Abstract

We theoretically demonstrate that the spontaneous emission rate (SER) of quantum emitter is greatly enhanced in the proximity of single or double layers of black phosphorus (BP). The maximum enhancement factor is on the order of 106, about 3 times larger than that of graphene, due to the large photonic density of states near BP. We also study how the transition frequency, the BP doping level, the distance between emitter and BP, the existence of substrate underneath BP, and the orientation of transition dipole moment influence the SER. With properly designed parameters, both high SER of emitter and low propagation losses of BP surface plasmon polaritons can be achieved in the quantum system, making it a promising candidate for mid-infrared single-photon generation.

© 2017 Optical Society of America

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References

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  10. D. Correas-Serrano, J. S. Gomez-Diaz, A. A. Melcon, and A. Alù, “Black phosphorus plasmonics: anisotropic elliptical propagation and nonlocality-induced canalization,” J. Opt. 18(10), 104006 (2016).
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  18. J. S. Gomez-Diaz, M. Tymchenko, and A. Alù, “Hyperbolic metasurfaces: surface plasmons, light-matter interactions, and physical implementation using graphene strips,” Opt. Mater. Express 5(10), 2313–2329 (2015).
    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  23. J. Lu, J. Wu, A. Carvalho, A. Ziletti, H. Liu, J. Tan, Y. Chen, A. H. Castro Neto, B. Özyilmaz, and C. H. Sow, “Bandgap engineering of phosphorene by laser oxidation toward functional 2D materials,” ACS Nano 9(10), 10411–10421 (2015).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  24. X. Wang and S. Lan, “Optical properties of black phosphorus,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 8(4), 618–655 (2016).
    [Crossref]
  25. W. Yan, M. Wubs, and N. A. Mortensen, “Hyperbolic metamaterials: nonlocal response regularizes broadband supersingularity,” Phys. Rev. B 86(20), 205429 (2012).
    [Crossref]
  26. D. Correas-Serrano, J. S. Gomez-Diaz, M. Tymchenko, and A. Alù, “Nonlocal response of hyperbolic metasurfaces,” Opt. Express 23(23), 29434–29448 (2015).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]

2016 (3)

D. Correas-Serrano, J. S. Gomez-Diaz, A. A. Melcon, and A. Alù, “Black phosphorus plasmonics: anisotropic elliptical propagation and nonlocality-induced canalization,” J. Opt. 18(10), 104006 (2016).
[Crossref]

N. Rivera, I. Kaminer, B. Zhen, J. D. Joannopoulos, and M. Soljačić, “Shrinking light to allow forbidden transitions on the atomic scale,” Science 353(6296), 263–269 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Wang and S. Lan, “Optical properties of black phosphorus,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 8(4), 618–655 (2016).
[Crossref]

2015 (8)

J. Lu, J. Wu, A. Carvalho, A. Ziletti, H. Liu, J. Tan, Y. Chen, A. H. Castro Neto, B. Özyilmaz, and C. H. Sow, “Bandgap engineering of phosphorene by laser oxidation toward functional 2D materials,” ACS Nano 9(10), 10411–10421 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Correas-Serrano, J. S. Gomez-Diaz, M. Tymchenko, and A. Alù, “Nonlocal response of hyperbolic metasurfaces,” Opt. Express 23(23), 29434–29448 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Lian, Y. Gu, J. Ren, F. Zhang, L. Wang, and Q. Gong, “Efficient single photon emission and collection based on excitation of gap surface plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 114(19), 193002 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. J. Tielrooij, L. Orona, A. Ferrier, M. Badioli, G. Navickaite, S. Coop, S. Nanot, B. Kalinic, T. Cesca, L. Gaudreau, Q. Ma, A. Centeno, A. Pesquera, A. Zurutuza, H. de Riedmatten, P. Goldner, F. J. García de Abajo, P. Jarillo-Herrero, and F. H. L. Koppens, “Electrical control of optical emitter relaxation pathways enabled by graphene,” Nat. Phys. 11(3), 281–287 (2015).
[Crossref]

J. S. Gomez-Diaz, M. Tymchenko, and A. Alù, “Hyperbolic plasmons and topological transitions over uniaxial metasurfaces,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 114(23), 233901 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. S. Gomez-Diaz, M. Tymchenko, and A. Alù, “Hyperbolic metasurfaces: surface plasmons, light-matter interactions, and physical implementation using graphene strips,” Opt. Mater. Express 5(10), 2313–2329 (2015).
[Crossref]

X. Ling, H. Wang, S. Huang, F. Xia, and M. S. Dresselhaus, “The renaissance of black phosphorus,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112(15), 4523–4530 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Castellanos-Gomez, “Black phosphorus: narrow gap, wide applications,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6(21), 4280–4291 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2014 (8)

F. Xia, H. Wang, and Y. Jia, “Rediscovering black phosphorus as an anisotropic layered material for optoelectronics and electronics,” Nat. Commun. 5, 4458 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Liu, T. Galfsky, Z. Sun, F. Xia, E. C. Lin, Y. H. Lee, S. Kéna-Cohen, and V. M. Menon, “Strong light-matter coupling in two-dimensional atomic crystals,” Nat. Photonics 9(1), 30–34 (2014).
[Crossref]

F. Xia, H. Wang, D. Xiao, M. Dubey, and A. Ramasubramaniam, “Two-dimensional material nanophotonics,” Nat. Photonics 8(12), 899–907 (2014).
[Crossref]

A. S. Rodin, A. Carvalho, and A. H. Castro Neto, “Strain-induced gap modification in black phosphorus,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 112(17), 176801 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Liu, A. T. Neal, Z. Zhu, Z. Luo, X. Xu, D. Tománek, and P. D. Ye, “Phosphorene: an unexplored 2D semiconductor with a high hole mobility,” ACS Nano 8(4), 4033–4041 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. Tran, R. Soklaski, Y. Liang, and L. Yang, “Layer-controlled band gap and anisotropic excitons in few-layer black phosphorus,” Phys. Rev. B 89(23), 235319 (2014).
[Crossref]

T. Low, A. S. Rodin, A. Carvalho, Y. Jiang, H. Wang, F. Xia, and A. H. Castro Neto, “Tunable optical properties of multilayer black phosphorus thin films,” Phys. Rev. B 90(7), 075434 (2014).
[Crossref]

T. Low, R. Roldán, H. Wang, F. Xia, P. Avouris, L. M. Moreno, and F. Guinea, “Plasmons and screening in monolayer and multilayer black phosphorus,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113(10), 106802 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2013 (1)

M. Gullans, D. E. Chang, F. H. L. Koppens, F. J. García de Abajo, and M. D. Lukin, “Single-photon nonlinear optics with graphene plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 111(24), 247401 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2012 (4)

B. Wang, X. Zhang, X. Yuan, and J. Teng, “Optical coupling of surface plasmons between graphene sheets,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(13), 131111 (2012).
[Crossref]

Q. H. Wang, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, A. Kis, J. N. Coleman, and M. S. Strano, “Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 7(11), 699–712 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. Yan, M. Wubs, and N. A. Mortensen, “Hyperbolic metamaterials: nonlocal response regularizes broadband supersingularity,” Phys. Rev. B 86(20), 205429 (2012).
[Crossref]

T. Georgiou, R. Jalil, B. D. Belle, L. Britnell, R. V. Gorbachev, S. V. Morozov, Y. J. Kim, A. Gholinia, S. J. Haigh, O. Makarovsky, L. Eaves, L. A. Ponomarenko, A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, and A. Mishchenko, “Vertical field-effect transistor based on graphene-WS2 heterostructures for flexible and transparent electronics,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 8(2), 100–103 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2011 (3)

R. Mas-Ballesté, C. Gómez-Navarro, J. Gómez-Herrero, and F. Zamora, “2D materials: to graphene and beyond,” Nanoscale 3(1), 20–30 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. H. L. Koppens, D. E. Chang, and F. J. García de Abajo, “Graphene plasmonics: a platform for strong light-matter interactions,” Nano Lett. 11(8), 3370–3377 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Yu. Nikitin, F. Guinea, F. J. García-Vidal, and L. Martín-Moreno, “Fields radiated by a nanoemitter in a graphene sheet,” Phys. Rev. B 84(19), 195446 (2011).
[Crossref]

2009 (1)

A. H. Castro Neto, F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, “The electronic properties of graphene,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 81(1), 109–162 (2009).
[Crossref]

2007 (1)

A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov, “The rise of graphene,” Nat. Mater. 6(3), 183–191 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Alù, A.

D. Correas-Serrano, J. S. Gomez-Diaz, A. A. Melcon, and A. Alù, “Black phosphorus plasmonics: anisotropic elliptical propagation and nonlocality-induced canalization,” J. Opt. 18(10), 104006 (2016).
[Crossref]

J. S. Gomez-Diaz, M. Tymchenko, and A. Alù, “Hyperbolic plasmons and topological transitions over uniaxial metasurfaces,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 114(23), 233901 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. S. Gomez-Diaz, M. Tymchenko, and A. Alù, “Hyperbolic metasurfaces: surface plasmons, light-matter interactions, and physical implementation using graphene strips,” Opt. Mater. Express 5(10), 2313–2329 (2015).
[Crossref]

D. Correas-Serrano, J. S. Gomez-Diaz, M. Tymchenko, and A. Alù, “Nonlocal response of hyperbolic metasurfaces,” Opt. Express 23(23), 29434–29448 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Avouris, P.

T. Low, R. Roldán, H. Wang, F. Xia, P. Avouris, L. M. Moreno, and F. Guinea, “Plasmons and screening in monolayer and multilayer black phosphorus,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113(10), 106802 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Badioli, M.

K. J. Tielrooij, L. Orona, A. Ferrier, M. Badioli, G. Navickaite, S. Coop, S. Nanot, B. Kalinic, T. Cesca, L. Gaudreau, Q. Ma, A. Centeno, A. Pesquera, A. Zurutuza, H. de Riedmatten, P. Goldner, F. J. García de Abajo, P. Jarillo-Herrero, and F. H. L. Koppens, “Electrical control of optical emitter relaxation pathways enabled by graphene,” Nat. Phys. 11(3), 281–287 (2015).
[Crossref]

Belle, B. D.

T. Georgiou, R. Jalil, B. D. Belle, L. Britnell, R. V. Gorbachev, S. V. Morozov, Y. J. Kim, A. Gholinia, S. J. Haigh, O. Makarovsky, L. Eaves, L. A. Ponomarenko, A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, and A. Mishchenko, “Vertical field-effect transistor based on graphene-WS2 heterostructures for flexible and transparent electronics,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 8(2), 100–103 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Britnell, L.

T. Georgiou, R. Jalil, B. D. Belle, L. Britnell, R. V. Gorbachev, S. V. Morozov, Y. J. Kim, A. Gholinia, S. J. Haigh, O. Makarovsky, L. Eaves, L. A. Ponomarenko, A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, and A. Mishchenko, “Vertical field-effect transistor based on graphene-WS2 heterostructures for flexible and transparent electronics,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 8(2), 100–103 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Carvalho, A.

J. Lu, J. Wu, A. Carvalho, A. Ziletti, H. Liu, J. Tan, Y. Chen, A. H. Castro Neto, B. Özyilmaz, and C. H. Sow, “Bandgap engineering of phosphorene by laser oxidation toward functional 2D materials,” ACS Nano 9(10), 10411–10421 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Low, A. S. Rodin, A. Carvalho, Y. Jiang, H. Wang, F. Xia, and A. H. Castro Neto, “Tunable optical properties of multilayer black phosphorus thin films,” Phys. Rev. B 90(7), 075434 (2014).
[Crossref]

A. S. Rodin, A. Carvalho, and A. H. Castro Neto, “Strain-induced gap modification in black phosphorus,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 112(17), 176801 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Castellanos-Gomez, A.

A. Castellanos-Gomez, “Black phosphorus: narrow gap, wide applications,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6(21), 4280–4291 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Castro Neto, A. H.

J. Lu, J. Wu, A. Carvalho, A. Ziletti, H. Liu, J. Tan, Y. Chen, A. H. Castro Neto, B. Özyilmaz, and C. H. Sow, “Bandgap engineering of phosphorene by laser oxidation toward functional 2D materials,” ACS Nano 9(10), 10411–10421 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Low, A. S. Rodin, A. Carvalho, Y. Jiang, H. Wang, F. Xia, and A. H. Castro Neto, “Tunable optical properties of multilayer black phosphorus thin films,” Phys. Rev. B 90(7), 075434 (2014).
[Crossref]

A. S. Rodin, A. Carvalho, and A. H. Castro Neto, “Strain-induced gap modification in black phosphorus,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 112(17), 176801 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. H. Castro Neto, F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, “The electronic properties of graphene,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 81(1), 109–162 (2009).
[Crossref]

Centeno, A.

K. J. Tielrooij, L. Orona, A. Ferrier, M. Badioli, G. Navickaite, S. Coop, S. Nanot, B. Kalinic, T. Cesca, L. Gaudreau, Q. Ma, A. Centeno, A. Pesquera, A. Zurutuza, H. de Riedmatten, P. Goldner, F. J. García de Abajo, P. Jarillo-Herrero, and F. H. L. Koppens, “Electrical control of optical emitter relaxation pathways enabled by graphene,” Nat. Phys. 11(3), 281–287 (2015).
[Crossref]

Cesca, T.

K. J. Tielrooij, L. Orona, A. Ferrier, M. Badioli, G. Navickaite, S. Coop, S. Nanot, B. Kalinic, T. Cesca, L. Gaudreau, Q. Ma, A. Centeno, A. Pesquera, A. Zurutuza, H. de Riedmatten, P. Goldner, F. J. García de Abajo, P. Jarillo-Herrero, and F. H. L. Koppens, “Electrical control of optical emitter relaxation pathways enabled by graphene,” Nat. Phys. 11(3), 281–287 (2015).
[Crossref]

Chang, D. E.

M. Gullans, D. E. Chang, F. H. L. Koppens, F. J. García de Abajo, and M. D. Lukin, “Single-photon nonlinear optics with graphene plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 111(24), 247401 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. H. L. Koppens, D. E. Chang, and F. J. García de Abajo, “Graphene plasmonics: a platform for strong light-matter interactions,” Nano Lett. 11(8), 3370–3377 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, Y.

J. Lu, J. Wu, A. Carvalho, A. Ziletti, H. Liu, J. Tan, Y. Chen, A. H. Castro Neto, B. Özyilmaz, and C. H. Sow, “Bandgap engineering of phosphorene by laser oxidation toward functional 2D materials,” ACS Nano 9(10), 10411–10421 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Coleman, J. N.

Q. H. Wang, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, A. Kis, J. N. Coleman, and M. S. Strano, “Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 7(11), 699–712 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Coop, S.

K. J. Tielrooij, L. Orona, A. Ferrier, M. Badioli, G. Navickaite, S. Coop, S. Nanot, B. Kalinic, T. Cesca, L. Gaudreau, Q. Ma, A. Centeno, A. Pesquera, A. Zurutuza, H. de Riedmatten, P. Goldner, F. J. García de Abajo, P. Jarillo-Herrero, and F. H. L. Koppens, “Electrical control of optical emitter relaxation pathways enabled by graphene,” Nat. Phys. 11(3), 281–287 (2015).
[Crossref]

Correas-Serrano, D.

D. Correas-Serrano, J. S. Gomez-Diaz, A. A. Melcon, and A. Alù, “Black phosphorus plasmonics: anisotropic elliptical propagation and nonlocality-induced canalization,” J. Opt. 18(10), 104006 (2016).
[Crossref]

D. Correas-Serrano, J. S. Gomez-Diaz, M. Tymchenko, and A. Alù, “Nonlocal response of hyperbolic metasurfaces,” Opt. Express 23(23), 29434–29448 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

de Riedmatten, H.

K. J. Tielrooij, L. Orona, A. Ferrier, M. Badioli, G. Navickaite, S. Coop, S. Nanot, B. Kalinic, T. Cesca, L. Gaudreau, Q. Ma, A. Centeno, A. Pesquera, A. Zurutuza, H. de Riedmatten, P. Goldner, F. J. García de Abajo, P. Jarillo-Herrero, and F. H. L. Koppens, “Electrical control of optical emitter relaxation pathways enabled by graphene,” Nat. Phys. 11(3), 281–287 (2015).
[Crossref]

Dresselhaus, M. S.

X. Ling, H. Wang, S. Huang, F. Xia, and M. S. Dresselhaus, “The renaissance of black phosphorus,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112(15), 4523–4530 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dubey, M.

F. Xia, H. Wang, D. Xiao, M. Dubey, and A. Ramasubramaniam, “Two-dimensional material nanophotonics,” Nat. Photonics 8(12), 899–907 (2014).
[Crossref]

Eaves, L.

T. Georgiou, R. Jalil, B. D. Belle, L. Britnell, R. V. Gorbachev, S. V. Morozov, Y. J. Kim, A. Gholinia, S. J. Haigh, O. Makarovsky, L. Eaves, L. A. Ponomarenko, A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, and A. Mishchenko, “Vertical field-effect transistor based on graphene-WS2 heterostructures for flexible and transparent electronics,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 8(2), 100–103 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ferrier, A.

K. J. Tielrooij, L. Orona, A. Ferrier, M. Badioli, G. Navickaite, S. Coop, S. Nanot, B. Kalinic, T. Cesca, L. Gaudreau, Q. Ma, A. Centeno, A. Pesquera, A. Zurutuza, H. de Riedmatten, P. Goldner, F. J. García de Abajo, P. Jarillo-Herrero, and F. H. L. Koppens, “Electrical control of optical emitter relaxation pathways enabled by graphene,” Nat. Phys. 11(3), 281–287 (2015).
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X. Liu, T. Galfsky, Z. Sun, F. Xia, E. C. Lin, Y. H. Lee, S. Kéna-Cohen, and V. M. Menon, “Strong light-matter coupling in two-dimensional atomic crystals,” Nat. Photonics 9(1), 30–34 (2014).
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K. J. Tielrooij, L. Orona, A. Ferrier, M. Badioli, G. Navickaite, S. Coop, S. Nanot, B. Kalinic, T. Cesca, L. Gaudreau, Q. Ma, A. Centeno, A. Pesquera, A. Zurutuza, H. de Riedmatten, P. Goldner, F. J. García de Abajo, P. Jarillo-Herrero, and F. H. L. Koppens, “Electrical control of optical emitter relaxation pathways enabled by graphene,” Nat. Phys. 11(3), 281–287 (2015).
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M. Gullans, D. E. Chang, F. H. L. Koppens, F. J. García de Abajo, and M. D. Lukin, “Single-photon nonlinear optics with graphene plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 111(24), 247401 (2013).
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F. H. L. Koppens, D. E. Chang, and F. J. García de Abajo, “Graphene plasmonics: a platform for strong light-matter interactions,” Nano Lett. 11(8), 3370–3377 (2011).
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A. Yu. Nikitin, F. Guinea, F. J. García-Vidal, and L. Martín-Moreno, “Fields radiated by a nanoemitter in a graphene sheet,” Phys. Rev. B 84(19), 195446 (2011).
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K. J. Tielrooij, L. Orona, A. Ferrier, M. Badioli, G. Navickaite, S. Coop, S. Nanot, B. Kalinic, T. Cesca, L. Gaudreau, Q. Ma, A. Centeno, A. Pesquera, A. Zurutuza, H. de Riedmatten, P. Goldner, F. J. García de Abajo, P. Jarillo-Herrero, and F. H. L. Koppens, “Electrical control of optical emitter relaxation pathways enabled by graphene,” Nat. Phys. 11(3), 281–287 (2015).
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T. Georgiou, R. Jalil, B. D. Belle, L. Britnell, R. V. Gorbachev, S. V. Morozov, Y. J. Kim, A. Gholinia, S. J. Haigh, O. Makarovsky, L. Eaves, L. A. Ponomarenko, A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, and A. Mishchenko, “Vertical field-effect transistor based on graphene-WS2 heterostructures for flexible and transparent electronics,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 8(2), 100–103 (2012).
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A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov, “The rise of graphene,” Nat. Mater. 6(3), 183–191 (2007).
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T. Georgiou, R. Jalil, B. D. Belle, L. Britnell, R. V. Gorbachev, S. V. Morozov, Y. J. Kim, A. Gholinia, S. J. Haigh, O. Makarovsky, L. Eaves, L. A. Ponomarenko, A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, and A. Mishchenko, “Vertical field-effect transistor based on graphene-WS2 heterostructures for flexible and transparent electronics,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 8(2), 100–103 (2012).
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K. J. Tielrooij, L. Orona, A. Ferrier, M. Badioli, G. Navickaite, S. Coop, S. Nanot, B. Kalinic, T. Cesca, L. Gaudreau, Q. Ma, A. Centeno, A. Pesquera, A. Zurutuza, H. de Riedmatten, P. Goldner, F. J. García de Abajo, P. Jarillo-Herrero, and F. H. L. Koppens, “Electrical control of optical emitter relaxation pathways enabled by graphene,” Nat. Phys. 11(3), 281–287 (2015).
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T. Georgiou, R. Jalil, B. D. Belle, L. Britnell, R. V. Gorbachev, S. V. Morozov, Y. J. Kim, A. Gholinia, S. J. Haigh, O. Makarovsky, L. Eaves, L. A. Ponomarenko, A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, and A. Mishchenko, “Vertical field-effect transistor based on graphene-WS2 heterostructures for flexible and transparent electronics,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 8(2), 100–103 (2012).
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T. Low, R. Roldán, H. Wang, F. Xia, P. Avouris, L. M. Moreno, and F. Guinea, “Plasmons and screening in monolayer and multilayer black phosphorus,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113(10), 106802 (2014).
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A. H. Castro Neto, F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, “The electronic properties of graphene,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 81(1), 109–162 (2009).
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M. Gullans, D. E. Chang, F. H. L. Koppens, F. J. García de Abajo, and M. D. Lukin, “Single-photon nonlinear optics with graphene plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 111(24), 247401 (2013).
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T. Georgiou, R. Jalil, B. D. Belle, L. Britnell, R. V. Gorbachev, S. V. Morozov, Y. J. Kim, A. Gholinia, S. J. Haigh, O. Makarovsky, L. Eaves, L. A. Ponomarenko, A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, and A. Mishchenko, “Vertical field-effect transistor based on graphene-WS2 heterostructures for flexible and transparent electronics,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 8(2), 100–103 (2012).
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X. Ling, H. Wang, S. Huang, F. Xia, and M. S. Dresselhaus, “The renaissance of black phosphorus,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112(15), 4523–4530 (2015).
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T. Georgiou, R. Jalil, B. D. Belle, L. Britnell, R. V. Gorbachev, S. V. Morozov, Y. J. Kim, A. Gholinia, S. J. Haigh, O. Makarovsky, L. Eaves, L. A. Ponomarenko, A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, and A. Mishchenko, “Vertical field-effect transistor based on graphene-WS2 heterostructures for flexible and transparent electronics,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 8(2), 100–103 (2012).
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K. J. Tielrooij, L. Orona, A. Ferrier, M. Badioli, G. Navickaite, S. Coop, S. Nanot, B. Kalinic, T. Cesca, L. Gaudreau, Q. Ma, A. Centeno, A. Pesquera, A. Zurutuza, H. de Riedmatten, P. Goldner, F. J. García de Abajo, P. Jarillo-Herrero, and F. H. L. Koppens, “Electrical control of optical emitter relaxation pathways enabled by graphene,” Nat. Phys. 11(3), 281–287 (2015).
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K. J. Tielrooij, L. Orona, A. Ferrier, M. Badioli, G. Navickaite, S. Coop, S. Nanot, B. Kalinic, T. Cesca, L. Gaudreau, Q. Ma, A. Centeno, A. Pesquera, A. Zurutuza, H. de Riedmatten, P. Goldner, F. J. García de Abajo, P. Jarillo-Herrero, and F. H. L. Koppens, “Electrical control of optical emitter relaxation pathways enabled by graphene,” Nat. Phys. 11(3), 281–287 (2015).
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N. Rivera, I. Kaminer, B. Zhen, J. D. Joannopoulos, and M. Soljačić, “Shrinking light to allow forbidden transitions on the atomic scale,” Science 353(6296), 263–269 (2016).
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X. Liu, T. Galfsky, Z. Sun, F. Xia, E. C. Lin, Y. H. Lee, S. Kéna-Cohen, and V. M. Menon, “Strong light-matter coupling in two-dimensional atomic crystals,” Nat. Photonics 9(1), 30–34 (2014).
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T. Georgiou, R. Jalil, B. D. Belle, L. Britnell, R. V. Gorbachev, S. V. Morozov, Y. J. Kim, A. Gholinia, S. J. Haigh, O. Makarovsky, L. Eaves, L. A. Ponomarenko, A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, and A. Mishchenko, “Vertical field-effect transistor based on graphene-WS2 heterostructures for flexible and transparent electronics,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 8(2), 100–103 (2012).
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Q. H. Wang, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, A. Kis, J. N. Coleman, and M. S. Strano, “Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 7(11), 699–712 (2012).
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Koppens, F. H. L.

K. J. Tielrooij, L. Orona, A. Ferrier, M. Badioli, G. Navickaite, S. Coop, S. Nanot, B. Kalinic, T. Cesca, L. Gaudreau, Q. Ma, A. Centeno, A. Pesquera, A. Zurutuza, H. de Riedmatten, P. Goldner, F. J. García de Abajo, P. Jarillo-Herrero, and F. H. L. Koppens, “Electrical control of optical emitter relaxation pathways enabled by graphene,” Nat. Phys. 11(3), 281–287 (2015).
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M. Gullans, D. E. Chang, F. H. L. Koppens, F. J. García de Abajo, and M. D. Lukin, “Single-photon nonlinear optics with graphene plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 111(24), 247401 (2013).
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F. H. L. Koppens, D. E. Chang, and F. J. García de Abajo, “Graphene plasmonics: a platform for strong light-matter interactions,” Nano Lett. 11(8), 3370–3377 (2011).
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X. Wang and S. Lan, “Optical properties of black phosphorus,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 8(4), 618–655 (2016).
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X. Liu, T. Galfsky, Z. Sun, F. Xia, E. C. Lin, Y. H. Lee, S. Kéna-Cohen, and V. M. Menon, “Strong light-matter coupling in two-dimensional atomic crystals,” Nat. Photonics 9(1), 30–34 (2014).
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Lian, H.

H. Lian, Y. Gu, J. Ren, F. Zhang, L. Wang, and Q. Gong, “Efficient single photon emission and collection based on excitation of gap surface plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 114(19), 193002 (2015).
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V. Tran, R. Soklaski, Y. Liang, and L. Yang, “Layer-controlled band gap and anisotropic excitons in few-layer black phosphorus,” Phys. Rev. B 89(23), 235319 (2014).
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Ling, X.

X. Ling, H. Wang, S. Huang, F. Xia, and M. S. Dresselhaus, “The renaissance of black phosphorus,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112(15), 4523–4530 (2015).
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J. Lu, J. Wu, A. Carvalho, A. Ziletti, H. Liu, J. Tan, Y. Chen, A. H. Castro Neto, B. Özyilmaz, and C. H. Sow, “Bandgap engineering of phosphorene by laser oxidation toward functional 2D materials,” ACS Nano 9(10), 10411–10421 (2015).
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H. Liu, A. T. Neal, Z. Zhu, Z. Luo, X. Xu, D. Tománek, and P. D. Ye, “Phosphorene: an unexplored 2D semiconductor with a high hole mobility,” ACS Nano 8(4), 4033–4041 (2014).
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Liu, X.

X. Liu, T. Galfsky, Z. Sun, F. Xia, E. C. Lin, Y. H. Lee, S. Kéna-Cohen, and V. M. Menon, “Strong light-matter coupling in two-dimensional atomic crystals,” Nat. Photonics 9(1), 30–34 (2014).
[Crossref]

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T. Low, R. Roldán, H. Wang, F. Xia, P. Avouris, L. M. Moreno, and F. Guinea, “Plasmons and screening in monolayer and multilayer black phosphorus,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113(10), 106802 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Low, A. S. Rodin, A. Carvalho, Y. Jiang, H. Wang, F. Xia, and A. H. Castro Neto, “Tunable optical properties of multilayer black phosphorus thin films,” Phys. Rev. B 90(7), 075434 (2014).
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J. Lu, J. Wu, A. Carvalho, A. Ziletti, H. Liu, J. Tan, Y. Chen, A. H. Castro Neto, B. Özyilmaz, and C. H. Sow, “Bandgap engineering of phosphorene by laser oxidation toward functional 2D materials,” ACS Nano 9(10), 10411–10421 (2015).
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Lukin, M. D.

M. Gullans, D. E. Chang, F. H. L. Koppens, F. J. García de Abajo, and M. D. Lukin, “Single-photon nonlinear optics with graphene plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 111(24), 247401 (2013).
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Luo, Z.

H. Liu, A. T. Neal, Z. Zhu, Z. Luo, X. Xu, D. Tománek, and P. D. Ye, “Phosphorene: an unexplored 2D semiconductor with a high hole mobility,” ACS Nano 8(4), 4033–4041 (2014).
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Ma, Q.

K. J. Tielrooij, L. Orona, A. Ferrier, M. Badioli, G. Navickaite, S. Coop, S. Nanot, B. Kalinic, T. Cesca, L. Gaudreau, Q. Ma, A. Centeno, A. Pesquera, A. Zurutuza, H. de Riedmatten, P. Goldner, F. J. García de Abajo, P. Jarillo-Herrero, and F. H. L. Koppens, “Electrical control of optical emitter relaxation pathways enabled by graphene,” Nat. Phys. 11(3), 281–287 (2015).
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Makarovsky, O.

T. Georgiou, R. Jalil, B. D. Belle, L. Britnell, R. V. Gorbachev, S. V. Morozov, Y. J. Kim, A. Gholinia, S. J. Haigh, O. Makarovsky, L. Eaves, L. A. Ponomarenko, A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, and A. Mishchenko, “Vertical field-effect transistor based on graphene-WS2 heterostructures for flexible and transparent electronics,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 8(2), 100–103 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Martín-Moreno, L.

A. Yu. Nikitin, F. Guinea, F. J. García-Vidal, and L. Martín-Moreno, “Fields radiated by a nanoemitter in a graphene sheet,” Phys. Rev. B 84(19), 195446 (2011).
[Crossref]

Mas-Ballesté, R.

R. Mas-Ballesté, C. Gómez-Navarro, J. Gómez-Herrero, and F. Zamora, “2D materials: to graphene and beyond,” Nanoscale 3(1), 20–30 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Melcon, A. A.

D. Correas-Serrano, J. S. Gomez-Diaz, A. A. Melcon, and A. Alù, “Black phosphorus plasmonics: anisotropic elliptical propagation and nonlocality-induced canalization,” J. Opt. 18(10), 104006 (2016).
[Crossref]

Menon, V. M.

X. Liu, T. Galfsky, Z. Sun, F. Xia, E. C. Lin, Y. H. Lee, S. Kéna-Cohen, and V. M. Menon, “Strong light-matter coupling in two-dimensional atomic crystals,” Nat. Photonics 9(1), 30–34 (2014).
[Crossref]

Mishchenko, A.

T. Georgiou, R. Jalil, B. D. Belle, L. Britnell, R. V. Gorbachev, S. V. Morozov, Y. J. Kim, A. Gholinia, S. J. Haigh, O. Makarovsky, L. Eaves, L. A. Ponomarenko, A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, and A. Mishchenko, “Vertical field-effect transistor based on graphene-WS2 heterostructures for flexible and transparent electronics,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 8(2), 100–103 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Moreno, L. M.

T. Low, R. Roldán, H. Wang, F. Xia, P. Avouris, L. M. Moreno, and F. Guinea, “Plasmons and screening in monolayer and multilayer black phosphorus,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113(10), 106802 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Morozov, S. V.

T. Georgiou, R. Jalil, B. D. Belle, L. Britnell, R. V. Gorbachev, S. V. Morozov, Y. J. Kim, A. Gholinia, S. J. Haigh, O. Makarovsky, L. Eaves, L. A. Ponomarenko, A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, and A. Mishchenko, “Vertical field-effect transistor based on graphene-WS2 heterostructures for flexible and transparent electronics,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 8(2), 100–103 (2012).
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W. Yan, M. Wubs, and N. A. Mortensen, “Hyperbolic metamaterials: nonlocal response regularizes broadband supersingularity,” Phys. Rev. B 86(20), 205429 (2012).
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K. J. Tielrooij, L. Orona, A. Ferrier, M. Badioli, G. Navickaite, S. Coop, S. Nanot, B. Kalinic, T. Cesca, L. Gaudreau, Q. Ma, A. Centeno, A. Pesquera, A. Zurutuza, H. de Riedmatten, P. Goldner, F. J. García de Abajo, P. Jarillo-Herrero, and F. H. L. Koppens, “Electrical control of optical emitter relaxation pathways enabled by graphene,” Nat. Phys. 11(3), 281–287 (2015).
[Crossref]

Navickaite, G.

K. J. Tielrooij, L. Orona, A. Ferrier, M. Badioli, G. Navickaite, S. Coop, S. Nanot, B. Kalinic, T. Cesca, L. Gaudreau, Q. Ma, A. Centeno, A. Pesquera, A. Zurutuza, H. de Riedmatten, P. Goldner, F. J. García de Abajo, P. Jarillo-Herrero, and F. H. L. Koppens, “Electrical control of optical emitter relaxation pathways enabled by graphene,” Nat. Phys. 11(3), 281–287 (2015).
[Crossref]

Neal, A. T.

H. Liu, A. T. Neal, Z. Zhu, Z. Luo, X. Xu, D. Tománek, and P. D. Ye, “Phosphorene: an unexplored 2D semiconductor with a high hole mobility,” ACS Nano 8(4), 4033–4041 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nikitin, A. Yu.

A. Yu. Nikitin, F. Guinea, F. J. García-Vidal, and L. Martín-Moreno, “Fields radiated by a nanoemitter in a graphene sheet,” Phys. Rev. B 84(19), 195446 (2011).
[Crossref]

Novoselov, K. S.

T. Georgiou, R. Jalil, B. D. Belle, L. Britnell, R. V. Gorbachev, S. V. Morozov, Y. J. Kim, A. Gholinia, S. J. Haigh, O. Makarovsky, L. Eaves, L. A. Ponomarenko, A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, and A. Mishchenko, “Vertical field-effect transistor based on graphene-WS2 heterostructures for flexible and transparent electronics,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 8(2), 100–103 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. H. Castro Neto, F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, “The electronic properties of graphene,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 81(1), 109–162 (2009).
[Crossref]

A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov, “The rise of graphene,” Nat. Mater. 6(3), 183–191 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Orona, L.

K. J. Tielrooij, L. Orona, A. Ferrier, M. Badioli, G. Navickaite, S. Coop, S. Nanot, B. Kalinic, T. Cesca, L. Gaudreau, Q. Ma, A. Centeno, A. Pesquera, A. Zurutuza, H. de Riedmatten, P. Goldner, F. J. García de Abajo, P. Jarillo-Herrero, and F. H. L. Koppens, “Electrical control of optical emitter relaxation pathways enabled by graphene,” Nat. Phys. 11(3), 281–287 (2015).
[Crossref]

Özyilmaz, B.

J. Lu, J. Wu, A. Carvalho, A. Ziletti, H. Liu, J. Tan, Y. Chen, A. H. Castro Neto, B. Özyilmaz, and C. H. Sow, “Bandgap engineering of phosphorene by laser oxidation toward functional 2D materials,” ACS Nano 9(10), 10411–10421 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Peres, N. M. R.

A. H. Castro Neto, F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, “The electronic properties of graphene,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 81(1), 109–162 (2009).
[Crossref]

Pesquera, A.

K. J. Tielrooij, L. Orona, A. Ferrier, M. Badioli, G. Navickaite, S. Coop, S. Nanot, B. Kalinic, T. Cesca, L. Gaudreau, Q. Ma, A. Centeno, A. Pesquera, A. Zurutuza, H. de Riedmatten, P. Goldner, F. J. García de Abajo, P. Jarillo-Herrero, and F. H. L. Koppens, “Electrical control of optical emitter relaxation pathways enabled by graphene,” Nat. Phys. 11(3), 281–287 (2015).
[Crossref]

Ponomarenko, L. A.

T. Georgiou, R. Jalil, B. D. Belle, L. Britnell, R. V. Gorbachev, S. V. Morozov, Y. J. Kim, A. Gholinia, S. J. Haigh, O. Makarovsky, L. Eaves, L. A. Ponomarenko, A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, and A. Mishchenko, “Vertical field-effect transistor based on graphene-WS2 heterostructures for flexible and transparent electronics,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 8(2), 100–103 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ramasubramaniam, A.

F. Xia, H. Wang, D. Xiao, M. Dubey, and A. Ramasubramaniam, “Two-dimensional material nanophotonics,” Nat. Photonics 8(12), 899–907 (2014).
[Crossref]

Ren, J.

H. Lian, Y. Gu, J. Ren, F. Zhang, L. Wang, and Q. Gong, “Efficient single photon emission and collection based on excitation of gap surface plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 114(19), 193002 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Rivera, N.

N. Rivera, I. Kaminer, B. Zhen, J. D. Joannopoulos, and M. Soljačić, “Shrinking light to allow forbidden transitions on the atomic scale,” Science 353(6296), 263–269 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Rodin, A. S.

T. Low, A. S. Rodin, A. Carvalho, Y. Jiang, H. Wang, F. Xia, and A. H. Castro Neto, “Tunable optical properties of multilayer black phosphorus thin films,” Phys. Rev. B 90(7), 075434 (2014).
[Crossref]

A. S. Rodin, A. Carvalho, and A. H. Castro Neto, “Strain-induced gap modification in black phosphorus,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 112(17), 176801 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Roldán, R.

T. Low, R. Roldán, H. Wang, F. Xia, P. Avouris, L. M. Moreno, and F. Guinea, “Plasmons and screening in monolayer and multilayer black phosphorus,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113(10), 106802 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Soklaski, R.

V. Tran, R. Soklaski, Y. Liang, and L. Yang, “Layer-controlled band gap and anisotropic excitons in few-layer black phosphorus,” Phys. Rev. B 89(23), 235319 (2014).
[Crossref]

Soljacic, M.

N. Rivera, I. Kaminer, B. Zhen, J. D. Joannopoulos, and M. Soljačić, “Shrinking light to allow forbidden transitions on the atomic scale,” Science 353(6296), 263–269 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sow, C. H.

J. Lu, J. Wu, A. Carvalho, A. Ziletti, H. Liu, J. Tan, Y. Chen, A. H. Castro Neto, B. Özyilmaz, and C. H. Sow, “Bandgap engineering of phosphorene by laser oxidation toward functional 2D materials,” ACS Nano 9(10), 10411–10421 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Strano, M. S.

Q. H. Wang, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, A. Kis, J. N. Coleman, and M. S. Strano, “Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 7(11), 699–712 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sun, Z.

X. Liu, T. Galfsky, Z. Sun, F. Xia, E. C. Lin, Y. H. Lee, S. Kéna-Cohen, and V. M. Menon, “Strong light-matter coupling in two-dimensional atomic crystals,” Nat. Photonics 9(1), 30–34 (2014).
[Crossref]

Tan, J.

J. Lu, J. Wu, A. Carvalho, A. Ziletti, H. Liu, J. Tan, Y. Chen, A. H. Castro Neto, B. Özyilmaz, and C. H. Sow, “Bandgap engineering of phosphorene by laser oxidation toward functional 2D materials,” ACS Nano 9(10), 10411–10421 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Teng, J.

B. Wang, X. Zhang, X. Yuan, and J. Teng, “Optical coupling of surface plasmons between graphene sheets,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(13), 131111 (2012).
[Crossref]

Tielrooij, K. J.

K. J. Tielrooij, L. Orona, A. Ferrier, M. Badioli, G. Navickaite, S. Coop, S. Nanot, B. Kalinic, T. Cesca, L. Gaudreau, Q. Ma, A. Centeno, A. Pesquera, A. Zurutuza, H. de Riedmatten, P. Goldner, F. J. García de Abajo, P. Jarillo-Herrero, and F. H. L. Koppens, “Electrical control of optical emitter relaxation pathways enabled by graphene,” Nat. Phys. 11(3), 281–287 (2015).
[Crossref]

Tománek, D.

H. Liu, A. T. Neal, Z. Zhu, Z. Luo, X. Xu, D. Tománek, and P. D. Ye, “Phosphorene: an unexplored 2D semiconductor with a high hole mobility,” ACS Nano 8(4), 4033–4041 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tran, V.

V. Tran, R. Soklaski, Y. Liang, and L. Yang, “Layer-controlled band gap and anisotropic excitons in few-layer black phosphorus,” Phys. Rev. B 89(23), 235319 (2014).
[Crossref]

Tymchenko, M.

Wang, B.

B. Wang, X. Zhang, X. Yuan, and J. Teng, “Optical coupling of surface plasmons between graphene sheets,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(13), 131111 (2012).
[Crossref]

Wang, H.

X. Ling, H. Wang, S. Huang, F. Xia, and M. S. Dresselhaus, “The renaissance of black phosphorus,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112(15), 4523–4530 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Xia, H. Wang, and Y. Jia, “Rediscovering black phosphorus as an anisotropic layered material for optoelectronics and electronics,” Nat. Commun. 5, 4458 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Xia, H. Wang, D. Xiao, M. Dubey, and A. Ramasubramaniam, “Two-dimensional material nanophotonics,” Nat. Photonics 8(12), 899–907 (2014).
[Crossref]

T. Low, R. Roldán, H. Wang, F. Xia, P. Avouris, L. M. Moreno, and F. Guinea, “Plasmons and screening in monolayer and multilayer black phosphorus,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113(10), 106802 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Low, A. S. Rodin, A. Carvalho, Y. Jiang, H. Wang, F. Xia, and A. H. Castro Neto, “Tunable optical properties of multilayer black phosphorus thin films,” Phys. Rev. B 90(7), 075434 (2014).
[Crossref]

Wang, L.

H. Lian, Y. Gu, J. Ren, F. Zhang, L. Wang, and Q. Gong, “Efficient single photon emission and collection based on excitation of gap surface plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 114(19), 193002 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wang, Q. H.

Q. H. Wang, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, A. Kis, J. N. Coleman, and M. S. Strano, “Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 7(11), 699–712 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wang, X.

X. Wang and S. Lan, “Optical properties of black phosphorus,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 8(4), 618–655 (2016).
[Crossref]

Wu, J.

J. Lu, J. Wu, A. Carvalho, A. Ziletti, H. Liu, J. Tan, Y. Chen, A. H. Castro Neto, B. Özyilmaz, and C. H. Sow, “Bandgap engineering of phosphorene by laser oxidation toward functional 2D materials,” ACS Nano 9(10), 10411–10421 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wubs, M.

W. Yan, M. Wubs, and N. A. Mortensen, “Hyperbolic metamaterials: nonlocal response regularizes broadband supersingularity,” Phys. Rev. B 86(20), 205429 (2012).
[Crossref]

Xia, F.

X. Ling, H. Wang, S. Huang, F. Xia, and M. S. Dresselhaus, “The renaissance of black phosphorus,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112(15), 4523–4530 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Xia, H. Wang, and Y. Jia, “Rediscovering black phosphorus as an anisotropic layered material for optoelectronics and electronics,” Nat. Commun. 5, 4458 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Xia, H. Wang, D. Xiao, M. Dubey, and A. Ramasubramaniam, “Two-dimensional material nanophotonics,” Nat. Photonics 8(12), 899–907 (2014).
[Crossref]

X. Liu, T. Galfsky, Z. Sun, F. Xia, E. C. Lin, Y. H. Lee, S. Kéna-Cohen, and V. M. Menon, “Strong light-matter coupling in two-dimensional atomic crystals,” Nat. Photonics 9(1), 30–34 (2014).
[Crossref]

T. Low, A. S. Rodin, A. Carvalho, Y. Jiang, H. Wang, F. Xia, and A. H. Castro Neto, “Tunable optical properties of multilayer black phosphorus thin films,” Phys. Rev. B 90(7), 075434 (2014).
[Crossref]

T. Low, R. Roldán, H. Wang, F. Xia, P. Avouris, L. M. Moreno, and F. Guinea, “Plasmons and screening in monolayer and multilayer black phosphorus,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113(10), 106802 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Xiao, D.

F. Xia, H. Wang, D. Xiao, M. Dubey, and A. Ramasubramaniam, “Two-dimensional material nanophotonics,” Nat. Photonics 8(12), 899–907 (2014).
[Crossref]

Xu, X.

H. Liu, A. T. Neal, Z. Zhu, Z. Luo, X. Xu, D. Tománek, and P. D. Ye, “Phosphorene: an unexplored 2D semiconductor with a high hole mobility,” ACS Nano 8(4), 4033–4041 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yan, W.

W. Yan, M. Wubs, and N. A. Mortensen, “Hyperbolic metamaterials: nonlocal response regularizes broadband supersingularity,” Phys. Rev. B 86(20), 205429 (2012).
[Crossref]

Yang, L.

V. Tran, R. Soklaski, Y. Liang, and L. Yang, “Layer-controlled band gap and anisotropic excitons in few-layer black phosphorus,” Phys. Rev. B 89(23), 235319 (2014).
[Crossref]

Ye, P. D.

H. Liu, A. T. Neal, Z. Zhu, Z. Luo, X. Xu, D. Tománek, and P. D. Ye, “Phosphorene: an unexplored 2D semiconductor with a high hole mobility,” ACS Nano 8(4), 4033–4041 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yuan, X.

B. Wang, X. Zhang, X. Yuan, and J. Teng, “Optical coupling of surface plasmons between graphene sheets,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(13), 131111 (2012).
[Crossref]

Zamora, F.

R. Mas-Ballesté, C. Gómez-Navarro, J. Gómez-Herrero, and F. Zamora, “2D materials: to graphene and beyond,” Nanoscale 3(1), 20–30 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhang, F.

H. Lian, Y. Gu, J. Ren, F. Zhang, L. Wang, and Q. Gong, “Efficient single photon emission and collection based on excitation of gap surface plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 114(19), 193002 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhang, X.

B. Wang, X. Zhang, X. Yuan, and J. Teng, “Optical coupling of surface plasmons between graphene sheets,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(13), 131111 (2012).
[Crossref]

Zhen, B.

N. Rivera, I. Kaminer, B. Zhen, J. D. Joannopoulos, and M. Soljačić, “Shrinking light to allow forbidden transitions on the atomic scale,” Science 353(6296), 263–269 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhu, Z.

H. Liu, A. T. Neal, Z. Zhu, Z. Luo, X. Xu, D. Tománek, and P. D. Ye, “Phosphorene: an unexplored 2D semiconductor with a high hole mobility,” ACS Nano 8(4), 4033–4041 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ziletti, A.

J. Lu, J. Wu, A. Carvalho, A. Ziletti, H. Liu, J. Tan, Y. Chen, A. H. Castro Neto, B. Özyilmaz, and C. H. Sow, “Bandgap engineering of phosphorene by laser oxidation toward functional 2D materials,” ACS Nano 9(10), 10411–10421 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zurutuza, A.

K. J. Tielrooij, L. Orona, A. Ferrier, M. Badioli, G. Navickaite, S. Coop, S. Nanot, B. Kalinic, T. Cesca, L. Gaudreau, Q. Ma, A. Centeno, A. Pesquera, A. Zurutuza, H. de Riedmatten, P. Goldner, F. J. García de Abajo, P. Jarillo-Herrero, and F. H. L. Koppens, “Electrical control of optical emitter relaxation pathways enabled by graphene,” Nat. Phys. 11(3), 281–287 (2015).
[Crossref]

ACS Nano (2)

H. Liu, A. T. Neal, Z. Zhu, Z. Luo, X. Xu, D. Tománek, and P. D. Ye, “Phosphorene: an unexplored 2D semiconductor with a high hole mobility,” ACS Nano 8(4), 4033–4041 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Lu, J. Wu, A. Carvalho, A. Ziletti, H. Liu, J. Tan, Y. Chen, A. H. Castro Neto, B. Özyilmaz, and C. H. Sow, “Bandgap engineering of phosphorene by laser oxidation toward functional 2D materials,” ACS Nano 9(10), 10411–10421 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Adv. Opt. Photonics (1)

X. Wang and S. Lan, “Optical properties of black phosphorus,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 8(4), 618–655 (2016).
[Crossref]

Appl. Phys. Lett. (1)

B. Wang, X. Zhang, X. Yuan, and J. Teng, “Optical coupling of surface plasmons between graphene sheets,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(13), 131111 (2012).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. (1)

D. Correas-Serrano, J. S. Gomez-Diaz, A. A. Melcon, and A. Alù, “Black phosphorus plasmonics: anisotropic elliptical propagation and nonlocality-induced canalization,” J. Opt. 18(10), 104006 (2016).
[Crossref]

J. Phys. Chem. Lett. (1)

A. Castellanos-Gomez, “Black phosphorus: narrow gap, wide applications,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6(21), 4280–4291 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nano Lett. (1)

F. H. L. Koppens, D. E. Chang, and F. J. García de Abajo, “Graphene plasmonics: a platform for strong light-matter interactions,” Nano Lett. 11(8), 3370–3377 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nanoscale (1)

R. Mas-Ballesté, C. Gómez-Navarro, J. Gómez-Herrero, and F. Zamora, “2D materials: to graphene and beyond,” Nanoscale 3(1), 20–30 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nat. Commun. (1)

F. Xia, H. Wang, and Y. Jia, “Rediscovering black phosphorus as an anisotropic layered material for optoelectronics and electronics,” Nat. Commun. 5, 4458 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nat. Mater. (1)

A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov, “The rise of graphene,” Nat. Mater. 6(3), 183–191 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nat. Nanotechnol. (2)

Q. H. Wang, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, A. Kis, J. N. Coleman, and M. S. Strano, “Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 7(11), 699–712 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Georgiou, R. Jalil, B. D. Belle, L. Britnell, R. V. Gorbachev, S. V. Morozov, Y. J. Kim, A. Gholinia, S. J. Haigh, O. Makarovsky, L. Eaves, L. A. Ponomarenko, A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, and A. Mishchenko, “Vertical field-effect transistor based on graphene-WS2 heterostructures for flexible and transparent electronics,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 8(2), 100–103 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nat. Photonics (2)

F. Xia, H. Wang, D. Xiao, M. Dubey, and A. Ramasubramaniam, “Two-dimensional material nanophotonics,” Nat. Photonics 8(12), 899–907 (2014).
[Crossref]

X. Liu, T. Galfsky, Z. Sun, F. Xia, E. C. Lin, Y. H. Lee, S. Kéna-Cohen, and V. M. Menon, “Strong light-matter coupling in two-dimensional atomic crystals,” Nat. Photonics 9(1), 30–34 (2014).
[Crossref]

Nat. Phys. (1)

K. J. Tielrooij, L. Orona, A. Ferrier, M. Badioli, G. Navickaite, S. Coop, S. Nanot, B. Kalinic, T. Cesca, L. Gaudreau, Q. Ma, A. Centeno, A. Pesquera, A. Zurutuza, H. de Riedmatten, P. Goldner, F. J. García de Abajo, P. Jarillo-Herrero, and F. H. L. Koppens, “Electrical control of optical emitter relaxation pathways enabled by graphene,” Nat. Phys. 11(3), 281–287 (2015).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (1)

Opt. Mater. Express (1)

Phys. Rev. B (4)

V. Tran, R. Soklaski, Y. Liang, and L. Yang, “Layer-controlled band gap and anisotropic excitons in few-layer black phosphorus,” Phys. Rev. B 89(23), 235319 (2014).
[Crossref]

T. Low, A. S. Rodin, A. Carvalho, Y. Jiang, H. Wang, F. Xia, and A. H. Castro Neto, “Tunable optical properties of multilayer black phosphorus thin films,” Phys. Rev. B 90(7), 075434 (2014).
[Crossref]

W. Yan, M. Wubs, and N. A. Mortensen, “Hyperbolic metamaterials: nonlocal response regularizes broadband supersingularity,” Phys. Rev. B 86(20), 205429 (2012).
[Crossref]

A. Yu. Nikitin, F. Guinea, F. J. García-Vidal, and L. Martín-Moreno, “Fields radiated by a nanoemitter in a graphene sheet,” Phys. Rev. B 84(19), 195446 (2011).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. Lett. (5)

J. S. Gomez-Diaz, M. Tymchenko, and A. Alù, “Hyperbolic plasmons and topological transitions over uniaxial metasurfaces,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 114(23), 233901 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. S. Rodin, A. Carvalho, and A. H. Castro Neto, “Strain-induced gap modification in black phosphorus,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 112(17), 176801 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Low, R. Roldán, H. Wang, F. Xia, P. Avouris, L. M. Moreno, and F. Guinea, “Plasmons and screening in monolayer and multilayer black phosphorus,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113(10), 106802 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Gullans, D. E. Chang, F. H. L. Koppens, F. J. García de Abajo, and M. D. Lukin, “Single-photon nonlinear optics with graphene plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 111(24), 247401 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Lian, Y. Gu, J. Ren, F. Zhang, L. Wang, and Q. Gong, “Efficient single photon emission and collection based on excitation of gap surface plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 114(19), 193002 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1)

X. Ling, H. Wang, S. Huang, F. Xia, and M. S. Dresselhaus, “The renaissance of black phosphorus,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112(15), 4523–4530 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Rev. Mod. Phys. (1)

A. H. Castro Neto, F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, “The electronic properties of graphene,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 81(1), 109–162 (2009).
[Crossref]

Science (1)

N. Rivera, I. Kaminer, B. Zhen, J. D. Joannopoulos, and M. Soljačić, “Shrinking light to allow forbidden transitions on the atomic scale,” Science 353(6296), 263–269 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Other (3)

L. Novotny and B. Hecht, Principles of Nano-Optics, 2nd ed. (Cambridge University, 2012).

https://kb.lumerical.com/en/diffractive_optics_cavity_purcell_factor.html .

S. A. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications (Springer, 2007).

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Figures (6)
Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Three-dimensional view of a quantum emitter coupled to (a) monolayer and (c) double layer BP. Cross sections in XOZ plane of the systems with (b) monolayer and (d) double layer BP. The distance between emitter and each monolayer BP is denoted by d. Lattice structure and orientations of two crystal axes of monolayer BP are illustrated in the inset.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Optical conductivity of monolayer BP and in-plane wave vector of quasi-TM SPP supported by monolayer BP as a function of frequency and electron density. Real part of conductivity (a) σxx and (b) σyy and imaginary part of conductivity (c) σxx and (d) σyy. Real part of wave vector (e) qx and (f) qy and imaginary part of wave vector (g) qx and (h) qy. The parameters used in the calculations are mx = 0.18m0, my = 1.23m0, η = 3 meV.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Ez component in monolayer BP at (a) 10 and (b) 15 THz. (c) Magnitude of electric field in XOZ plane at 10 THz. (d) SERs of quantum emitter near monolayer BP (red solid line) and graphene (blue solid line) versus frequency. The emitter-BP distance is d = 10 nm (100 nm in the inset), the electron density is n = 5 × 1013 cm−2, and the transition dipole moment is oriented in the z direction. The graphene has the same electron density and scattering rate as BP.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 (a) Electron density dependence of the SER of nearby emitter (red solid line), the propagation length along x, Lx (green dashed line), and the propagation length along y, Ly (blue dashed line) at f = 10 THz. (b) SER of emitter versus its distance to the monolayer BP. The frequency is chosen to be f = 10 (red solid line) and 50 THz (blue solid line). (c) Influence of substrates with εs = 2.25 (red solid line), 4 (blue solid line), and 6.25 (green solid line) on the SER of nearby emitter at f = 10 THz. Other parameters are the same as in Fig. 3.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Ez component in monolayer BP with (a) x- and (b) y-polarized dipole at 10 THz. (c) SERs of x- (blue solid line) and y-polarized (red solid line) dipole near monolayer BP versus frequency. Other parameters are the same as in Fig. 3.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 (a) Ez component in each BP layer and (b) magnitude of electric field in XOZ plane at 10 THz. (c) Ez field profile of the SPP mode excited in the double layer BP. Symmetric (Es) and anti-symmetric (Ea) SPP modes supported by double layers are illustrated in the inset. (d) SERs of quantum emitter between two layers of BP (red solid line) and graphene (blue solid line) versus frequency. The emitter-BP distance is d = 10 nm (175 nm in the inset). Other parameters are the same as in Fig. 3.

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Equations (3)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

σ jj = in e 2 / m j ω+iη/ℏ ,
σ xx cos 2 θ+ σ yy sin 2 θ= 2i ε 0 ω q ,
γ γ 0 = n p ⋅Im[G( r 0 , r 0 ,ω)]⋅ n p n p ⋅Im[ G 0 ( r 0 , r 0 ,ω)]⋅ n p ,

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