Abstract

A novel approach to adaptively control the beam profile in a few-mode fiber is experimentally demonstrated. We stress the fiber through an electric-controlled polarization controller, whose driven voltage depends on the current and target modal content difference obtained with the real-time mode decomposition. We have achieved selective excitations of LP01 and LP11 modes, as well as significant improvement of the beam quality factor, which may play crucial roles for high-power fiber lasers, fiber based telecommunication systems and other fundamental researches and applications.

© 2015 Optical Society of America

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References

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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]

2015 (4)

2014 (2)

2013 (7)

2012 (3)

2011 (4)

2010 (1)

2009 (1)

2008 (1)

2007 (2)

N. Sanner, N. Huot, E. Audouard, C. Larat, and J. P. Huignard, “Direct ultrafast laser micro-structuring of materials using programmable beam shaping,” Opt. Lasers Eng. 45(6), 737–741 (2007).
[Crossref]

S. Wielandy, “Implications of higher-order mode content in large mode area fibers with good beam quality,” Opt. Express 15(23), 15402–15409 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2006 (1)

2005 (1)

O. Shapira, A. F. Abouraddy, J. D. Joannopoulos, and Y. Fink, “Complete modal decomposition for optical waveguides,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(14), 143902 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2000 (1)

1998 (1)

Abouraddy, A. F.

O. Shapira, A. F. Abouraddy, J. D. Joannopoulos, and Y. Fink, “Complete modal decomposition for optical waveguides,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(14), 143902 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Audouard, E.

N. Sanner, N. Huot, E. Audouard, C. Larat, and J. P. Huignard, “Direct ultrafast laser micro-structuring of materials using programmable beam shaping,” Opt. Lasers Eng. 45(6), 737–741 (2007).
[Crossref]

Baskiotis, C.

Bolle, C. A.

Brüning, R.

Burger, L.

S. Ngcobo, I. Litvin, L. Burger, and A. Forbes, “A digital laser for on-demand laser modes,” Nat. Commun. 4, 2289 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chan, J. S. P.

Cheng, X.

L. Huang, S. Guo, J. Leng, H. Lü, P. Zhou, and X. Cheng, “Real-time mode decomposition for few-mode fiber based on numerical method,” Opt. Express 23(4), 4620–4629 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Huang, H. Lü, P. Zhou, J. Leng, S. Guo, and X. Cheng, “Modal analysis of fiber laser beam by using stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 27(21), 2280–2283 (2015).
[Crossref]

Clarkson, W. A.

Daniel, J. M. O.

Duparré, M.

Essiambre, R. J.

Fini, J. M.

D. J. Richardson, J. M. Fini, and L. E. Nelson, “Space-division multiplexing in optical fibres,” Nat. Photonics 7(5), 354–362 (2013).
[Crossref]

Fink, Y.

O. Shapira, A. F. Abouraddy, J. D. Joannopoulos, and Y. Fink, “Complete modal decomposition for optical waveguides,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(14), 143902 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Flamm, D.

Forbes, A.

Gaida, C.

Gelszinnis, P.

Ghalmi, S.

Gnauck, A. H.

Goldberg, L.

Gu, X.

Guo, S.

L. Huang, S. Guo, J. Leng, H. Lü, P. Zhou, and X. Cheng, “Real-time mode decomposition for few-mode fiber based on numerical method,” Opt. Express 23(4), 4620–4629 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Huang, H. Lü, P. Zhou, J. Leng, S. Guo, and X. Cheng, “Modal analysis of fiber laser beam by using stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 27(21), 2280–2283 (2015).
[Crossref]

Huang, L.

L. Huang, H. Lü, P. Zhou, J. Leng, S. Guo, and X. Cheng, “Modal analysis of fiber laser beam by using stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 27(21), 2280–2283 (2015).
[Crossref]

L. Huang, S. Guo, J. Leng, H. Lü, P. Zhou, and X. Cheng, “Real-time mode decomposition for few-mode fiber based on numerical method,” Opt. Express 23(4), 4620–4629 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Huignard, J. P.

N. Sanner, N. Huot, E. Audouard, C. Larat, and J. P. Huignard, “Direct ultrafast laser micro-structuring of materials using programmable beam shaping,” Opt. Lasers Eng. 45(6), 737–741 (2007).
[Crossref]

Huot, N.

N. Sanner, N. Huot, E. Audouard, C. Larat, and J. P. Huignard, “Direct ultrafast laser micro-structuring of materials using programmable beam shaping,” Opt. Lasers Eng. 45(6), 737–741 (2007).
[Crossref]

Ibsen, M.

Jain, D.

Jansen, F.

Jauregui, C.

Jiang, Z.

Joannopoulos, J. D.

O. Shapira, A. F. Abouraddy, J. D. Joannopoulos, and Y. Fink, “Complete modal decomposition for optical waveguides,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(14), 143902 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kaiser, T.

Kim, J. W.

Kliner, D. A. V.

Koplow, J. P.

Larat, C.

N. Sanner, N. Huot, E. Audouard, C. Larat, and J. P. Huignard, “Direct ultrafast laser micro-structuring of materials using programmable beam shaping,” Opt. Lasers Eng. 45(6), 737–741 (2007).
[Crossref]

Leng, J.

L. Huang, S. Guo, J. Leng, H. Lü, P. Zhou, and X. Cheng, “Real-time mode decomposition for few-mode fiber based on numerical method,” Opt. Express 23(4), 4620–4629 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Huang, H. Lü, P. Zhou, J. Leng, S. Guo, and X. Cheng, “Modal analysis of fiber laser beam by using stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 27(21), 2280–2283 (2015).
[Crossref]

Limpert, J.

Lingle, R.

Litvin, I.

S. Ngcobo, I. Litvin, L. Burger, and A. Forbes, “A digital laser for on-demand laser modes,” Nat. Commun. 4, 2289 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lu, P.

Lü, H.

Mansuripur, M.

McCurdy, A.

Mohammed, W.

Naidoo, D.

Nelson, L. E.

D. J. Richardson, J. M. Fini, and L. E. Nelson, “Space-division multiplexing in optical fibres,” Nat. Photonics 7(5), 354–362 (2013).
[Crossref]

Ngcobo, S.

Nicholson, J. W.

Nilsson, J.

J. Nilsson and D. N. Payne, “Physics. High-power fiber lasers,” Science 332(6032), 921–922 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Otto, H. J.

Payne, D. N.

J. Nilsson and D. N. Payne, “Physics. High-power fiber lasers,” Science 332(6032), 921–922 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Peckham, D. W.

Polynkin, P.

Ramachandran, S.

Randel, S.

Richardson, D. J.

D. J. Richardson, J. M. Fini, and L. E. Nelson, “Space-division multiplexing in optical fibres,” Nat. Photonics 7(5), 354–362 (2013).
[Crossref]

Ryf, R.

Sahu, J. K.

Sanner, N.

N. Sanner, N. Huot, E. Audouard, C. Larat, and J. P. Huignard, “Direct ultrafast laser micro-structuring of materials using programmable beam shaping,” Opt. Lasers Eng. 45(6), 737–741 (2007).
[Crossref]

Schmidt, O. A.

Schröter, S.

Schulze, C.

Shapira, O.

O. Shapira, A. F. Abouraddy, J. D. Joannopoulos, and Y. Fink, “Complete modal decomposition for optical waveguides,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(14), 143902 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Shipton, M.

Sierra, A.

Sivokon, V. P.

Soker, S.

Stutzki, F.

Tünnermann, A.

Vorontsov, M. A.

Wang, A.

Wang, X.

Wielandy, S.

Winzer, P. J.

Xu, Y.

Yablon, A. D.

Yoda, H.

Zhou, P.

Appl. Opt. (4)

IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. (1)

L. Huang, H. Lü, P. Zhou, J. Leng, S. Guo, and X. Cheng, “Modal analysis of fiber laser beam by using stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 27(21), 2280–2283 (2015).
[Crossref]

J. Lightwave Technol. (2)

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (1)

Nat. Commun. (1)

S. Ngcobo, I. Litvin, L. Burger, and A. Forbes, “A digital laser for on-demand laser modes,” Nat. Commun. 4, 2289 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nat. Photonics (1)

D. J. Richardson, J. M. Fini, and L. E. Nelson, “Space-division multiplexing in optical fibres,” Nat. Photonics 7(5), 354–362 (2013).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (12)

J. M. O. Daniel, J. S. P. Chan, J. W. Kim, J. K. Sahu, M. Ibsen, and W. A. Clarkson, “Novel technique for mode selection in a multimode fiber laser,” Opt. Express 19(13), 12434–12439 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. M. O. Daniel and W. A. Clarkson, “Rapid, electronically controllable transverse mode selection in a multimode fiber laser,” Opt. Express 21(24), 29442–29448 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Lu, M. Shipton, A. Wang, S. Soker, and Y. Xu, “Adaptive control of waveguide modes in a two-mode-fiber,” Opt. Express 22(3), 2955–2964 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Lu, M. Shipton, A. Wang, and Y. Xu, “Adaptive control of waveguide modes using a directional coupler,” Opt. Express 22(17), 20000–20007 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Huang, S. Guo, J. Leng, H. Lü, P. Zhou, and X. Cheng, “Real-time mode decomposition for few-mode fiber based on numerical method,” Opt. Express 23(4), 4620–4629 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Schulze, S. Ngcobo, M. Duparré, and A. Forbes, “Modal decomposition without a priori scale information,” Opt. Express 20(25), 27866–27873 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. W. Nicholson, A. D. Yablon, S. Ramachandran, and S. Ghalmi, “Spatially and spectrally resolved imaging of modal content in large-mode-area fibers,” Opt. Express 16(10), 7233–7243 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Kaiser, D. Flamm, S. Schröter, and M. Duparré, “Complete modal decomposition for optical fibers using CGH-based correlation filters,” Opt. Express 17(11), 9347–9356 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Randel, R. Ryf, A. Sierra, P. J. Winzer, A. H. Gnauck, C. A. Bolle, R. J. Essiambre, D. W. Peckham, A. McCurdy, and R. Lingle., “6×56-Gb/s mode-division multiplexed transmission over 33-km few-mode fiber enabled by 6×6 MIMO equalization,” Opt. Express 19(17), 16697–16707 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Schulze, D. Naidoo, D. Flamm, O. A. Schmidt, A. Forbes, and M. Duparré, “Wavefront reconstruction by modal decomposition,” Opt. Express 20(18), 19714–19725 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Jain, C. Baskiotis, and J. K. Sahu, “Mode area scaling with multi-trench rod-type fibers,” Opt. Express 21(2), 1448–1455 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Wielandy, “Implications of higher-order mode content in large mode area fibers with good beam quality,” Opt. Express 15(23), 15402–15409 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lasers Eng. (1)

N. Sanner, N. Huot, E. Audouard, C. Larat, and J. P. Huignard, “Direct ultrafast laser micro-structuring of materials using programmable beam shaping,” Opt. Lasers Eng. 45(6), 737–741 (2007).
[Crossref]

Opt. Lett. (4)

Phys. Rev. Lett. (1)

O. Shapira, A. F. Abouraddy, J. D. Joannopoulos, and Y. Fink, “Complete modal decomposition for optical waveguides,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(14), 143902 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Science (1)

J. Nilsson and D. N. Payne, “Physics. High-power fiber lasers,” Science 332(6032), 921–922 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Other (3)

A. W. Snyder and J. D. Love, Optical Waveguide Theory (Springer Science & Business Media, 2012).

S. Yao, “Polarization in fiber systems: squeezing out more bandwidth,” in The Photonics Handbook (Laurin Publishing, 2003).

Y. Jung, Z. Li, N. H. L. Wong, J. Daniel, J. K. Sahu, S. Alam, and D. J. Richardson, “Spatial mode switchable, wavelength tunable erbium doped fiber laser incorporating a spatial light modulator,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optical Society of America, 2014), paper Tu3D.4.
[Crossref]

Supplementary Material (3)

NameDescription
Visualization 1: MOV (561 KB)      Visualization 1 shows the video of the process optimizing the beam to almost pure LP01.
Visualization 2: MOV (540 KB)      Visualization 2 shows the process optimizing the initial beam to almost pure LP11e.
Visualization 3: MOV (612 KB)      Visualization 3 shows the process optimizing the initial beam to the beam with M2~1.02.

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Figures (5)
Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Experimental set-up of adaptive mode control system (SMF, single-mode fiber; PC, polarization controller; DAQ, data acquisition device; L, lens; HWP, half-wave plate; PBS, polarization beam splitter; nPBS, non-polarization beam splitter; NDF, neutral density filter;f1/f2, focal length of L1/L2;). The SMF-28 fiber is FMF at 1073 nm and the dashed lines represent electrical connections.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 The evolution of the LP01 content and the control voltage during the experimental process. The insets show the initial beam and the optimized beam (at 50th step) respectively. Visualization 1 shows the video of the process optimizing the beam to almost pure LP01.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Beam profiles “before” and “after” optimization of four different optimization processes and the corresponding LP01 weight.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 The evolution of the LP11o content and the corresponding control voltage during the process of selective excitation of the LP11o mode. The insets show the initial beam and the optimized beam (at 40th step) respectively. Visualization 2 shows the process optimizing the initial beam to almost pure LP11o.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 5
Fig. 5 The evolution of the M2 and the corresponding control voltage during the process of minimizing M2. The insets show the initial beam and the optimized beam (at 30th step) respectively. Visualization 3 shows the process of optimizing the initial beam to the beam with M2~1.02.

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Tables (1)

Tables Icon

Table 1 Initial and optimized M2 with the corresponding mode contents of five examples

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Equations (2)

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U(r,φ)= ∑ n=1 N ρ n e i θ n ψ n (r,φ)
J=| ∬ Δ I re (r,φ)Δ I me (r,φ)rdrdφ ∬ Δ I re 2 (r,φ)rdrdφ ∬ Δ I me 2 (r,φ)rdrdφ |

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