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Illumination of dense urban areas by light redirecting panels

Sally I. El-Henawy, Mohamed W. N. Mohamed, Islam A. Mashaly, Osama N. Mohamed, Ola Galal, Iman Taha, Khaled Nassar, and Amr M. E. Safwat

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

With the high population growth rate, especially in developing countries, and the scarcity of land resources, buildings are becoming so close to each other, depriving the lower floors and the alleys from sunlight and consequently causing health problems. Therefore, there is an urgent need for cost-effective efficient light redirecting panels that guide sun rays into those dim places. In this paper, we address this problem. A novel sine wave based panel is presented to redirect/diverge light downward and enhance the illumination level in those dark places. Simulation results show that the proposed panel improves the illuminance values by more than 200% and 400% in autumn and winter respectively, operates over wide solar altitude ranges, and redirects light efficiently. Experimental and simulation results are in good agreement.

© 2014 Optical Society of America

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References

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  1. Saint-Gobain Glass, Product Information SGG LUMITOP, http://www.saint-gobain-glass.com/FO/uk/pdf/SGG%20LUMITOP%C2%AE.pdf (28.11.2013).
  2. IEA International Energy Agency, Daylight in Buildings, a Source Book on Daylighting and Systems and Components, Report of IEA SHC Task 21 (International Energy Agency, 2000).
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  4. J. L. Tsai, Y. H. Chiang, and P. C. Tsai, “Window system and light guiding film therein,” Chi Lin Technology Co., Ltd., US Patent 2012/0194913 A1 (2012).
  5. D. Carter, “The measured and predicted performances of passive solar light-guide systems,” Lighting Res. Tech. 34(1), 39–52 (2002).
    [Crossref]
  6. M. Al-Marwaee and D. Carter, “Tubular guidance systems for daylight: Achieved and predicted installation performances,” Appl. Energy 83(7), 774–788 (2006).
    [Crossref]
  7. L. M. Gil-Martín, A. Peña-García, A. Jiménez, and E. Hernández-Montes, “Study of light-pipes for the use of sunlight in road tunnels: from a scale model to real tunnels,” Tunn. Undergr. SP Tech. 41, 82–87 (2014).
    [Crossref]
  8. I. Powell, “Linear deiverging lens,” US Patent 4,826,299, (1989).
  9. http://www.geogebra.org/cms/en/
  10. http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/
  11. J. H. Klems, “New method for predicting the solar heat gain of complex fenestration systems- I. Overview and derivation of the matrix layer calculation,” ASHRAE Trans. 100(1), 1065–1072 (1994).
  12. R. M. Ahmed, “Optical study on Poly(methylmethacrylate)/Poly(vinyl acetate) blends,” Int. J. Photoenergy 2009, 1–7 (2009).
    [Crossref]
  13. T. Mitsuoka, A. Torikai, and K. J. Fueki, “Wavelength sensitivity of the photodegradation of poly(methyl methacrylate),” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 47(6), 1027–1032 (1993).
    [Crossref]
  14. K. Pielichowski and J. Njuguna, Thermal Degradation of Polymeric Materials (Smithers Rapra, 2008), Chap. 5.

2014 (1)

L. M. Gil-Martín, A. Peña-García, A. Jiménez, and E. Hernández-Montes, “Study of light-pipes for the use of sunlight in road tunnels: from a scale model to real tunnels,” Tunn. Undergr. SP Tech. 41, 82–87 (2014).
[Crossref]

2012 (1)

2009 (1)

R. M. Ahmed, “Optical study on Poly(methylmethacrylate)/Poly(vinyl acetate) blends,” Int. J. Photoenergy 2009, 1–7 (2009).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

M. Al-Marwaee and D. Carter, “Tubular guidance systems for daylight: Achieved and predicted installation performances,” Appl. Energy 83(7), 774–788 (2006).
[Crossref]

2002 (1)

D. Carter, “The measured and predicted performances of passive solar light-guide systems,” Lighting Res. Tech. 34(1), 39–52 (2002).
[Crossref]

1994 (1)

J. H. Klems, “New method for predicting the solar heat gain of complex fenestration systems- I. Overview and derivation of the matrix layer calculation,” ASHRAE Trans. 100(1), 1065–1072 (1994).

1993 (1)

T. Mitsuoka, A. Torikai, and K. J. Fueki, “Wavelength sensitivity of the photodegradation of poly(methyl methacrylate),” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 47(6), 1027–1032 (1993).
[Crossref]

Ahmed, R. M.

R. M. Ahmed, “Optical study on Poly(methylmethacrylate)/Poly(vinyl acetate) blends,” Int. J. Photoenergy 2009, 1–7 (2009).
[Crossref]

Al-Marwaee, M.

M. Al-Marwaee and D. Carter, “Tubular guidance systems for daylight: Achieved and predicted installation performances,” Appl. Energy 83(7), 774–788 (2006).
[Crossref]

Carter, D.

M. Al-Marwaee and D. Carter, “Tubular guidance systems for daylight: Achieved and predicted installation performances,” Appl. Energy 83(7), 774–788 (2006).
[Crossref]

D. Carter, “The measured and predicted performances of passive solar light-guide systems,” Lighting Res. Tech. 34(1), 39–52 (2002).
[Crossref]

Fueki, K. J.

T. Mitsuoka, A. Torikai, and K. J. Fueki, “Wavelength sensitivity of the photodegradation of poly(methyl methacrylate),” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 47(6), 1027–1032 (1993).
[Crossref]

Gil-Martín, L. M.

L. M. Gil-Martín, A. Peña-García, A. Jiménez, and E. Hernández-Montes, “Study of light-pipes for the use of sunlight in road tunnels: from a scale model to real tunnels,” Tunn. Undergr. SP Tech. 41, 82–87 (2014).
[Crossref]

Hernández-Montes, E.

L. M. Gil-Martín, A. Peña-García, A. Jiménez, and E. Hernández-Montes, “Study of light-pipes for the use of sunlight in road tunnels: from a scale model to real tunnels,” Tunn. Undergr. SP Tech. 41, 82–87 (2014).
[Crossref]

Jiménez, A.

L. M. Gil-Martín, A. Peña-García, A. Jiménez, and E. Hernández-Montes, “Study of light-pipes for the use of sunlight in road tunnels: from a scale model to real tunnels,” Tunn. Undergr. SP Tech. 41, 82–87 (2014).
[Crossref]

Klammt, S.

Klems, J. H.

J. H. Klems, “New method for predicting the solar heat gain of complex fenestration systems- I. Overview and derivation of the matrix layer calculation,” ASHRAE Trans. 100(1), 1065–1072 (1994).

Mitsuoka, T.

T. Mitsuoka, A. Torikai, and K. J. Fueki, “Wavelength sensitivity of the photodegradation of poly(methyl methacrylate),” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 47(6), 1027–1032 (1993).
[Crossref]

Müller, H. F.

Neyer, A.

Peña-García, A.

L. M. Gil-Martín, A. Peña-García, A. Jiménez, and E. Hernández-Montes, “Study of light-pipes for the use of sunlight in road tunnels: from a scale model to real tunnels,” Tunn. Undergr. SP Tech. 41, 82–87 (2014).
[Crossref]

Torikai, A.

T. Mitsuoka, A. Torikai, and K. J. Fueki, “Wavelength sensitivity of the photodegradation of poly(methyl methacrylate),” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 47(6), 1027–1032 (1993).
[Crossref]

Appl. Energy (1)

M. Al-Marwaee and D. Carter, “Tubular guidance systems for daylight: Achieved and predicted installation performances,” Appl. Energy 83(7), 774–788 (2006).
[Crossref]

Appl. Opt. (1)

ASHRAE Trans. (1)

J. H. Klems, “New method for predicting the solar heat gain of complex fenestration systems- I. Overview and derivation of the matrix layer calculation,” ASHRAE Trans. 100(1), 1065–1072 (1994).

Int. J. Photoenergy (1)

R. M. Ahmed, “Optical study on Poly(methylmethacrylate)/Poly(vinyl acetate) blends,” Int. J. Photoenergy 2009, 1–7 (2009).
[Crossref]

J. Appl. Polym. Sci. (1)

T. Mitsuoka, A. Torikai, and K. J. Fueki, “Wavelength sensitivity of the photodegradation of poly(methyl methacrylate),” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 47(6), 1027–1032 (1993).
[Crossref]

Lighting Res. Tech. (1)

D. Carter, “The measured and predicted performances of passive solar light-guide systems,” Lighting Res. Tech. 34(1), 39–52 (2002).
[Crossref]

Tunn. Undergr. SP Tech. (1)

L. M. Gil-Martín, A. Peña-García, A. Jiménez, and E. Hernández-Montes, “Study of light-pipes for the use of sunlight in road tunnels: from a scale model to real tunnels,” Tunn. Undergr. SP Tech. 41, 82–87 (2014).
[Crossref]

Other (7)

I. Powell, “Linear deiverging lens,” US Patent 4,826,299, (1989).

http://www.geogebra.org/cms/en/

http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/

J. L. Tsai, Y. H. Chiang, and P. C. Tsai, “Window system and light guiding film therein,” Chi Lin Technology Co., Ltd., US Patent 2012/0194913 A1 (2012).

Saint-Gobain Glass, Product Information SGG LUMITOP, http://www.saint-gobain-glass.com/FO/uk/pdf/SGG%20LUMITOP%C2%AE.pdf (28.11.2013).

IEA International Energy Agency, Daylight in Buildings, a Source Book on Daylighting and Systems and Components, Report of IEA SHC Task 21 (International Energy Agency, 2000).

K. Pielichowski and J. Njuguna, Thermal Degradation of Polymeric Materials (Smithers Rapra, 2008), Chap. 5.

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Figures (21)
Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Dim light wells and streets in dense urban areas (a) real case in Egypt (b) model to be simulated.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Proposed structure.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 (a) Slope variation across period. (b) Amplitude variation. (c) Period variation.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Results from GeoGebra for 72° solar altitude. Refractive index n = 1.49.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Ray path when subjected to tilted panel.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 The blockage effect for solar altitude 42° that is not considered in GeoGebra model.

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7 Simulation methodology.

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Fig. 8
Fig. 8 Ray tracing simulations showing the effect of: (a) total internal reflections (b) blockage of neighboring sine periods.

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Fig. 9
Fig. 9 Simulation results for 1:4 amplitude to period ratio at 0° tilt for incident angles ranging from 10° to 90°.

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Fig. 10
Fig. 10 Transmitted power percentage, maximum and minimum emergence angles versus incident angles for different design ratios (a) 2:1, (b) 1:1, (c) 1:2, (d) 1:4, (e) 1:8, and (f) isosceles (80°, 80°, 20°).

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Fig. 11
Fig. 11 Panel performance after considering the tilt angle, design ratio is 1:4. (a) 10° tilt angle (b) 20° tilt angle.

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Fig. 12
Fig. 12 Integrated transmitted power percentage for different designs.

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Fig. 13
Fig. 13 Normalized power density versus displacement for different design ratios.

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Fig. 14
Fig. 14 Integrated transmitted power percentage for different designs after considering the uniformity condition.

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Fig. 15
Fig. 15 Illuminance with and without the proposed panel at two timings: (a) Autumn, (b) Winter.

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Fig. 16
Fig. 16 Isolux at the ground with and without the proposed panel at two timings: (a) Autumn, b) Winter.

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Fig. 17
Fig. 17 The die used in manufacturing. Mould material is chromated tool steel. Dimensions are in (mm).

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Fig. 18
Fig. 18 Picture of the fabricated sample.

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Fig. 19
Fig. 19 (a) Experimental test setup. (b) Output light from the 1:4 sample with 0° tilt and 90° incident angle.

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Fig. 20
Fig. 20 Comparison between simulated and measured emerging angles.

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Fig. 21
Fig. 21 Well prototype with and without panel, dimensions are 40cm × 40 cm × 120 cm. a) Without panel, b) with panel θtilt = 10°, c) maximum illumination can be achieved inside the well.

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Tables (2)

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Table 1 Transmitted Power Percentage Integrated over Solar Altitude Range 10° to 80° for Different Designing Ratios and Different Tilt Angles

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Table 2 Average Illuminance Enhancement at the Ground before and after Using the Panel

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Equations (4)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

n 1 sin θ 1 = n 2 sin θ 2
θ max ≥ θ tilt + 90 ∘
θ min ≤ θ tilt
θ in =SA+ θ tilt

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