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Lateral cavity photonic crystal surface emitting laser based on commercial epitaxial wafer

Yufei Wang, Hongwei Qu, Wenjun Zhou, Aiyi Qi, Jianxin Zhang, Lei Liu, and Wanhua Zheng

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

A lateral cavity photonic crystal surface emitting laser (LC-PCSEL) with airholes of cone-like shape etched near to the active layer is fabricated. It employs only a simple commercial epitaxial wafer without DBR and needs no wafer bonding technique. Surface emitting lasing action at 1575 nm with power of 1.8 mW is observed at room temperature, providing potential values for mass production of electrically driven PCSELs with low cost. Additionally, Fano resonance is utilized to analyze aperture equivalence of PC, and energy distribution in simplified laser structure is simulated to show oscillation and transmission characteristics of laser.

©2013 Optical Society of America

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Figures (15)
Fig. 1
Fig. 1 TE-like (thin line) / TM-like (thick line) band structure of two-dimensional square-lattice photonic crystal slab with cylindric airhole.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Bragg diffraction conditions at Γ2 (in-plane (a) and out-of-plane (b)).

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 (a) Band structure of TE-like modes around Γ2 point. (b) Electromagnetic field distributions of corresponding Γ2 modes in one unit cell. Arrows indicate the electric vectors, and the brightness variation displays the distribution of magnetic intensity.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 (a) Schematic structure of the LC-PCSEL. (b) and (c) are the PC SEMs of the side view and top view, respectively.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Transmission spectra of Co-APC and Cy-APC. The top and bottom apertures of the cone-like airhole are 360 nm and 240 nm, respectively. The cylinder-like airhole has one of apertures of cone-like airhole. The marked circles 1, 2, and 3 represent Fano resonances at three different wavelengths.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 (a), (b), (c) Transmission spectra of Co-APC as the bottom aperture, top aperture, and both are increased, respectively. D is the diameter of airhole in nm. (d) Transmission spectra of Co-APC when the depth of airhole and the thickness of slab are increased simultaneously. H represents the depth of the airhole in μm.

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7 Model transformation from cone-like airhole to cylinder-like airhole.

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Fig. 8
Fig. 8 Transmission spectra of Co-APC and Cy-APCs with different apertures.

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Fig. 9
Fig. 9 Distribution of the magnetic field amplitude for (a) resonant mode 1 with wavelength of 1.5291 μm in Co-APC cell, (b) resonant mode near to mode 1 with wavelength of 1.5293 μm in Cy-APC cell with aperture of 291 nm, (c) resonant mode 2 with wavelength of 1.4546 μm in Co-APC cell, and (d) resonant mode near to mode 2 with wavelength of 1.4538 μm in Cy-APC cell with aperture of 311 nm. The inset gives the coordinate and parameters of Co-APC cell.

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Fig. 10
Fig. 10 Distribution of the magnetic field amplitude for the incident light with wavelength of 1.572 μm in Co-APC cell (a) and Cy-APC cells with apertures of (b) 302 nm, (c) 291 nm, (d) 311 nm.

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Fig. 11
Fig. 11 Equivalent model of LC-PCSEL.

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Fig. 12
Fig. 12 Longitudinal (a) and lateral (b) light energe distribution cross sections of LC-PCSEL. The unit for axes is μm, and the colorbar dB.

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Fig. 13
Fig. 13 Light-current-voltage curve of LC-PCSEL.

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Fig. 14
Fig. 14 Surface-emitting spectrum of LC-PCSEL.

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Fig. 15
Fig. 15 The longitudinal and lateral divergence angles of LC-PCSEL.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1 Q factors of four Γ2 modes

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Equations (4)

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n 1 ( 1− V cone / V cubic )+ n air ⋅ V cone / V cubic = n 1 ( 1− V cylinder / V cubic )+ n air ⋅ V cylinder / V cubic ,
1 Q tot = 1 Q rad + 1 Q non−rad ,
1 Q non−rad = 1 Q FP + 1 Q PC + 1 Q abs .
η rad = 1/ Q rad 1/ Q tot .

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