dimensional subdiffraction-limit two-photon microfabrication,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 84(20), 4095–4097 (2004).
[Crossref]

Sone, J.

K. Yamada, J. Sone, and J. Chen, “Three-dimensional photochemical microfabrication of conductive polymers in transparent polymer sheet,” Opt. Rev. 16(2), 208–212 (2009).
[Crossref]

Sotomayor Torres, C.

C. Clavijo Cedeño, J. Seekamp, A. Kam, T. Hoffmann, S. Zankovych, C. Sotomayor Torres, C. Menozzi, M. Cavallini, M. Murgia, G. Ruani, F. Biscarini, M. Behl, R. Zentel, and J. Ahopelto, “Nanoimprint lithography for organic electronics,” Microelectron. Eng. 61–62, 25–31 (2002).
[Crossref]

Sternberg, K.

A. Ovsianikov, M. Malinauskas, S. Schlie, B. Chichkov, S. Gittard, R. Narayan, M. Löbler, K. Sternberg, K.-P. Schmitz, and A. Haverich, “Three-dimensional laser micro- and nano-structuring of acrylated poly(ethylene glycol) materials and evaluation of their cytoxicity for tissue engineering applications,” Acta Biomater. 7(3), 967–974 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Stewart, E. M.

E. M. Stewart, M. Fabretto, M. Mueller, P. J. Molino, H. J. Griesser, R. D. Short, and G. G. Wallace, “Cell attachment and proliferation on high conductivity PEDOT–glycol composites produced by vapour phase polymerisation,” Biomater. Sci. 1(4), 368–378 (2013).
[Crossref]

Straub, M.

L. Nguyen, M. Straub, and M. Gu, “Acrylate based photopolymer for two-photon microfabrication and photonic applications,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 15(2), 209–216 (2005).
[Crossref]

Subramanian, A.

A. Subramanian, U. M. Krishnan, and S. Sethuraman, “Development of biomaterial scaffold for nerve tissue engineering: biomaterial mediated neural regeneration,” J. Biomed. Sci. 16(1), 108 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sun, H.-B.

H.-B. Sun, S. Matsuo, and H. Misawa, “Three-dimensional photonic crystal structures achieved with two-photon-absorption photopolymerization of resin,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(6), 786 (1999).
[Crossref]

Sun, K.

Y. Xia, K. Sun, and J. Ouyang, “Solution-processed metallic conducting polymer films as transparent electrode of optoelectronic devices,” Adv. Mater. 24(18), 2436–2440 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Teh, W.

W. Teh, U. Dürig, G. Salis, R. Harbers, U. Drechsler, R. Mahrt, C. Smith, and H.-J. Güntherodt, “SU-8 for real three-dimensional subdiffraction-limit two-photon microfabrication,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 84(20), 4095–4097 (2004).
[Crossref]

Ushiba, S.

S. Ushiba, S. Shoji, K. Masui, P. Kuray, J. Kono, and S. Kawata, “3D microfabrication of single-wall carbon nanotube/polymer composites by two-photon polymerization lithography,” Carbon 59, 283–288 (2013).
[Crossref]

Vamvakaki, M.

A. Ovsianikov, J. Viertl, B. Chichkov, M. Oubaha, B. MacCraith, I. Sakellari, A. Giakoumaki, D. Gray, M. Vamvakaki, M. Farsari, and C. Fotakis, “Ultra-low shrinkage hybrid photosensitive material for two-photon polymerization microfabrication,” ACS Nano 2(11), 2257–2262 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Venugopal, G.

G. Venugopal, X. Quan, G. Johnson, F. Houlihan, E. Chin, and O. Nalamasu, “Photoinduced doping and photolithography of methyl-substituted polyaniline,” Chem. Mater. 7(2), 271–276 (1995).
[Crossref]

Viertl, J.

A. Ovsianikov, J. Viertl, B. Chichkov, M. Oubaha, B. MacCraith, I. Sakellari, A. Giakoumaki, D. Gray, M. Vamvakaki, M. Farsari, and C. Fotakis, “Ultra-low shrinkage hybrid photosensitive material for two-photon polymerization microfabrication,” ACS Nano 2(11), 2257–2262 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wallace, G. G.

E. M. Stewart, M. Fabretto, M. Mueller, P. J. Molino, H. J. Griesser, R. D. Short, and G. G. Wallace, “Cell attachment and proliferation on high conductivity PEDOT–glycol composites produced by vapour phase polymerisation,” Biomater. Sci. 1(4), 368–378 (2013).
[Crossref]

West, K.

T. S. Hansen, K. West, O. Hassager, and N. B. Larsen, “Direct fast patterning of conductive polymers using agarose stamping,” Adv. Mater. 19(20), 3261–3265 (2007).
[Crossref]

Winfield, R.

M. Oubaha, A. Kavanagh, A. Gorin, G. Bickauskaite, R. Byrne, M. Farsari, R. Winfield, D. Diamond, C. McDonagh, and R. Copperwhite, “Graphene-doped photo-patternable ionogels: tuning of conductivity and mechanical stability of 3D microstructures,” J. Mater. Chem. 22(21), 10552–10559 (2012).
[Crossref]

Wudl, F.

A. Patil, A. Heeger, and F. Wudl, “Optical properties of conducting polymers,” Chem. Rev. 88(1), 183–200 (1988).
[Crossref]

Xia, Y.

Y. Xia, K. Sun, and J. Ouyang, “Solution-processed metallic conducting polymer films as transparent electrode of optoelectronic devices,” Adv. Mater. 24(18), 2436–2440 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yamada, K.

K. Yamada, J. Sone, and J. Chen, “Three-dimensional photochemical microfabrication of conductive polymers in transparent polymer sheet,” Opt. Rev. 16(2), 208–212 (2009).
[Crossref]

Zankovych, S.

C. Clavijo Cedeño, J. Seekamp, A. Kam, T. Hoffmann, S. Zankovych, C. Sotomayor Torres, C. Menozzi, M. Cavallini, M. Murgia, G. Ruani, F. Biscarini, M. Behl, R. Zentel, and J. Ahopelto, “Nanoimprint lithography for organic electronics,” Microelectron. Eng. 61–62, 25–31 (2002).
[Crossref]

Zentel, R.

C. Clavijo Cedeño, J. Seekamp, A. Kam, T. Hoffmann, S. Zankovych, C. Sotomayor Torres, C. Menozzi, M. Cavallini, M. Murgia, G. Ruani, F. Biscarini, M. Behl, R. Zentel, and J. Ahopelto, “Nanoimprint lithography for organic electronics,” Microelectron. Eng. 61–62, 25–31 (2002).
[Crossref]

ACS Nano (1)

A. Ovsianikov, J. Viertl, B. Chichkov, M. Oubaha, B. MacCraith, I. Sakellari, A. Giakoumaki, D. Gray, M. Vamvakaki, M. Farsari, and C. Fotakis, “Ultra-low shrinkage hybrid photosensitive material for two-photon polymerization microfabrication,” ACS Nano 2(11), 2257–2262 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Acta Biomater. (1)

A. Ovsianikov, M. Malinauskas, S. Schlie, B. Chichkov, S. Gittard, R. Narayan, M. Löbler, K. Sternberg, K.-P. Schmitz, and A. Haverich, “Three-dimensional laser micro- and nano-structuring of acrylated poly(ethylene glycol) materials and evaluation of their cytoxicity for tissue engineering applications,” Acta Biomater. 7(3), 967–974 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Adv. Funct. Mater. (1)

L. Nguyen, M. Straub, and M. Gu, “Acrylate based photopolymer for two-photon microfabrication and photonic applications,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 15(2), 209–216 (2005).
[Crossref]

Adv. Mater. (4)

G. Heywang and F. Jonas, “Poly (alkylenedioxythiophene)s - new, very stable conducting polymers,” Adv. Mater. 4(2), 116–118 (1992).
[Crossref]

D. A. Pardo, G. E. Jabbour, and N. Peyghambarian, “Application of screen printing in the fabrication of organic light emitting devices,” Adv. Mater. 12(17), 1249–1252 (2000).
[Crossref]

T. S. Hansen, K. West, O. Hassager, and N. B. Larsen, “Direct fast patterning of conductive polymers using agarose stamping,” Adv. Mater. 19(20), 3261–3265 (2007).
[Crossref]

Y. Xia, K. Sun, and J. Ouyang, “Solution-processed metallic conducting polymer films as transparent electrode of optoelectronic devices,” Adv. Mater. 24(18), 2436–2440 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Anal. Biochem. (1)

H. Garoff and W. Ansorge, “Improvements of DNA sequencing gels,” Anal. Biochem. 115(2), 450–457 (1981).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. (1)

A. G. MacDiarmid, “Synthetic metals: a novel role for organic polymers (Nobel lecture),” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 40(14), 2581–2590 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. Lett. (2)

W. Teh, U. Dürig, G. Salis, R. Harbers, U. Drechsler, R. Mahrt, C. Smith, and H.-J. Güntherodt, “SU-8 for real three-dimensional subdiffraction-limit two-photon microfabrication,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 84(20), 4095–4097 (2004).
[Crossref]

H.-B. Sun, S. Matsuo, and H. Misawa, “Three-dimensional photonic crystal structures achieved with two-photon-absorption photopolymerization of resin,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(6), 786 (1999).
[Crossref]

Biomater. Sci. (1)

E. M. Stewart, M. Fabretto, M. Mueller, P. J. Molino, H. J. Griesser, R. D. Short, and G. G. Wallace, “Cell attachment and proliferation on high conductivity PEDOT–glycol composites produced by vapour phase polymerisation,” Biomater. Sci. 1(4), 368–378 (2013).
[Crossref]

Carbon (1)

S. Ushiba, S. Shoji, K. Masui, P. Kuray, J. Kono, and S. Kawata, “3D microfabrication of single-wall carbon nanotube/polymer composites by two-photon polymerization lithography,” Carbon 59, 283–288 (2013).
[Crossref]

Chem. Mater. (1)

G. Venugopal, X. Quan, G. Johnson, F. Houlihan, E. Chin, and O. Nalamasu, “Photoinduced doping and photolithography of methyl-substituted polyaniline,” Chem. Mater. 7(2), 271–276 (1995).
[Crossref]

Chem. Rev. (2)

S. Günes, H. Neugebauer, and N. S. Sariciftci, “Conjugated polymer-based organic solar cells,” Chem. Rev. 107(4), 1324–1338 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Patil, A. Heeger, and F. Wudl, “Optical properties of conducting polymers,” Chem. Rev. 88(1), 183–200 (1988).
[Crossref]

Curr. Appl. Phys. (1)

V. Saxena and B. Malhotra, “Prospects of conducting polymers in molecular electronics,” Curr. Appl. Phys. 3(2-3), 293–305 (2003).
[Crossref]

Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. (1)

A. Ovsianikov, B. Chichkov, P. Mente, N. Monteiro Riviere, A. Doraiswamy, and R. Narayan, “Two photon polymerization of polymer–ceramic hybrid materials for transdermal drug delivery,” Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 4(1), 22–29 (2007).
[Crossref]

J. Biomed. Sci. (1)

A. Subramanian, U. M. Krishnan, and S. Sethuraman, “Development of biomaterial scaffold for nerve tissue engineering: biomaterial mediated neural regeneration,” J. Biomed. Sci. 16(1), 108 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. (1)

H. Shirakawa, E. J. Louis, A. G. MacDiarmid, C. K. Chiang, and A. J. Heeger, “Synthesis of electrically conducting organic polymers: halogen derivatives of polyacetylene, (CH),” J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 0(16), 578–580 (1977).
[Crossref]

J. Laser Appl. (1)

V. F. Paz, M. Emons, K. Obata, A. Ovsianikov, S. Peterhänsel, K. Frenner, C. Reinhardt, B. Chichkov, U. Morgner, and W. Osten, “Development of functional sub-100 nm structures with 3D two-photon polymerization technique and optical methods for characterization,” J. Laser Appl. 24(4), 042004 (2012).
[Crossref]

J. Mater. Chem. (1)

M. Oubaha, A. Kavanagh, A. Gorin, G. Bickauskaite, R. Byrne, M. Farsari, R. Winfield, D. Diamond, C. McDonagh, and R. Copperwhite, “Graphene-doped photo-patternable ionogels: tuning of conductivity and mechanical stability of 3D microstructures,” J. Mater. Chem. 22(21), 10552–10559 (2012).
[Crossref]

J. Membr. Sci. (1)

K. Kreuer, “On the development of proton conducting polymer membranes for hydrogen and methanol fuel cells,” J. Membr. Sci. 185(1), 29–39 (2001).
[Crossref]

J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. (1)

A. Ovsianikov, S. Schlie, A. Ngezahayo, A. Haverich, and B. N. Chichkov, “Two-photon polymerization technique for microfabrication of CAD-designed 3D scaffolds from commercially available photosensitive materials,” J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 1(6), 443–449 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Macromolecules (1)

J. Lowe and S. Holdcroft, “Synthesis and photolithography of polymers and copolymers based on poly (3-(2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl) thiophene),” Macromolecules 28(13), 4608–4616 (1995).
[Crossref]

Mater. Sci. Eng. C (1)

D. Pede, G. Serra, and D. De Rossi, “Microfabrication of conducting polymer devices by ink-jet stereolithography,” Mater. Sci. Eng. C 5(3-4), 289–291 (1998).
[Crossref]

Microelectron. Eng. (1)

C. Clavijo Cedeño, J. Seekamp, A. Kam, T. Hoffmann, S. Zankovych, C. Sotomayor Torres, C. Menozzi, M. Cavallini, M. Murgia, G. Ruani, F. Biscarini, M. Behl, R. Zentel, and J. Ahopelto, “Nanoimprint lithography for organic electronics,” Microelectron. Eng. 61–62, 25–31 (2002).
[Crossref]

Nat. Mater. (1)

J. Janata and M. Josowicz, “Conducting polymers in electronic chemical sensors,” Nat. Mater. 2(1), 19–24 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nat. Photonics (1)

M. Farsari and B. N. Chichkov, “Materials processing: two-photon fabrication,” Nat. Photonics 3(8), 450–452 (2009).
[Crossref]

Opt. Lett. (1)

Opt. Rev. (1)

K. Yamada, J. Sone, and J. Chen, “Three-dimensional photochemical microfabrication of conductive polymers in transparent polymer sheet,” Opt. Rev. 16(2), 208–212 (2009).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rep. (1)

M. Malinauskas, M. Farsari, A. Piskarskas, and S. Juodkazis, “Ultrafast laser nanostructuring of photopolymers: a decade of advances,” Phys. Rep. 533(1), 1–31 (2013).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. B (1)

J. N. Coleman, S. Curran, A. Dalton, A. Davey, B. McCarthy, W. Blau, and R. Barklie, “Percolation-dominated conductivity in a conjugated-polymer-carbon-nanotube composite,” Phys. Rev. B 58(12), R7492–R7495 (1998).
[Crossref]

Other (2)

C. Brabec, U. Scherf, and V. Dyakonov, Organic Photovoltaics: Materials, Device Physics, and Manufacturing Technologies (Wiley, 2011).

A. Ostendorf, M. B. Chakif, and Q. Guo, “Laser direct writing of nanocompounds,” in MRS Proceedings, (Cambridge University, 2011), pp. 19–30.
[Crossref]

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Figures (4)
Fig. 1
Fig. 1 The workflow of 3D ICP processing based on 2PP. 1) Direct 2PP fabrication of the microstructures in photoresist/ICP precursor formulation, 2) Removal of uncured photoresist, 3) Oxidative polymerization of the encapsulated ICP precursor, 4) Removal of the remaining soluble byproducts.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Schematic representation of microstructures, used to characterize PEG-DA/EDOT electrically by two-probe method (1), SEM images of 2PP fabricated microstructures after development (2) and after oxidative polymerization of ICP precursor (3).

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Electrical conductivity of PEG-DA/PEDOT measured on microstructures, produced by 2PP. The red line represents a Belehradek power fit.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 3D micro-scaffolds fabricated using 2PP of PEG-DA and PEG-DA/EDOT with 8 and 17 vol% of EDOT content. Top row: microstructures after development, bottom row: oxidized microstructures.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1 2PP Structuring Parameters

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Equations (1)

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σ ∝ ( p − p c ) t .

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