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Brillouin optical time-domain analysis sensor assisted by Brillouin distributed amplification of pump pulses

Javier Urricelqui, Mikel Sagues, and Alayn Loayssa

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

We demonstrate the extension of the measurement range of Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) sensors using a distributed Brillouin amplifier (DBA). The technique is based on injecting a DBA pump wave in the fiber to generate an additional Brillouin interaction that amplifies the BOTDA pump pulses and compensates optical fiber attenuation. This amplification does not introduce any significant noise to the BOTDA’s probe wave due to the inherent directionality of the Brillouin gain. Additionally, we deploy a differential pulse-width pair measurement method to avoid measurement errors due to the interplay between the self-phase modulation effect and the changes in the temporal shape of the pulses induced by the transient behavior of Brillouin gain. Experimental proof-of-concept results in a 50-km fiber link demonstrate full compensation of the fiber’s attenuation with no penalty on the signal-to-noise ratio of the detected signal.

© 2015 Optical Society of America

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Figures (10)
Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Fundamentals of the technique, showing the spectra of the optical waves present in the fiber for a DBA-assisted BOTDA.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 (a) Local Brillouin gain experienced by the pump pulses at each location of the fiber and (b) total gain experienced by the pulses in their propagation for each location of the fiber. νL0 is the wavelength of the DBA pump wave when no modulation is applied. Simulation parameters are: Brillouin gain 1.1 · 10−11m/W, Brillouin linewidth 30MHz, effective area is 8 · 10−11 m2 and the injected optical pump pulse and DBA pump are 100mW and 4.7mW, respectively.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Experimental setup for the DBA–assisted BOTDA sensor.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Measured distribution of the Brillouin spectra when the DBA is turned (a) off and (b) on for 55-ns pulses.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Optical power of pump pulses at the output of the fiber. Two pulses of 40 ns (red) and 55 ns (blue) are depicted at the output of the fiber with the DBA turned off (dashed line, right vertical axis) and on (solid line, left vertical axis).

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 Measured BOTDA traces when the DBA is switched off (red–dotted line) and on (black–solid line).

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7 Measured Brillouin spectra at the first (black–solid line) and final (red–dashed line) section using (a) the conventional BOTDA technique and (b) the DBA–assisted technique.

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Fig. 8
Fig. 8 SNR evolution for the DBA–assisted technique (black–solid line) and the conventional BOTDA sensor (red–dotted line).

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Fig. 9
Fig. 9 BFS distribution measured (a) along the whole lenght of fiber and (b) at the last kilometers, using DBA for 15-ns (blue), 30-ns (red) and 40-ns (black) pulses and DPP of 40/55-ns (purple), and without DBA amplification for 40–ns pulses (green). Brillouin gain spectra (c) measured at the last kilometers using DBA for 15-ns (blue) and DPP of 40/55-ns (purple).

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Fig. 10
Fig. 10 Brillouin gain spectra at the input (solid–black line) and output (medium–dashed red line) of the fiber link, for the DBA-assisted BOTDA deploying DPP using 40-ns and 55-ns pulses. Detection noise (long dashed black) without DBA.

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Equations (5)

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d P P d z = [ g B ( Δ ν DBA ) P L − g B ( Δ ν ) P S ] P P A eff − α P P
d P S d z = − g B ( Δ ν ) A eff P P P S + α P S
d P L d z = g B ( Δ ν DBA ) A eff P P P L + α P L
Δ ν DBA ( z ) = ν P − ν L ( z ) + BFS ( z )
P P ( z ) = P P ( 0 ) exp [ ∫ 0 z g B ( Δ ν DBA ) A eff P L ( L ) exp ( − α ( L − z ) ) d x ] ⋅ exp [ g B ( Δ ν ) A eff P S ( L ) exp ( − α L ) ( exp ( α z ) − 1 ) α ] exp [ − α z ]

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