Abstract

We investigate the effects of atomic coherence on four-wave mixing (FWM), with respect to the transition routes between the hyperfine states in the 5S1/2–5P3/2–5D5/2 transition of 87Rb atoms. By comparing the FWM spectra with the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) spectra of the hyperfine states, we confirm that the FWM process is significantly influenced by both ladder-type and V-type two-photon coherences. From the observed FWM signal of each hyperfine structure, we clarify the role of two-photon coherence in the FWM process under EIT, double-resonance optical pumping (DROP), and two-photon absorption (TPA) conditions in a ladder-type atomic system, which is dependent on the open degree of the hyperfine states, the laser intensity, and the laser frequency detuning.

© 2016 Optical Society of America

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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  25. H.-R. Noh and H. S. Moon, “Discrimination of one-photon and two-photon coherence parts in electromagnetically induced transparency for a ladder-type three-level atomic system,” Opt. Express 19(12), 11128–11137 (2011).
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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]

2015 (1)

2014 (4)

J. F. Sell, M. A. Gearba, B. D. DePaola, and R. J. Knize, “Collimated blue and infrared beams generated by two-photon excitation in Rb vapor,” Opt. Lett. 39(3), 528–531 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. S. Moon and H.-R. Noh, “Atomic coherences of on-resonant and off-resonant two-photon absorptions in a ladder-type,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 31(5), 1217–1222 (2014).
[Crossref]

F. Wen, H. Zheng, X. Xue, H. Chen, J. Song, and Y. Zhang, “Electromagnetically induced transparency-assisted four-wave mixing process in the diamond-type four-level atomic system,” Opt. Mater. 37, 724–726 (2014).
[Crossref]

Y.-W. Cho, K.-K. Park, J.-C. Lee, and Y.-H. Kim, “Engineering frequency-time quantum correlation of narrow-band biphotons from cold atoms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113(6), 063602 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2013 (1)

B. Srivathsan, G. K. Gulati, B. Chng, G. Maslennikov, D. Matsukevich, and C. Kurtsiefer, “Narrow band source of transform-limited photon pairs via four-wave mixing in a cold atomic ensemble,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 111(12), 123602 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2012 (3)

2011 (3)

2009 (2)

A. M. Akulshin, R. J. McLean, A. I. Sidorov, and P. Hannaford, “Coherent and collimated blue light generated by four-wave mixing in Rb vapour,” Opt. Express 17(25), 22861–22870 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. T. Willis, F. E. Becerra, L. A. Orozco, and S. L. Rolston, “Four-wave mixing in the diamond configuration in an atomic vapor,” Phys. Rev. A 79(3), 033814 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (3)

F. E. Becerra, R. T. Willis, S. L. Rolston, and L. A. Orozco, “Nondegenerate four-wave mixing in rubidium vapor: the diamond configuration,” Phys. Rev. A 78(1), 013834 (2008).
[Crossref]

H. S. Moon, L. Lee, and J. B. Kim, “Double resonance optical pumping effects in electromagnetically induced transparency,” Opt. Express 16(16), 12163–12170 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Du, P. Kolchin, C. Belthangady, G. Y. Yin, and S. E. Harris, “Subnatural linewidth biphotons with controllable temporal length,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(18), 183603 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (1)

Y. Zhang, U. Khadka, B. Anderson, and M. Xiao, “Controlling four-wave and six-wave mixing processes in multilevel atomic systems,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(22), 221108 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

T. Chanelière, D. N. Matsukevich, S. D. Jenkins, T. A. B. Kennedy, M. S. Chapman, and A. Kuzmich, “Quantum telecommunication based on atomic cascade transitions,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96(9), 093604 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (1)

V. Balić, D. A. Braje, P. Kolchin, G. Y. Yin, and S. E. Harris, “Generation of paired photons with controllable waveforms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(18), 183601 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1999 (1)

A. S. Zibrov, M. D. Lukin, and M. O. Scully, “Nondegenerate parametric self-oscillation via multiwave mixing in coherent atomic media,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 83(20), 4049–4052 (1999).
[Crossref]

1996 (2)

J. C. Petch, C. H. Keitel, P. L. Knight, and J. P. Marangos, “Role of electromagnetically induced transparency in resonant four-wave-mixing schemes,” Phys. Rev. A 53(1), 543–561 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y.-Q. Li and M. Xiao, “Enhancement of nondegenerate four-wave mixing based on electromagnetically induced transparency in rubidium atoms,” Opt. Lett. 21(14), 1064–1066 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1995 (1)

1993 (1)

1991 (1)

K. Hakuta, L. Marmet, and B. P. Stoicheff, “Electric-field-induced second-harmonic generation with reduced absorption in atomic hydrogen,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 66(5), 596–599 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1990 (1)

S. E. Harris, J. E. Field, and A. Imamoglu, “Nonlinear optical processes using electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 64(10), 1107–1110 (1990).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1977 (1)

Akulshin, A. M.

Anderson, B.

Y. Zhang, U. Khadka, B. Anderson, and M. Xiao, “Controlling four-wave and six-wave mixing processes in multilevel atomic systems,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(22), 221108 (2007).
[Crossref]

Balic, V.

V. Balić, D. A. Braje, P. Kolchin, G. Y. Yin, and S. E. Harris, “Generation of paired photons with controllable waveforms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(18), 183601 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Becerra, F. E.

R. T. Willis, F. E. Becerra, L. A. Orozco, and S. L. Rolston, “Photon statistics and polarization correlations at telecommunications wavelengths from a warm atomic ensemble,” Opt. Express 19(15), 14632–14641 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. T. Willis, F. E. Becerra, L. A. Orozco, and S. L. Rolston, “Four-wave mixing in the diamond configuration in an atomic vapor,” Phys. Rev. A 79(3), 033814 (2009).
[Crossref]

F. E. Becerra, R. T. Willis, S. L. Rolston, and L. A. Orozco, “Nondegenerate four-wave mixing in rubidium vapor: the diamond configuration,” Phys. Rev. A 78(1), 013834 (2008).
[Crossref]

Belthangady, C.

S. Du, P. Kolchin, C. Belthangady, G. Y. Yin, and S. E. Harris, “Subnatural linewidth biphotons with controllable temporal length,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(18), 183603 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Braje, D. A.

V. Balić, D. A. Braje, P. Kolchin, G. Y. Yin, and S. E. Harris, “Generation of paired photons with controllable waveforms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(18), 183601 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chanelière, T.

T. Chanelière, D. N. Matsukevich, S. D. Jenkins, T. A. B. Kennedy, M. S. Chapman, and A. Kuzmich, “Quantum telecommunication based on atomic cascade transitions,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96(9), 093604 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chapman, M. S.

T. Chanelière, D. N. Matsukevich, S. D. Jenkins, T. A. B. Kennedy, M. S. Chapman, and A. Kuzmich, “Quantum telecommunication based on atomic cascade transitions,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96(9), 093604 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, H.

F. Wen, H. Zheng, X. Xue, H. Chen, J. Song, and Y. Zhang, “Electromagnetically induced transparency-assisted four-wave mixing process in the diamond-type four-level atomic system,” Opt. Mater. 37, 724–726 (2014).
[Crossref]

Chng, B.

B. Srivathsan, G. K. Gulati, B. Chng, G. Maslennikov, D. Matsukevich, and C. Kurtsiefer, “Narrow band source of transform-limited photon pairs via four-wave mixing in a cold atomic ensemble,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 111(12), 123602 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cho, Y.-W.

Y.-W. Cho, K.-K. Park, J.-C. Lee, and Y.-H. Kim, “Engineering frequency-time quantum correlation of narrow-band biphotons from cold atoms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113(6), 063602 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cronin-Golomb, M.

DePaola, B. D.

Ding, D.-S.

Donoghue, J.

Du, S.

S. Du, P. Kolchin, C. Belthangady, G. Y. Yin, and S. E. Harris, “Subnatural linewidth biphotons with controllable temporal length,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(18), 183603 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Field, J. E.

M. Jain, G. Y. Yin, J. E. Field, and S. E. Harris, “Observation of electromagnetically induced phase matching,” Opt. Lett. 18(12), 998–1000 (1993).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. E. Harris, J. E. Field, and A. Imamoglu, “Nonlinear optical processes using electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 64(10), 1107–1110 (1990).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gearba, M. A.

Gulati, G. K.

B. Srivathsan, G. K. Gulati, B. Chng, G. Maslennikov, D. Matsukevich, and C. Kurtsiefer, “Narrow band source of transform-limited photon pairs via four-wave mixing in a cold atomic ensemble,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 111(12), 123602 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Guo, G.-C.

Hakuta, K.

K. Hakuta, L. Marmet, and B. P. Stoicheff, “Electric-field-induced second-harmonic generation with reduced absorption in atomic hydrogen,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 66(5), 596–599 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hannaford, P.

Harris, S. E.

S. Du, P. Kolchin, C. Belthangady, G. Y. Yin, and S. E. Harris, “Subnatural linewidth biphotons with controllable temporal length,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(18), 183603 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. Balić, D. A. Braje, P. Kolchin, G. Y. Yin, and S. E. Harris, “Generation of paired photons with controllable waveforms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(18), 183601 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Jain, G. Y. Yin, J. E. Field, and S. E. Harris, “Observation of electromagnetically induced phase matching,” Opt. Lett. 18(12), 998–1000 (1993).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. E. Harris, J. E. Field, and A. Imamoglu, “Nonlinear optical processes using electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 64(10), 1107–1110 (1990).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hemmer, P. R.

Imamoglu, A.

S. E. Harris, J. E. Field, and A. Imamoglu, “Nonlinear optical processes using electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 64(10), 1107–1110 (1990).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jain, M.

Jenkins, S. D.

T. Chanelière, D. N. Matsukevich, S. D. Jenkins, T. A. B. Kennedy, M. S. Chapman, and A. Kuzmich, “Quantum telecommunication based on atomic cascade transitions,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96(9), 093604 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Katz, D. P.

Keitel, C. H.

J. C. Petch, C. H. Keitel, P. L. Knight, and J. P. Marangos, “Role of electromagnetically induced transparency in resonant four-wave-mixing schemes,” Phys. Rev. A 53(1), 543–561 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kennedy, T. A. B.

T. Chanelière, D. N. Matsukevich, S. D. Jenkins, T. A. B. Kennedy, M. S. Chapman, and A. Kuzmich, “Quantum telecommunication based on atomic cascade transitions,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96(9), 093604 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Khadka, U.

U. Khadka, H. Zheng, and M. Xiao, “Four-wave-mixing between the upper excited states in a ladder-type atomic configuration,” Opt. Express 20(6), 6204–6214 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Zhang, U. Khadka, B. Anderson, and M. Xiao, “Controlling four-wave and six-wave mixing processes in multilevel atomic systems,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(22), 221108 (2007).
[Crossref]

Kim, J. B.

Kim, Y.-H.

Y.-W. Cho, K.-K. Park, J.-C. Lee, and Y.-H. Kim, “Engineering frequency-time quantum correlation of narrow-band biphotons from cold atoms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113(6), 063602 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Knight, P. L.

J. C. Petch, C. H. Keitel, P. L. Knight, and J. P. Marangos, “Role of electromagnetically induced transparency in resonant four-wave-mixing schemes,” Phys. Rev. A 53(1), 543–561 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Knize, R. J.

Kolchin, P.

S. Du, P. Kolchin, C. Belthangady, G. Y. Yin, and S. E. Harris, “Subnatural linewidth biphotons with controllable temporal length,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(18), 183603 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. Balić, D. A. Braje, P. Kolchin, G. Y. Yin, and S. E. Harris, “Generation of paired photons with controllable waveforms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(18), 183601 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kumar, P.

Kurtsiefer, C.

B. Srivathsan, G. K. Gulati, B. Chng, G. Maslennikov, D. Matsukevich, and C. Kurtsiefer, “Narrow band source of transform-limited photon pairs via four-wave mixing in a cold atomic ensemble,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 111(12), 123602 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kuzmich, A.

T. Chanelière, D. N. Matsukevich, S. D. Jenkins, T. A. B. Kennedy, M. S. Chapman, and A. Kuzmich, “Quantum telecommunication based on atomic cascade transitions,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96(9), 093604 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lee, J.-C.

Y.-W. Cho, K.-K. Park, J.-C. Lee, and Y.-H. Kim, “Engineering frequency-time quantum correlation of narrow-band biphotons from cold atoms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113(6), 063602 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lee, L.

Li, Y.

Li, Y.-Q.

Lukin, M. D.

A. S. Zibrov, M. D. Lukin, and M. O. Scully, “Nondegenerate parametric self-oscillation via multiwave mixing in coherent atomic media,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 83(20), 4049–4052 (1999).
[Crossref]

Marangos, J. P.

J. C. Petch, C. H. Keitel, P. L. Knight, and J. P. Marangos, “Role of electromagnetically induced transparency in resonant four-wave-mixing schemes,” Phys. Rev. A 53(1), 543–561 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Marmet, L.

K. Hakuta, L. Marmet, and B. P. Stoicheff, “Electric-field-induced second-harmonic generation with reduced absorption in atomic hydrogen,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 66(5), 596–599 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Maslennikov, G.

B. Srivathsan, G. K. Gulati, B. Chng, G. Maslennikov, D. Matsukevich, and C. Kurtsiefer, “Narrow band source of transform-limited photon pairs via four-wave mixing in a cold atomic ensemble,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 111(12), 123602 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Matsukevich, D.

B. Srivathsan, G. K. Gulati, B. Chng, G. Maslennikov, D. Matsukevich, and C. Kurtsiefer, “Narrow band source of transform-limited photon pairs via four-wave mixing in a cold atomic ensemble,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 111(12), 123602 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Matsukevich, D. N.

T. Chanelière, D. N. Matsukevich, S. D. Jenkins, T. A. B. Kennedy, M. S. Chapman, and A. Kuzmich, “Quantum telecommunication based on atomic cascade transitions,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96(9), 093604 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

McLean, R. J.

Moon, H. S.

Noh, H.-R.

Orozco, L. A.

R. T. Willis, F. E. Becerra, L. A. Orozco, and S. L. Rolston, “Photon statistics and polarization correlations at telecommunications wavelengths from a warm atomic ensemble,” Opt. Express 19(15), 14632–14641 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. T. Willis, F. E. Becerra, L. A. Orozco, and S. L. Rolston, “Four-wave mixing in the diamond configuration in an atomic vapor,” Phys. Rev. A 79(3), 033814 (2009).
[Crossref]

F. E. Becerra, R. T. Willis, S. L. Rolston, and L. A. Orozco, “Nondegenerate four-wave mixing in rubidium vapor: the diamond configuration,” Phys. Rev. A 78(1), 013834 (2008).
[Crossref]

Park, K.-K.

Y.-W. Cho, K.-K. Park, J.-C. Lee, and Y.-H. Kim, “Engineering frequency-time quantum correlation of narrow-band biphotons from cold atoms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113(6), 063602 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Pepper, D. M.

Petch, J. C.

J. C. Petch, C. H. Keitel, P. L. Knight, and J. P. Marangos, “Role of electromagnetically induced transparency in resonant four-wave-mixing schemes,” Phys. Rev. A 53(1), 543–561 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Rolston, S. L.

R. T. Willis, F. E. Becerra, L. A. Orozco, and S. L. Rolston, “Photon statistics and polarization correlations at telecommunications wavelengths from a warm atomic ensemble,” Opt. Express 19(15), 14632–14641 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. T. Willis, F. E. Becerra, L. A. Orozco, and S. L. Rolston, “Four-wave mixing in the diamond configuration in an atomic vapor,” Phys. Rev. A 79(3), 033814 (2009).
[Crossref]

F. E. Becerra, R. T. Willis, S. L. Rolston, and L. A. Orozco, “Nondegenerate four-wave mixing in rubidium vapor: the diamond configuration,” Phys. Rev. A 78(1), 013834 (2008).
[Crossref]

Scully, M. O.

A. S. Zibrov, M. D. Lukin, and M. O. Scully, “Nondegenerate parametric self-oscillation via multiwave mixing in coherent atomic media,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 83(20), 4049–4052 (1999).
[Crossref]

Sell, J. F.

Shahriar, M. S.

Shi, B.-S.

Shi, S.

Sidorov, A. I.

Song, J.

F. Wen, H. Zheng, X. Xue, H. Chen, J. Song, and Y. Zhang, “Electromagnetically induced transparency-assisted four-wave mixing process in the diamond-type four-level atomic system,” Opt. Mater. 37, 724–726 (2014).
[Crossref]

Srivathsan, B.

B. Srivathsan, G. K. Gulati, B. Chng, G. Maslennikov, D. Matsukevich, and C. Kurtsiefer, “Narrow band source of transform-limited photon pairs via four-wave mixing in a cold atomic ensemble,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 111(12), 123602 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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F. Wen, H. Zheng, X. Xue, H. Chen, J. Song, and Y. Zhang, “Electromagnetically induced transparency-assisted four-wave mixing process in the diamond-type four-level atomic system,” Opt. Mater. 37, 724–726 (2014).
[Crossref]

Willis, R. T.

R. T. Willis, F. E. Becerra, L. A. Orozco, and S. L. Rolston, “Photon statistics and polarization correlations at telecommunications wavelengths from a warm atomic ensemble,” Opt. Express 19(15), 14632–14641 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. T. Willis, F. E. Becerra, L. A. Orozco, and S. L. Rolston, “Four-wave mixing in the diamond configuration in an atomic vapor,” Phys. Rev. A 79(3), 033814 (2009).
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F. Wen, H. Zheng, X. Xue, H. Chen, J. Song, and Y. Zhang, “Electromagnetically induced transparency-assisted four-wave mixing process in the diamond-type four-level atomic system,” Opt. Mater. 37, 724–726 (2014).
[Crossref]

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F. Wen, H. Zheng, X. Xue, H. Chen, J. Song, and Y. Zhang, “Electromagnetically induced transparency-assisted four-wave mixing process in the diamond-type four-level atomic system,” Opt. Mater. 37, 724–726 (2014).
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Appl. Phys. Lett. (1)

Y. Zhang, U. Khadka, B. Anderson, and M. Xiao, “Controlling four-wave and six-wave mixing processes in multilevel atomic systems,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(22), 221108 (2007).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (1)

Opt. Express (6)

Opt. Lett. (5)

Opt. Mater. (1)

F. Wen, H. Zheng, X. Xue, H. Chen, J. Song, and Y. Zhang, “Electromagnetically induced transparency-assisted four-wave mixing process in the diamond-type four-level atomic system,” Opt. Mater. 37, 724–726 (2014).
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Optica (1)

Phys. Rev. A (5)

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[Crossref]

R. T. Willis, F. E. Becerra, L. A. Orozco, and S. L. Rolston, “Four-wave mixing in the diamond configuration in an atomic vapor,” Phys. Rev. A 79(3), 033814 (2009).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. Lett. (8)

A. S. Zibrov, M. D. Lukin, and M. O. Scully, “Nondegenerate parametric self-oscillation via multiwave mixing in coherent atomic media,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 83(20), 4049–4052 (1999).
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[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. Balić, D. A. Braje, P. Kolchin, G. Y. Yin, and S. E. Harris, “Generation of paired photons with controllable waveforms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(18), 183601 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Du, P. Kolchin, C. Belthangady, G. Y. Yin, and S. E. Harris, “Subnatural linewidth biphotons with controllable temporal length,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(18), 183603 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Srivathsan, G. K. Gulati, B. Chng, G. Maslennikov, D. Matsukevich, and C. Kurtsiefer, “Narrow band source of transform-limited photon pairs via four-wave mixing in a cold atomic ensemble,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 111(12), 123602 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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Figures (6)
Fig. 1
Fig. 1 (a) Energy-level diagram of the 5S1/2–5P3/2–5D5/2 transition of 87Rb atoms. (b) Experimental setups for the EIT and FWM in the ladder-type atomic system of 87Rb; 780.2-nm ECDL for probe (Ωp) and driving (Ωd) fields and 776.8-nm ECDL for coupling (ΩC) field (PD: photo-current detector; PBS: polarization beam splitter; BS: beam splitter; OI: optical isolator; HWP: half-wave plate; M: Mirror).

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 (a) EIT (blue) and FWM (red) spectra as functions of the detuning frequency of the ΩC field, where the frequencies of the Ωp and Ωd fields are fixed at the 5S1/2(F′ = 2)–5P3/2(F′ = 3) transition. (b) Calculated EIT signal (blue) and discrimination of one-photon (gray), cross (green), and two-photon (magenta) coherence terms [28]. (c) Transition routes between hyperfine states of the 5S1/2(F = 2)–5P3/2(F′ = 3)–5D5/2(F″ = 2, 3, 4) transition obtained by scanning the detuning frequency of the ΩC field, where the gray lines are the decay channels for DROP. (d) Four-level atomic model for FWM generation, consisting of ground state ( |1〉 ), degenerate intermediate states ( |2〉 and |3〉 ), and excited state ( |4〉 ).

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Numerically calculated FWM spectrum (black) in four-level atomic model of Fig. 2(d). Decomposition of calculated FWM spectrum into two FWM components: that due to ladder-type two-photon coherence ρ 14 (blue) and that due to V-type two-photon coherence ρ 23 (red).

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Ladder-type FWM spectra according to (a) coupling intensity and (b) driving intensity.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 FWM spectra in two cases of resonance (red) and 85 MHz detuning (blue) of the Ωd field.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 (a) Normalized EIT or TPA spectra measured in EIT setup and (b) normalized FWM spectra measured in FWM setup of Fig. 1(b), according to the detuning frequencies of the Ωp field, where x-axis is the relative detuning frequency of the ΩC field.

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Equations (2)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

∂ ρ ij ∂t =− 1 ℏ ∑ k [ H ik ρ kj − ρ ik H kj ] − Γ ij ρ ij ,
ρ 34 = Ω d 2( δ d − δ p − δ C )+i( Γ 13 + Γ 34 ) ρ 14 .

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