Abstract

Dual-comb spectroscopy holds the promise as real-time, high-resolution spectroscopy tools. However, in its conventional schemes, the stringent requirement on the coherence between two lasers requires sophisticated control systems. By replacing control electronics with an all-optical dual-comb lasing scheme, a simplified dual-comb spectroscopy scheme is demonstrated using one dual-wavelength, passively mode-locked fiber laser. Pulses with a intracavity-dispersion-determined repetition-frequency difference are shown to have good mutual coherence and stability. Capability to resolve the comb teeth and a picometer-wide optical spectral resolution are demonstrated using a simple data acquisition system. Energy-efficient, free-running fiber lasers with a small comb-tooth-spacing could enable low-cost dual-comb systems.

© 2016 Optical Society of America

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2016 (2)

I. Coddington, N. Newbury, and W. Swann, “Dual-comb spectroscopy,” Optica 3(4), 414–426 (2016).
[Crossref]

V. Lazarev, A. Krylov, D. Dvoretskiy, S. Sazonkin, A. Pnev, S. Leonov, D. Shelestov, M. Tarabrin, V. Karasik, A. Kireev, and M. Gubin, “Stable Similariton Generation in an All-Fiber Hybrid Mode-Locked Ring Laser for Frequency Metrology,” IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 63(7), 1028–1033 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2015 (6)

A. Chong, L. G. Wright, and F. W. Wise, “Ultrafast fiber lasers based on self-similar pulse evolution: a review of current progress,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 78(11), 113901 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Yasui, R. Ichikawa, Y.-D. Hsieh, K. Hayashi, H. Cahyadi, F. Hindle, Y. Sakaguchi, T. Iwata, Y. Mizutani, H. Yamamoto, K. Minoshima, and H. Inaba, “Adaptive sampling dual terahertz comb spectroscopy using dual free-running femtosecond lasers,” Sci. Rep. 5, 10786 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Millot, S. Pitois, M. Yan, T. Hovhannisyan, A. Bendahmane, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Frequency-agile dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Photonics 10(1), 27–30 (2015).
[Crossref]

M. T. Chang, H. C. Liang, K. W. Su, and Y. F. Chen, “Dual-comb self-mode-locked monolithic Yb:KGW laser with orthogonal polarizations,” Opt. Express 23(8), 10111–10116 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. M. Link, A. Klenner, M. Mangold, C. A. Zaugg, M. Golling, B. W. Tilma, and U. Keller, “Dual-comb modelocked laser,” Opt. Express 23(5), 5521–5531 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Okubo, K. Iwakuni, H. Inaba, K. Hosaka, A. Onae, H. Sasada, and F. L. Hong, “Ultra-broadband dual-comb spectroscopy across 1.0–1.9 µm,” Appl. Phys. Express 8(8), 082402 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (5)

2013 (1)

2012 (3)

2011 (4)

X. Zhao, Z. Zheng, L. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Jiang, X. Yang, and J. Zhu, “Switchable, dual-wavelength passively mode-locked ultrafast fiber laser based on a single-wall carbon nanotube modelocker and intracavity loss tuning,” Opt. Express 19(2), 1168–1173 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Ferdous, H. X. Miao, D. E. Leaird, K. Srinivasan, J. Wang, L. Chen, L. T. Varghese, and A. M. Weiner, “Spectral line-by-line pulse shaping of on-chip microresonator frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 5(12), 770–776 (2011).
[Crossref]

T. J. Kippenberg, R. Holzwarth, and S. A. Diddams, “Microresonator-based optical frequency combs,” Science 332(6029), 555–559 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. Baumann, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, A. M. Zolot, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Spectroscopy of the methane ν3 band with an accurate midinfrared coherent dual-comb spectrometer,” Phys. Rev. A 84(6), 062513 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (6)

2009 (2)

I. Coddington, W. C. Swann, L. Nenadovic, and N. R. Newbury, “Rapid and precise absolute distance measurements at long range,” Nat. Photonics 3(6), 351–356 (2009).
[Crossref]

A. Gondarenko, J. S. Levy, and M. Lipson, “High confinement micron-scale silicon nitride high Q ring resonator,” Opt. Express 17(14), 11366–11370 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2008 (1)

2007 (1)

A. Bartels, R. Cerna, C. Kistner, A. Thoma, F. Hudert, C. Janke, and T. Dekorsy, “Ultrafast time-domain spectroscopy based on high-speed asynchronous optical sampling,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78(3), 035107 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2006 (2)

T. Yasui, Y. Kabetani, E. Saneyoshi, S. Yokoyama, and T. Araki, “Terahertz frequency comb by multifrequency-heterodyning photoconductive detection for high-accuracy, high-resolution terahertz spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(24), 241104 (2006).
[Crossref]

T. W. Hänsch, “Nobel Lecture: Passion for precision,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 78(4), 1297–1309 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (3)

2004 (2)

2002 (1)

T. Udem, R. Holzwarth, and T. W. Hänsch, “Optical frequency metrology,” Nature 416(6877), 233–237 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1970 (1)

J. Connes, H. Delouis, P. Connes, G. Guelachvili, J. P. Maillard, and G. Michel, “Spectroscopie de Fourier avec transformation d’un million de points,” Nouvelle Revue d’Optique Appliquée 1(1), 3–22 (1970).
[Crossref]

Adler, F.

Allison, T. K.

A. Cingöz, D. C. Yost, T. K. Allison, A. Ruehl, M. E. Fermann, I. Hartl, and J. Ye, “Direct frequency comb spectroscopy in the extreme ultraviolet,” Nature 482(7383), 68–71 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Araki, T.

T. Yasui, Y. Kabetani, E. Saneyoshi, S. Yokoyama, and T. Araki, “Terahertz frequency comb by multifrequency-heterodyning photoconductive detection for high-accuracy, high-resolution terahertz spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(24), 241104 (2006).
[Crossref]

Bartels, A.

Baumann, E.

G. B. Rieker, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, J. Kofler, A. M. Zolot, L. C. Sinclair, E. Baumann, C. Cromer, G. Petron, C. Sweeney, P. P. Tans, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Frequency-comb-based remote sensing of greenhouse gases over kilometer air paths,” Optica 1(5), 290–298 (2014).
[Crossref]

E. Baumann, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, A. M. Zolot, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Spectroscopy of the methane ν3 band with an accurate midinfrared coherent dual-comb spectrometer,” Phys. Rev. A 84(6), 062513 (2011).
[Crossref]

Bendahmane, A.

G. Millot, S. Pitois, M. Yan, T. Hovhannisyan, A. Bendahmane, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Frequency-agile dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Photonics 10(1), 27–30 (2015).
[Crossref]

Bernhardt, B.

B. Bernhardt, A. Ozawa, P. Jacquet, M. Jacquey, Y. Kobayashi, T. Udem, R. Holzwarth, G. Guelachvili, T. W. Hansch, and N. Picque, “Cavity-enhanced dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Photonics 4(1), 55–57 (2010).
[Crossref]

Bielska, K.

Boudreau, S.

Brehm, M.

Briles, T. C.

Cahyadi, H.

T. Yasui, R. Ichikawa, Y.-D. Hsieh, K. Hayashi, H. Cahyadi, F. Hindle, Y. Sakaguchi, T. Iwata, Y. Mizutani, H. Yamamoto, K. Minoshima, and H. Inaba, “Adaptive sampling dual terahertz comb spectroscopy using dual free-running femtosecond lasers,” Sci. Rep. 5, 10786 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cerna, R.

A. Bartels, R. Cerna, C. Kistner, A. Thoma, F. Hudert, C. Janke, and T. Dekorsy, “Ultrafast time-domain spectroscopy based on high-speed asynchronous optical sampling,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78(3), 035107 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chang, M. T.

Chen, H.

Chen, L.

F. Ferdous, H. X. Miao, D. E. Leaird, K. Srinivasan, J. Wang, L. Chen, L. T. Varghese, and A. M. Weiner, “Spectral line-by-line pulse shaping of on-chip microresonator frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 5(12), 770–776 (2011).
[Crossref]

Chen, Y. F.

Chong, A.

A. Chong, L. G. Wright, and F. W. Wise, “Ultrafast fiber lasers based on self-similar pulse evolution: a review of current progress,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 78(11), 113901 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cingöz, A.

A. Cingöz, D. C. Yost, T. K. Allison, A. Ruehl, M. E. Fermann, I. Hartl, and J. Ye, “Direct frequency comb spectroscopy in the extreme ultraviolet,” Nature 482(7383), 68–71 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Coddington, I.

I. Coddington, N. Newbury, and W. Swann, “Dual-comb spectroscopy,” Optica 3(4), 414–426 (2016).
[Crossref]

G. B. Rieker, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, J. Kofler, A. M. Zolot, L. C. Sinclair, E. Baumann, C. Cromer, G. Petron, C. Sweeney, P. P. Tans, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Frequency-comb-based remote sensing of greenhouse gases over kilometer air paths,” Optica 1(5), 290–298 (2014).
[Crossref]

E. Baumann, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, A. M. Zolot, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Spectroscopy of the methane ν3 band with an accurate midinfrared coherent dual-comb spectrometer,” Phys. Rev. A 84(6), 062513 (2011).
[Crossref]

N. R. Newbury, I. Coddington, and W. Swann, “Sensitivity of coherent dual-comb spectroscopy,” Opt. Express 18(8), 7929–7945 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. Coddington, W. C. Swann, and N. R. Newbury, “Coherent dual-comb spectroscopy at high signal-to-noise ratio,” Phys. Rev. A 82(4), 043817 (2010).
[Crossref]

I. Coddington, W. C. Swann, L. Nenadovic, and N. R. Newbury, “Rapid and precise absolute distance measurements at long range,” Nat. Photonics 3(6), 351–356 (2009).
[Crossref]

Connes, J.

J. Connes, H. Delouis, P. Connes, G. Guelachvili, J. P. Maillard, and G. Michel, “Spectroscopie de Fourier avec transformation d’un million de points,” Nouvelle Revue d’Optique Appliquée 1(1), 3–22 (1970).
[Crossref]

Connes, P.

J. Connes, H. Delouis, P. Connes, G. Guelachvili, J. P. Maillard, and G. Michel, “Spectroscopie de Fourier avec transformation d’un million de points,” Nouvelle Revue d’Optique Appliquée 1(1), 3–22 (1970).
[Crossref]

Cossel, K. C.

Cromer, C.

Dekorsy, T.

A. Bartels, R. Cerna, C. Kistner, A. Thoma, F. Hudert, C. Janke, and T. Dekorsy, “Ultrafast time-domain spectroscopy based on high-speed asynchronous optical sampling,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78(3), 035107 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Delouis, H.

J. Connes, H. Delouis, P. Connes, G. Guelachvili, J. P. Maillard, and G. Michel, “Spectroscopie de Fourier avec transformation d’un million de points,” Nouvelle Revue d’Optique Appliquée 1(1), 3–22 (1970).
[Crossref]

Deschênes, J.-D.

Diddams, S. A.

Douglass, K. O.

Dvoretskiy, D.

V. Lazarev, A. Krylov, D. Dvoretskiy, S. Sazonkin, A. Pnev, S. Leonov, D. Shelestov, M. Tarabrin, V. Karasik, A. Kireev, and M. Gubin, “Stable Similariton Generation in an All-Fiber Hybrid Mode-Locked Ring Laser for Frequency Metrology,” IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 63(7), 1028–1033 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ferdous, F.

F. Ferdous, H. X. Miao, D. E. Leaird, K. Srinivasan, J. Wang, L. Chen, L. T. Varghese, and A. M. Weiner, “Spectral line-by-line pulse shaping of on-chip microresonator frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 5(12), 770–776 (2011).
[Crossref]

Fermann, M. E.

A. Cingöz, D. C. Yost, T. K. Allison, A. Ruehl, M. E. Fermann, I. Hartl, and J. Ye, “Direct frequency comb spectroscopy in the extreme ultraviolet,” Nature 482(7383), 68–71 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fleisher, A. J.

Foltynowicz, A.

Först, M.

Genest, J.

Gerginov, V.

Giaccarri, P.

Giorgetta, F. R.

G. B. Rieker, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, J. Kofler, A. M. Zolot, L. C. Sinclair, E. Baumann, C. Cromer, G. Petron, C. Sweeney, P. P. Tans, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Frequency-comb-based remote sensing of greenhouse gases over kilometer air paths,” Optica 1(5), 290–298 (2014).
[Crossref]

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T. Udem, R. Holzwarth, and T. W. Hänsch, “Optical frequency metrology,” Nature 416(6877), 233–237 (2002).
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F. Ferdous, H. X. Miao, D. E. Leaird, K. Srinivasan, J. Wang, L. Chen, L. T. Varghese, and A. M. Weiner, “Spectral line-by-line pulse shaping of on-chip microresonator frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 5(12), 770–776 (2011).
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Wang, J.

F. Ferdous, H. X. Miao, D. E. Leaird, K. Srinivasan, J. Wang, L. Chen, L. T. Varghese, and A. M. Weiner, “Spectral line-by-line pulse shaping of on-chip microresonator frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 5(12), 770–776 (2011).
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A. Chong, L. G. Wright, and F. W. Wise, “Ultrafast fiber lasers based on self-similar pulse evolution: a review of current progress,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 78(11), 113901 (2015).
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Yan, M.

G. Millot, S. Pitois, M. Yan, T. Hovhannisyan, A. Bendahmane, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Frequency-agile dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Photonics 10(1), 27–30 (2015).
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T. Yasui, Y. Kabetani, E. Saneyoshi, S. Yokoyama, and T. Araki, “Terahertz frequency comb by multifrequency-heterodyning photoconductive detection for high-accuracy, high-resolution terahertz spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(24), 241104 (2006).
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A. Cingöz, D. C. Yost, T. K. Allison, A. Ruehl, M. E. Fermann, I. Hartl, and J. Ye, “Direct frequency comb spectroscopy in the extreme ultraviolet,” Nature 482(7383), 68–71 (2012).
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Appl. Phys. Express (1)

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T. Yasui, Y. Kabetani, E. Saneyoshi, S. Yokoyama, and T. Araki, “Terahertz frequency comb by multifrequency-heterodyning photoconductive detection for high-accuracy, high-resolution terahertz spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(24), 241104 (2006).
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IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. (1)

X. Zhao, Z. Zheng, Y. Liu, G. Q. Hu, and J. S. Liu, “Dual-wavelength, bidirectional single-wall carbon nanotube mode-locked fiber laser,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 26(17), 1722–1725 (2014).
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Nat. Commun. (1)

T. Ideguchi, A. Poisson, G. Guelachvili, N. Picqué, and T. W. Hänsch, “Adaptive real-time dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Commun. 5, 3375 (2014).
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F. Ferdous, H. X. Miao, D. E. Leaird, K. Srinivasan, J. Wang, L. Chen, L. T. Varghese, and A. M. Weiner, “Spectral line-by-line pulse shaping of on-chip microresonator frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 5(12), 770–776 (2011).
[Crossref]

G. Millot, S. Pitois, M. Yan, T. Hovhannisyan, A. Bendahmane, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Frequency-agile dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Photonics 10(1), 27–30 (2015).
[Crossref]

Nature (2)

A. Cingöz, D. C. Yost, T. K. Allison, A. Ruehl, M. E. Fermann, I. Hartl, and J. Ye, “Direct frequency comb spectroscopy in the extreme ultraviolet,” Nature 482(7383), 68–71 (2012).
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T. Udem, R. Holzwarth, and T. W. Hänsch, “Optical frequency metrology,” Nature 416(6877), 233–237 (2002).
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Nouvelle Revue d’Optique Appliquée (1)

J. Connes, H. Delouis, P. Connes, G. Guelachvili, J. P. Maillard, and G. Michel, “Spectroscopie de Fourier avec transformation d’un million de points,” Nouvelle Revue d’Optique Appliquée 1(1), 3–22 (1970).
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A. Gondarenko, J. S. Levy, and M. Lipson, “High confinement micron-scale silicon nitride high Q ring resonator,” Opt. Express 17(14), 11366–11370 (2009).
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A. Schliesser, M. Brehm, F. Keilmann, and D. van der Weide, “Frequency-comb infrared spectrometer for rapid, remote chemical sensing,” Opt. Express 13(22), 9029–9038 (2005).
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F. Adler, P. Masłowski, A. Foltynowicz, K. C. Cossel, T. C. Briles, I. Hartl, and J. Ye, “Mid-infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy with a broadband frequency comb,” Opt. Express 18(21), 21861–21872 (2010).
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X. Zhao, Z. Zheng, L. Liu, Q. Wang, H. Chen, and J. Liu, “Fast, long-scan-range pump-probe measurement based on asynchronous sampling using a dual-wavelength mode-locked fiber laser,” Opt. Express 20(23), 25584–25589 (2012).
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X. Zhao, Z. Zheng, L. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Jiang, X. Yang, and J. Zhu, “Switchable, dual-wavelength passively mode-locked ultrafast fiber laser based on a single-wall carbon nanotube modelocker and intracavity loss tuning,” Opt. Express 19(2), 1168–1173 (2011).
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A. Chong, L. G. Wright, and F. W. Wise, “Ultrafast fiber lasers based on self-similar pulse evolution: a review of current progress,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 78(11), 113901 (2015).
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Figures (9)
Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Dual-comb spectroscopy experimental setup. EDF: Erbium-doped fiber; ISO: isolator; OC: optical coupler; PC: polarization controller; SUT: sample under test; BPD: balanced photodetector.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Dual-wavelength mode-locked fiber laser.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 (a) Output optical spectra of the dual-wavelength seed laser and that after amplification and spectral broadening; (b) RF spectrum of the dual-comb output of the dual-wavelength laser.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Monitored variations in the repetition rates of the dual-wavelength fiber laser output and their difference.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Relative linewidth measurement between two comb lines from the two pulse trains after spectral broadening.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 ASOPS temporal interferogram and its Fourier transformed spectrum. (a) ASOPS temporal interferogram when the 1533 nm amplified pulse passes through the microring resonator device. (b) A comb-tooth-resolved expanded view near a transmission dip of the Fourier transformed RF spectrum of ~0.16 s data. The inset is a zoom-in near the bottom of the comb teeth. (c) Fourier transformed spectrum with different averaging lengths. The programmable spectral filter’s passband is set between 1541.1 nm and 1543 nm, which determines the spectral measurement range. The inset shows the changes of the inverse of σH vs. the number of averaged curves.

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7 Comparison of measured spectra after passing through the microring resonator device under different acquisition modes. Red: spectrum averaged from ~192 interferograms continuously acquired in less than 0.16 second; Blue: one from the same number of interferograms when the data are gather sequentially in 16 ’slices’, each containing 12 interferograms, over a period of 160 seconds. Inset: zoom-in of the sharpest dip.

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Fig. 8
Fig. 8 Measured transmission spectrum of the microring resonator with transmission dips as narrow as 1.2 pm.

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Fig. 9
Fig. 9 Experimental transmission spectrum of the 12C2H2 gas cell. (a) Experimental transmission spectrum of 12C2H2 sampled at the constant clock of the DAC board, which is compared with a spectrum calculated by HITRAN. (b) The zoom-in spectrum of a span of 1 nm around the P19 line and P20 line of 12C2H2.

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