Abstract

We utilize cross-phase modulation to observe all-optical switching in microring resonators fabricated with hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). Using 2.7-ps pulses from a mode-locked fiber laser in the telecom C-band, we observe optical switching of a cw telecom-band probe with full-width at half-maximum switching times of 14.8 ps, using approximately 720 fJ of energy deposited in the microring. In comparison with telecom-band optical switching in undoped crystalline silicon microrings, a-Si:H exhibits substantially higher switching speeds due to reduced impact of free-carrier processes.

© 2014 Optical Society of America

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2013 (3)

J. Matres, G. C. Ballesteros, P. Gautier, J.-M. Fédéli, J. Martí, and C. J. Oton, “High nonlinear figure-of-merit amorphous silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express 21, 3932–3940 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. Vukovic, N. Healy, F. H. Suhailin, P. Mehta, T. D. Day, J. V. Badding, and A. C. Peacock, “Ultrafast optical control using the Kerr nonlinearity in hydrogenated amorphous silicon microcylindrical resonators.” Sci. Rep. 3, 2885 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. J. Moss, R. Morandotti, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, “New CMOS-compatible platforms based on silicon nitride and Hydex for nonlinear optics,” Nat. Photonics 7, 597–607 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (6)

2011 (3)

2010 (4)

J. Leuthold, C. Koos, and W. Freude, “Nonlinear silicon photonics,” Nat. Photonics 4, 535–544 (2010).
[Crossref]

K. Narayanan, A. W. Elshaari, and S. F. Preble, “Broadband all-optical modulation in hydrogenated-amorphous silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express 18, 9809–9814 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. C. Turner-Foster, M. A. Foster, J. S. Levy, C. B. Poitras, R. Salem, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, “Ultrashort free-carrier lifetime in low-loss silicon nanowaveguides,” Opt. Express 18, 3582–3591 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. Nozaki, T. Tanabe, A. Shinya, S. Matsuo, T. Sato, H. Taniyama, and M. Notomi, “Sub-femtojoule all-optical switching using a photonic-crystal nanocavity,” Nat. Photonics 4, 477–483 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (2)

R. Sun, J. Cheng, J. Michel, and L. Kimerling, “Transparent amorphous silicon channel waveguides and high-Q resonators using a damascene process,” Opt. Lett. 34, 2378–2380 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. K. Selvaraja, E. Sleeckx, M. Schaekers, W. Bogaerts, D. V. Thourhout, P. Dumon, and R. Baets, “Low-loss amorphous silicon-on-insulator technology for photonic integrated circuitry,” Opt. Commun. 282, 1767–1770 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (3)

2007 (2)

A. D. Bristow, N. Rotenberg, and H. M. van Driel, “Two-photon absorption and Kerr coefficients of silicon for 850–2200 nm,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 191104 (2007).
[Crossref]

T. Tanabe, M. Notomi, E. Kuramochi, and H. Taniyama, “Large pulse delay and small group velocity achieved using ultrahigh-Q photonic crystal nanocavities.” Opt. Express 15, 7826–7839 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (2)

2004 (3)

1997 (2)

B. Little, S. Chu, H. Haus, J. Foresi, and J.-P. Laine, “Microring resonator channel dropping filters,” J. Light. Technol. 15, 998–1005 (1997).
[Crossref]

B. E. Little, J. P. Laine, and S. T. Chu, “Surface-roughness-induced contradirectional coupling in ring and disk resonators.” Opt. Lett. 22, 4–6 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1991 (1)

M. Sheik-Bahae, D. C. Hutchings, D. J. Hagan, and E. W. Van Stryland, “Dispersion of Bound Electronic Nonlinear Refraction in Solids,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 27, 1296–1309 (1991).
[Crossref]

1985 (1)

M. Stutzmann, W. B. Jackson, and C. C. Tsai, “Light-induced metastable defects in hydrogenated amorphous silicon: A systematic study,” Phys. Rev. B 32, 23–47 (1985).
[Crossref]

Almeida, V. R.

V. R. Almeida, C. A. Barrios, R. R. Panepucci, and M. Lipson, “All-optical control of light on a silicon chip,” Nature 431, 1081–1084 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Badding, J. V.

N. Vukovic, N. Healy, F. H. Suhailin, P. Mehta, T. D. Day, J. V. Badding, and A. C. Peacock, “Ultrafast optical control using the Kerr nonlinearity in hydrogenated amorphous silicon microcylindrical resonators.” Sci. Rep. 3, 2885 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Baets, R.

Ballesteros, G. C.

Barclay, P.

Barrios, C. A.

V. R. Almeida, C. A. Barrios, R. R. Panepucci, and M. Lipson, “All-optical control of light on a silicon chip,” Nature 431, 1081–1084 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Beausoleil, R. G.

R. G. Beausoleil, “Large-scale integrated photonics for high-performance interconnects,” J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst. 7, 6:1–6:54 (2011).
[Crossref]

Q. Xu, D. Fattal, and R. G. Beausoleil, “Silicon microring resonators with 1.5-μm radius,” Opt. Express 16, 4309–4315 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. G. Beausoleil, M. McLaren, and N. P. Jouppi, “Photonic Architectures for Data Centers,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.19, 3700109:1–9 (2013).
[Crossref]

Ben Bakir, B.

Bienstman, P.

Bogaerts, W.

B. Kuyken, S. Clemmen, S. K. Selvaraja, W. Bogaerts, D. Van Thourhout, P. Emplit, S. Massar, G. Roelkens, and R. Baets, “On-chip parametric amplification with 26.5 dB gain at telecommunication wavelengths using CMOS-compatible hydrogenated amorphous silicon waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 36, 552–554 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. K. Selvaraja, E. Sleeckx, M. Schaekers, W. Bogaerts, D. V. Thourhout, P. Dumon, and R. Baets, “Low-loss amorphous silicon-on-insulator technology for photonic integrated circuitry,” Opt. Commun. 282, 1767–1770 (2009).
[Crossref]

Bolivar, P. H.

Bolten, J.

Boyd, R. W.

R. W. Boyd, Nonlinear Optics (Academic Press, 2008), 3rd edition.

Bristow, A. D.

A. D. Bristow, N. Rotenberg, and H. M. van Driel, “Two-photon absorption and Kerr coefficients of silicon for 850–2200 nm,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 191104 (2007).
[Crossref]

Carletti, L.

Cheng, J.

Chu, S.

B. Little, S. Chu, H. Haus, J. Foresi, and J.-P. Laine, “Microring resonator channel dropping filters,” J. Light. Technol. 15, 998–1005 (1997).
[Crossref]

Chu, S. T.

Clemmen, S.

Dambre, J.

Day, T. D.

N. Vukovic, N. Healy, F. H. Suhailin, P. Mehta, T. D. Day, J. V. Badding, and A. C. Peacock, “Ultrafast optical control using the Kerr nonlinearity in hydrogenated amorphous silicon microcylindrical resonators.” Sci. Rep. 3, 2885 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dong, P.

K. Preston, P. Dong, B. Schmidt, and M. Lipson, “High-speed all-optical modulation using polycrystalline silicon microring resonators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 151104 (2008).
[Crossref]

Dumon, P.

S. K. Selvaraja, E. Sleeckx, M. Schaekers, W. Bogaerts, D. V. Thourhout, P. Dumon, and R. Baets, “Low-loss amorphous silicon-on-insulator technology for photonic integrated circuitry,” Opt. Commun. 282, 1767–1770 (2009).
[Crossref]

Elshaari, A. W.

Emplit, P.

Fattal, D.

Fedeli, J. M.

Fédéli, J.-M.

Fiers, M.

Foresi, J.

B. Little, S. Chu, H. Haus, J. Foresi, and J.-P. Laine, “Microring resonator channel dropping filters,” J. Light. Technol. 15, 998–1005 (1997).
[Crossref]

Först, M.

Foster, A. C.

Foster, M. A.

Freude, W.

J. Leuthold, C. Koos, and W. Freude, “Nonlinear silicon photonics,” Nat. Photonics 4, 535–544 (2010).
[Crossref]

Gaeta, A. L.

D. J. Moss, R. Morandotti, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, “New CMOS-compatible platforms based on silicon nitride and Hydex for nonlinear optics,” Nat. Photonics 7, 597–607 (2013).
[Crossref]

A. C. Turner-Foster, M. A. Foster, J. S. Levy, C. B. Poitras, R. Salem, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, “Ultrashort free-carrier lifetime in low-loss silicon nanowaveguides,” Opt. Express 18, 3582–3591 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Galili, M.

Gautier, P.

Georgas, M.

M. Georgas, J. Leu, B. Moss, C. Sun, and V. Stojanovic, “Addressing link-level design tradeoffs for integrated photonic interconnects,” in “Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC),” (2011), pp. 1–8.
[Crossref]

Gottheil, M.

Grillet, C.

Grosse, P.

Hagan, D. J.

M. Sheik-Bahae, D. C. Hutchings, D. J. Hagan, and E. W. Van Stryland, “Dispersion of Bound Electronic Nonlinear Refraction in Solids,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 27, 1296–1309 (1991).
[Crossref]

E. W. Van Stryland and D. J. Hagan, Nonlinear Optics Group, CREOL, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL, USA (personal communication 2013).

Harke, A.

A. Harke, M. Krause, and J. Mueller, “Low-loss singlemode amorphous silicon waveguides,” Electron. Lett. 41, 1377–1379 (2005).
[Crossref]

Haus, H.

B. Little, S. Chu, H. Haus, J. Foresi, and J.-P. Laine, “Microring resonator channel dropping filters,” J. Light. Technol. 15, 998–1005 (1997).
[Crossref]

Healy, N.

N. Vukovic, N. Healy, F. H. Suhailin, P. Mehta, T. D. Day, J. V. Badding, and A. C. Peacock, “Ultrafast optical control using the Kerr nonlinearity in hydrogenated amorphous silicon microcylindrical resonators.” Sci. Rep. 3, 2885 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Henschel, W.

Hu, H.

Hutchings, D. C.

M. Sheik-Bahae, D. C. Hutchings, D. J. Hagan, and E. W. Van Stryland, “Dispersion of Bound Electronic Nonlinear Refraction in Solids,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 27, 1296–1309 (1991).
[Crossref]

Jackson, W. B.

M. Stutzmann, W. B. Jackson, and C. C. Tsai, “Light-induced metastable defects in hydrogenated amorphous silicon: A systematic study,” Phys. Rev. B 32, 23–47 (1985).
[Crossref]

Jeppesen, P.

Ji, H.

Jouppi, N. P.

R. G. Beausoleil, M. McLaren, and N. P. Jouppi, “Photonic Architectures for Data Centers,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.19, 3700109:1–9 (2013).
[Crossref]

Kimerling, L.

Koos, C.

J. Leuthold, C. Koos, and W. Freude, “Nonlinear silicon photonics,” Nat. Photonics 4, 535–544 (2010).
[Crossref]

Krause, M.

A. Harke, M. Krause, and J. Mueller, “Low-loss singlemode amorphous silicon waveguides,” Electron. Lett. 41, 1377–1379 (2005).
[Crossref]

Kumar, R.

Kuramochi, E.

Kurz, H.

Kuyken, B.

Kwong, D. L.

Laine, J. P.

Laine, J.-P.

B. Little, S. Chu, H. Haus, J. Foresi, and J.-P. Laine, “Microring resonator channel dropping filters,” J. Light. Technol. 15, 998–1005 (1997).
[Crossref]

Leu, J.

M. Georgas, J. Leu, B. Moss, C. Sun, and V. Stojanovic, “Addressing link-level design tradeoffs for integrated photonic interconnects,” in “Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC),” (2011), pp. 1–8.
[Crossref]

Leuthold, J.

J. Leuthold, C. Koos, and W. Freude, “Nonlinear silicon photonics,” Nat. Photonics 4, 535–544 (2010).
[Crossref]

Levy, J. S.

Li, W.

Lipson, M.

D. J. Moss, R. Morandotti, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, “New CMOS-compatible platforms based on silicon nitride and Hydex for nonlinear optics,” Nat. Photonics 7, 597–607 (2013).
[Crossref]

A. C. Turner-Foster, M. A. Foster, J. S. Levy, C. B. Poitras, R. Salem, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, “Ultrashort free-carrier lifetime in low-loss silicon nanowaveguides,” Opt. Express 18, 3582–3591 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. Preston, P. Dong, B. Schmidt, and M. Lipson, “High-speed all-optical modulation using polycrystalline silicon microring resonators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 151104 (2008).
[Crossref]

V. R. Almeida, C. A. Barrios, R. R. Panepucci, and M. Lipson, “All-optical control of light on a silicon chip,” Nature 431, 1081–1084 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Little, B.

B. Little, S. Chu, H. Haus, J. Foresi, and J.-P. Laine, “Microring resonator channel dropping filters,” J. Light. Technol. 15, 998–1005 (1997).
[Crossref]

Little, B. E.

Lo, G. Q.

Martí, J.

Massar, S.

Matres, J.

Matsuo, S.

K. Nozaki, T. Tanabe, A. Shinya, S. Matsuo, T. Sato, H. Taniyama, and M. Notomi, “Sub-femtojoule all-optical switching using a photonic-crystal nanocavity,” Nat. Photonics 4, 477–483 (2010).
[Crossref]

McLaren, M.

R. G. Beausoleil, M. McLaren, and N. P. Jouppi, “Photonic Architectures for Data Centers,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.19, 3700109:1–9 (2013).
[Crossref]

Mechet, P.

Mehta, P.

N. Vukovic, N. Healy, F. H. Suhailin, P. Mehta, T. D. Day, J. V. Badding, and A. C. Peacock, “Ultrafast optical control using the Kerr nonlinearity in hydrogenated amorphous silicon microcylindrical resonators.” Sci. Rep. 3, 2885 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Menezo, S.

Michel, J.

Monat, C.

Morandotti, R.

D. J. Moss, R. Morandotti, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, “New CMOS-compatible platforms based on silicon nitride and Hydex for nonlinear optics,” Nat. Photonics 7, 597–607 (2013).
[Crossref]

Morthier, G.

Moss, B.

M. Georgas, J. Leu, B. Moss, C. Sun, and V. Stojanovic, “Addressing link-level design tradeoffs for integrated photonic interconnects,” in “Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC),” (2011), pp. 1–8.
[Crossref]

Moss, D. J.

D. J. Moss, R. Morandotti, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, “New CMOS-compatible platforms based on silicon nitride and Hydex for nonlinear optics,” Nat. Photonics 7, 597–607 (2013).
[Crossref]

C. Grillet, L. Carletti, C. Monat, P. Grosse, B. Ben Bakir, S. Menezo, J. M. Fedeli, and D. J. Moss, “Amorphous silicon nanowires combining high nonlinearity, FOM and optical stability,” Opt. Express 20, 22609–22615 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mueller, J.

A. Harke, M. Krause, and J. Mueller, “Low-loss singlemode amorphous silicon waveguides,” Electron. Lett. 41, 1377–1379 (2005).
[Crossref]

Murphy, T. E.

Narayanan, K.

Niehusmann, J.

Notomi, M.

K. Nozaki, T. Tanabe, A. Shinya, S. Matsuo, T. Sato, H. Taniyama, and M. Notomi, “Sub-femtojoule all-optical switching using a photonic-crystal nanocavity,” Nat. Photonics 4, 477–483 (2010).
[Crossref]

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M. Georgas, J. Leu, B. Moss, C. Sun, and V. Stojanovic, “Addressing link-level design tradeoffs for integrated photonic interconnects,” in “Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC),” (2011), pp. 1–8.
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M. Sheik-Bahae, D. C. Hutchings, D. J. Hagan, and E. W. Van Stryland, “Dispersion of Bound Electronic Nonlinear Refraction in Solids,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 27, 1296–1309 (1991).
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N. Vukovic, N. Healy, F. H. Suhailin, P. Mehta, T. D. Day, J. V. Badding, and A. C. Peacock, “Ultrafast optical control using the Kerr nonlinearity in hydrogenated amorphous silicon microcylindrical resonators.” Sci. Rep. 3, 2885 (2013).
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A. D. Bristow, N. Rotenberg, and H. M. van Driel, “Two-photon absorption and Kerr coefficients of silicon for 850–2200 nm,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 191104 (2007).
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N. Vukovic, N. Healy, F. H. Suhailin, P. Mehta, T. D. Day, J. V. Badding, and A. C. Peacock, “Ultrafast optical control using the Kerr nonlinearity in hydrogenated amorphous silicon microcylindrical resonators.” Sci. Rep. 3, 2885 (2013).
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M. Georgas, J. Leu, B. Moss, C. Sun, and V. Stojanovic, “Addressing link-level design tradeoffs for integrated photonic interconnects,” in “Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC),” (2011), pp. 1–8.
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R. A. Street, Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon (Cambridge University, 2005).

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Figures (6)
Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Scanning electron micrographs of a-Si:H devices after etching: (a) layout of microring device with bus waveguide and grating couplers; (b) close-up of grating coupler for TM-polarized light; (c) a 5-μm-diameter a-Si:H microring and bus waveguide.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 (a) Measured transmission for 10-μm-diameter a-Si:H microring using a cw laser scan, and fit to a Lorentzian response. The observed Q = 7500, and extinction ratio is 23.3 dB, showing operation very near the critical coupling point; (b) Spectrum of pump pulses (Pp = 1.1 W) transmitted through the ring resonator measured using an OSA, and fit to a CMT simulation with a Gaussian pump pulse with τp = 2.7 ps.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Experimental setup for pump-probe optical switching experiments on microring resonators. Abbreviations: MLL, mode-locked laser; TBPF, tunable band-pass filter; EDFA, erbium-doped fiber amplifier; VATT, variable optical attenuator; PC, polarization controller; WDM, wavelength-division multiplexer; OSA, optical spectrum analyzer. The pump path is denoted by red lines, and the probe path denoted by blue; the pump wavelength is positioned one FSR longer than the probe.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Transmitted probe power versus time showing influence of three nonlinear effects: Kerr (XPM) redshift, FCD blueshift, and thermo-optic redshift for an a-Si:H microring resonator with D = 10 μm. Inset: position of probe wavelength λa relative to the cavity resonance λcav before the arrival of the pump pulse at t = 0.4 ns.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 (a) Measured and (b) simulated normalized probe transmission as a function of time and probe wavelength for a-Si:H microring resonator with D = 10 μm. Red denotes high transmission and blue denotes low transmission. (c) shows individual probe oscilloscope traces when the probe is either on-resonance (blue curve) or red-detuned from the resonance (green curve).

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 (a) Measured and (b) simulated probe transmission as a function of time and probe wavelength for c-Si microring resonator with D = 5 μm.

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Tables (1)

Tables Icon

Table 1 Parameters describing optical and material properties in amorphous and crystalline silicon microring resonators, and their values. Values marked with an asterisk were measured in this work, and those not measured in this work are quoted from [36], except where indicated. D is the diameter of the resonator.

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Equations (8)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

Δ ω ω 0 = − Δ n n g ,
U = λ 3 n n 2 c V ˜ Q .
d a d t = [ i ( ω 0 − ω a ) − γ 0 2 ]   a + κ s a ( t ) ,
Re [ δ ω a nl ] = − c ω 0 n 2 Γ TPA n g 2 V TPA ( | a | 2 + 2 | b | 2 ) − ( ω 0 n g d n d N )   N − ( ω 0 n g d n d T )   Δ T .
d a d t = [ i ( ω 0 − ω a + δ ω a nl ) − γ 0 2 ]   a + κ s a ( t )
d b d t = [ i ( ω 0 − ω b + δ ω b nl ) − γ 0 2 ]   b + κ s b ( t ) .
d N d t = − N τ car = ( Γ FCA β c 2 2 h ¯ ω 0 V FCA 2 n g 2 )   | b | 4
d Δ T d t = − Δ T τ th + ( Γ th γ 0 ρ C p V th )   | b | 2

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