Abstract

This paper addresses the power penalty in an illumination LED caused by visible light communication (VLC). This study models the extra power consumption of the LED by taking into account the convex relation between the dissipated electrical power versus the LED current on one hand and the concave relation between the output luminous flux versus the current on the other hand. The ratio of the output luminous flux to input electrical power, which is known the LED luminous efficacy, is analyzed considering various recombination mechanisms and their dependency on current and temperature. As examples, the rapid light fluctuations induced by Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) are analyzed for joint illumination and communication (JIC) systems. Due to the signal modulation, there is a decrease in the output light of LED. Nevertheless, the total power offered to LED is larger than without modulation and thus extra heating occurs. Moreover, particularly when burst transmission is used in communication networks, visible flicker may occur.

© 2017 Optical Society of America

Full Article  |  PDF Article
More Like This
Impact of LED transmitters’ radiation pattern on received power distribution in a generalized indoor VLC system

Yinlu Wang, Ming Chen, Jin-Yuan Wang, Jianfeng Shi, Zhaohui Yang, Yijin Pan, and Rui Guan
Opt. Express 25(19) 22805-22819 (2017)

Joint power allocation and orientation for uniform illuminance in indoor visible light communication

Manh Le Tran and Sunghwan Kim
Opt. Express 27(20) 28575-28587 (2019)

On the Coverage of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Visible Light Communications [Invited]

Chen Chen, Wen-De Zhong, and Dehao Wu
J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 9(9) D31-D41 (2017)

View More...

References

  • View by:
  • Article Order
  • Year
  • Author
  • Publication
  1. A. Tsiatmas, F. M. Willems, J. P. M. Linnartz, S. Baggen, and J. W. Bergmans, “Joint illumination and visible-light communication systems: Data rates and extra power consumption,” in IEEE ICCW, 2015, pp. 1380–1386.
  2. B. Hussain, X. Li, F. Che, C. P. Yue, and L. Wu, “Visible light communication system design and link budget analysis,” J. Lightwave Technol. 33(24), 5201–5209 (2015).
    [Crossref]
  3. M. S. Mossaad, S. Hranilovic, and L. Lampe, “Visible light communications using ofdm and multiple leds,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 63(11), 4304–4313 (2015).
    [Crossref]
  4. M. Z. Afgani, H. Haas, H. Elgala, and D. Knipp, “Visible light communication using ofdm,” in 2nd International Conference on Testbeds and Research Infrastructures for the Development of Networks and Communities, 2006.
  5. H. Harada and R. Prasad, Simulation and Software Radio for Mobile Communications (Artech House, 2002).
  6. S. Rajbhandari, H. Chun, G. Faulkner, K. Cameron, A. V. Jalajakumari, R. Henderson, D. Tsonev, M. Ijaz, Z. Chen, H. Haas, E. Xie, J. McKendry, J. Herrnsdorf, E. Gu, M. Dawson, and D. O’Brien, “High-speed integrated visible light communication system: Device constraints and design considerations,” IEEE J. Sel. Area. Comm. 33(9), 1750–1757 (2015).
    [Crossref]
  7. S. Arnon, Visible Light Communication (Cambridge University, 2015).
    [Crossref]
  8. A. Jovicic, J. Li, and T. Richardson, “Visible light communication: opportunities, challenges and the path to market,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 51(12), 26–32 (2013).
    [Crossref]
  9. G. del Campo-Jimenez, R. Perez-Jimenez, and F. J. Lopez-Hernandez, “Constraints on drivers for visible light communications emitters based on energy efficiency,” Opt. Express 24(9), 9994–9999 (2016).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  10. J. P. M. G. Linnartz, “Wireless optical communication in illumination systems,” in IEEE Photonics Society Summer Topical Meeting Series (SUM), 2016, pp. 104–107.
  11. X. Deng and J. P. M. G. Linnartz, “Poster: Model of extra power in the transmitter for high-speed visible light communication,” in IEEE SCVT, 2016, pp. 1–5.
  12. A. Mostafa and L. Lampe, “Physical-layer security for indoor visible light communications,” in IEEE ICC, 2014, pp. 3342–3347.
  13. R. Lenk and C. Lenk, Practical Lighting Design With LEDs (Wiley, 2011).
    [Crossref]
  14. L. Grodzki, “The comparison of the pulse and constant-current led driving,” in BUT, 2013.
  15. Y. Gu, N. Narendran, T. Dong, and H. Wu, “Spectral and luminous efficacy change of high-power leds under different dimming methods,” Proc. SPIE 6337, 62270 (2006).
  16. W. O. Popoola, “Impact of vlc on light emission quality of white leds,” J. Lightwave Technol. 34(10), 2526–2532 (2016).
    [Crossref]
  17. E. F. Schubert, Light-Emitting Diodes (Cambridge University, 2006).
    [Crossref]
  18. B. Larimore, “Led lighting and dc/dc conversioncontrol integrated on one c2000 microcontroller,” Texas Instruments Kit Documentation, 2010.
  19. M. Dyble, N. Narendran, A. Bierman, and T. Klein, “Impact of dimming white leds: chromaticity shifts due to different dimming methods,” Proc. SPIE 5941, 291–299 (2005).
  20. K. H. Loo, Y. M. Lai, S. C. Tan, and C. K. Tse, “On the color stability of phosphor-converted white leds under dc, pwm, and bilevel drive,” IEEE T. Power Electr. 27(2), 974–984 (2012).
    [Crossref]
  21. Y. Ohno, “Color rendering and luminous efficacy of white led spectra,” Proc. SPIE 5530, 88–98 (2004).
    [Crossref]
  22. D. H. K. I. S. J. Sang-Kyu Lim and Kang Tae-Gyu, “Some comments on the power of led light source for vlc,” IEEE VLC Standard 802.15.7, 2009.
  23. G. He and L. Zheng, “Color temperature tunable white-light light-emitting diode clusters with high color rendering index,” Appl. Opt.49(24), 4670–4676 (2010).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  24. H. Zhao, G. Liu, J. Zhang, R. A. Arif, and N. Tansu, “Analysis of internal quantum efficiency and current injection efficiency in iii-nitride light-emitting diodes,” J. Disp. Technol. 9(4), 212–225 (2013).
    [Crossref]
  25. Q. Dai, Q. Shan, J. Wang, S. Chhajed, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M.-H. Kim, and Y. Park, “Carrier recombination mechanisms and efficiency droop in gainn/gan light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(13), 133507 (2010).
    [Crossref]
  26. J. Piprek, “Efficiency droop in nitride-based light-emitting diodes,” Phys. Status Solidi A 207, 2217-2225 (2010).
    [Crossref]
  27. Q. Dai, Q. Shan, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M.-H. Kim, and Y. Park, “On the symmetry of efficiency-versus-carrier-concentration curves in gainn/gan light-emitting diodes and relation to droop-causing mechanisms,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(3), 033506 (2011).
    [Crossref]
  28. G.-B. Lin, Q. Shan, A. J. Birkel, J. Cho, E. Fred Schubert, M. H. Crawford, K. R. Westlake, and D. D. Koleske, “Method for determining the radiative efficiency of gainn quantum wells based on the width of efficiency-versus-carrier-concentration curve,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 101(24), 241104 (2012).
    [Crossref]
  29. J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, and J. K. Kim, “Efficiency droop in light-emitting diodes: Challenges and countermeasures,” Laser & Photonics Rev. 7(3), 408–421 (2013).
    [Crossref]
  30. J. Perry, “Optimizing led lighting systems for efficiency, size and cost,” Power Electronics Technology, Wiley2011.
  31. T. notes AB20-3, “Electrical design considerations of superflux leds”, 2015.
  32. P. LUXEON, “Technical datasheet ds56,” LEDs LXML-PWC1-0090-datasheet, 2007.
  33. T. notes AB20-3A, “Advance electrical design led model”, 2002.
  34. R. L. Lin and Y. F. Chen, “Equivalent circuit model of light-emitting-diode for system analyses of lighting drivers,” in IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 2009, pp. 1–5.
  35. R. L. Lin, S. Y. Liu, C. C. Lee, and Y. C. Chang, “Taylor-series-expression-based equivalent circuit models of led for analysis of led driver system,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 49(4), 1854–1862 (2013).
    [Crossref]

2016 (2)

2015 (3)

B. Hussain, X. Li, F. Che, C. P. Yue, and L. Wu, “Visible light communication system design and link budget analysis,” J. Lightwave Technol. 33(24), 5201–5209 (2015).
[Crossref]

M. S. Mossaad, S. Hranilovic, and L. Lampe, “Visible light communications using ofdm and multiple leds,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 63(11), 4304–4313 (2015).
[Crossref]

S. Rajbhandari, H. Chun, G. Faulkner, K. Cameron, A. V. Jalajakumari, R. Henderson, D. Tsonev, M. Ijaz, Z. Chen, H. Haas, E. Xie, J. McKendry, J. Herrnsdorf, E. Gu, M. Dawson, and D. O’Brien, “High-speed integrated visible light communication system: Device constraints and design considerations,” IEEE J. Sel. Area. Comm. 33(9), 1750–1757 (2015).
[Crossref]

2013 (4)

A. Jovicic, J. Li, and T. Richardson, “Visible light communication: opportunities, challenges and the path to market,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 51(12), 26–32 (2013).
[Crossref]

H. Zhao, G. Liu, J. Zhang, R. A. Arif, and N. Tansu, “Analysis of internal quantum efficiency and current injection efficiency in iii-nitride light-emitting diodes,” J. Disp. Technol. 9(4), 212–225 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, and J. K. Kim, “Efficiency droop in light-emitting diodes: Challenges and countermeasures,” Laser & Photonics Rev. 7(3), 408–421 (2013).
[Crossref]

R. L. Lin, S. Y. Liu, C. C. Lee, and Y. C. Chang, “Taylor-series-expression-based equivalent circuit models of led for analysis of led driver system,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 49(4), 1854–1862 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (2)

G.-B. Lin, Q. Shan, A. J. Birkel, J. Cho, E. Fred Schubert, M. H. Crawford, K. R. Westlake, and D. D. Koleske, “Method for determining the radiative efficiency of gainn quantum wells based on the width of efficiency-versus-carrier-concentration curve,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 101(24), 241104 (2012).
[Crossref]

K. H. Loo, Y. M. Lai, S. C. Tan, and C. K. Tse, “On the color stability of phosphor-converted white leds under dc, pwm, and bilevel drive,” IEEE T. Power Electr. 27(2), 974–984 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (1)

Q. Dai, Q. Shan, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M.-H. Kim, and Y. Park, “On the symmetry of efficiency-versus-carrier-concentration curves in gainn/gan light-emitting diodes and relation to droop-causing mechanisms,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(3), 033506 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (2)

Q. Dai, Q. Shan, J. Wang, S. Chhajed, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M.-H. Kim, and Y. Park, “Carrier recombination mechanisms and efficiency droop in gainn/gan light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(13), 133507 (2010).
[Crossref]

J. Piprek, “Efficiency droop in nitride-based light-emitting diodes,” Phys. Status Solidi A 207, 2217-2225 (2010).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

Y. Gu, N. Narendran, T. Dong, and H. Wu, “Spectral and luminous efficacy change of high-power leds under different dimming methods,” Proc. SPIE 6337, 62270 (2006).

2005 (1)

M. Dyble, N. Narendran, A. Bierman, and T. Klein, “Impact of dimming white leds: chromaticity shifts due to different dimming methods,” Proc. SPIE 5941, 291–299 (2005).

2004 (1)

Y. Ohno, “Color rendering and luminous efficacy of white led spectra,” Proc. SPIE 5530, 88–98 (2004).
[Crossref]

Afgani, M. Z.

M. Z. Afgani, H. Haas, H. Elgala, and D. Knipp, “Visible light communication using ofdm,” in 2nd International Conference on Testbeds and Research Infrastructures for the Development of Networks and Communities, 2006.

Arif, R. A.

H. Zhao, G. Liu, J. Zhang, R. A. Arif, and N. Tansu, “Analysis of internal quantum efficiency and current injection efficiency in iii-nitride light-emitting diodes,” J. Disp. Technol. 9(4), 212–225 (2013).
[Crossref]

Arnon, S.

S. Arnon, Visible Light Communication (Cambridge University, 2015).
[Crossref]

Baggen, S.

A. Tsiatmas, F. M. Willems, J. P. M. Linnartz, S. Baggen, and J. W. Bergmans, “Joint illumination and visible-light communication systems: Data rates and extra power consumption,” in IEEE ICCW, 2015, pp. 1380–1386.

Bergmans, J. W.

A. Tsiatmas, F. M. Willems, J. P. M. Linnartz, S. Baggen, and J. W. Bergmans, “Joint illumination and visible-light communication systems: Data rates and extra power consumption,” in IEEE ICCW, 2015, pp. 1380–1386.

Bierman, A.

M. Dyble, N. Narendran, A. Bierman, and T. Klein, “Impact of dimming white leds: chromaticity shifts due to different dimming methods,” Proc. SPIE 5941, 291–299 (2005).

Birkel, A. J.

G.-B. Lin, Q. Shan, A. J. Birkel, J. Cho, E. Fred Schubert, M. H. Crawford, K. R. Westlake, and D. D. Koleske, “Method for determining the radiative efficiency of gainn quantum wells based on the width of efficiency-versus-carrier-concentration curve,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 101(24), 241104 (2012).
[Crossref]

Cameron, K.

S. Rajbhandari, H. Chun, G. Faulkner, K. Cameron, A. V. Jalajakumari, R. Henderson, D. Tsonev, M. Ijaz, Z. Chen, H. Haas, E. Xie, J. McKendry, J. Herrnsdorf, E. Gu, M. Dawson, and D. O’Brien, “High-speed integrated visible light communication system: Device constraints and design considerations,” IEEE J. Sel. Area. Comm. 33(9), 1750–1757 (2015).
[Crossref]

Chang, Y. C.

R. L. Lin, S. Y. Liu, C. C. Lee, and Y. C. Chang, “Taylor-series-expression-based equivalent circuit models of led for analysis of led driver system,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 49(4), 1854–1862 (2013).
[Crossref]

Che, F.

Chen, Y. F.

R. L. Lin and Y. F. Chen, “Equivalent circuit model of light-emitting-diode for system analyses of lighting drivers,” in IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 2009, pp. 1–5.

Chen, Z.

S. Rajbhandari, H. Chun, G. Faulkner, K. Cameron, A. V. Jalajakumari, R. Henderson, D. Tsonev, M. Ijaz, Z. Chen, H. Haas, E. Xie, J. McKendry, J. Herrnsdorf, E. Gu, M. Dawson, and D. O’Brien, “High-speed integrated visible light communication system: Device constraints and design considerations,” IEEE J. Sel. Area. Comm. 33(9), 1750–1757 (2015).
[Crossref]

Chhajed, S.

Q. Dai, Q. Shan, J. Wang, S. Chhajed, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M.-H. Kim, and Y. Park, “Carrier recombination mechanisms and efficiency droop in gainn/gan light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(13), 133507 (2010).
[Crossref]

Cho, J.

J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, and J. K. Kim, “Efficiency droop in light-emitting diodes: Challenges and countermeasures,” Laser & Photonics Rev. 7(3), 408–421 (2013).
[Crossref]

G.-B. Lin, Q. Shan, A. J. Birkel, J. Cho, E. Fred Schubert, M. H. Crawford, K. R. Westlake, and D. D. Koleske, “Method for determining the radiative efficiency of gainn quantum wells based on the width of efficiency-versus-carrier-concentration curve,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 101(24), 241104 (2012).
[Crossref]

Q. Dai, Q. Shan, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M.-H. Kim, and Y. Park, “On the symmetry of efficiency-versus-carrier-concentration curves in gainn/gan light-emitting diodes and relation to droop-causing mechanisms,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(3), 033506 (2011).
[Crossref]

Q. Dai, Q. Shan, J. Wang, S. Chhajed, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M.-H. Kim, and Y. Park, “Carrier recombination mechanisms and efficiency droop in gainn/gan light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(13), 133507 (2010).
[Crossref]

Chun, H.

S. Rajbhandari, H. Chun, G. Faulkner, K. Cameron, A. V. Jalajakumari, R. Henderson, D. Tsonev, M. Ijaz, Z. Chen, H. Haas, E. Xie, J. McKendry, J. Herrnsdorf, E. Gu, M. Dawson, and D. O’Brien, “High-speed integrated visible light communication system: Device constraints and design considerations,” IEEE J. Sel. Area. Comm. 33(9), 1750–1757 (2015).
[Crossref]

Crawford, M. H.

G.-B. Lin, Q. Shan, A. J. Birkel, J. Cho, E. Fred Schubert, M. H. Crawford, K. R. Westlake, and D. D. Koleske, “Method for determining the radiative efficiency of gainn quantum wells based on the width of efficiency-versus-carrier-concentration curve,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 101(24), 241104 (2012).
[Crossref]

Q. Dai, Q. Shan, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M.-H. Kim, and Y. Park, “On the symmetry of efficiency-versus-carrier-concentration curves in gainn/gan light-emitting diodes and relation to droop-causing mechanisms,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(3), 033506 (2011).
[Crossref]

Q. Dai, Q. Shan, J. Wang, S. Chhajed, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M.-H. Kim, and Y. Park, “Carrier recombination mechanisms and efficiency droop in gainn/gan light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(13), 133507 (2010).
[Crossref]

Dai, Q.

Q. Dai, Q. Shan, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M.-H. Kim, and Y. Park, “On the symmetry of efficiency-versus-carrier-concentration curves in gainn/gan light-emitting diodes and relation to droop-causing mechanisms,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(3), 033506 (2011).
[Crossref]

Q. Dai, Q. Shan, J. Wang, S. Chhajed, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M.-H. Kim, and Y. Park, “Carrier recombination mechanisms and efficiency droop in gainn/gan light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(13), 133507 (2010).
[Crossref]

Dawson, M.

S. Rajbhandari, H. Chun, G. Faulkner, K. Cameron, A. V. Jalajakumari, R. Henderson, D. Tsonev, M. Ijaz, Z. Chen, H. Haas, E. Xie, J. McKendry, J. Herrnsdorf, E. Gu, M. Dawson, and D. O’Brien, “High-speed integrated visible light communication system: Device constraints and design considerations,” IEEE J. Sel. Area. Comm. 33(9), 1750–1757 (2015).
[Crossref]

del Campo-Jimenez, G.

Deng, X.

X. Deng and J. P. M. G. Linnartz, “Poster: Model of extra power in the transmitter for high-speed visible light communication,” in IEEE SCVT, 2016, pp. 1–5.

Dong, T.

Y. Gu, N. Narendran, T. Dong, and H. Wu, “Spectral and luminous efficacy change of high-power leds under different dimming methods,” Proc. SPIE 6337, 62270 (2006).

Dyble, M.

M. Dyble, N. Narendran, A. Bierman, and T. Klein, “Impact of dimming white leds: chromaticity shifts due to different dimming methods,” Proc. SPIE 5941, 291–299 (2005).

Elgala, H.

M. Z. Afgani, H. Haas, H. Elgala, and D. Knipp, “Visible light communication using ofdm,” in 2nd International Conference on Testbeds and Research Infrastructures for the Development of Networks and Communities, 2006.

Faulkner, G.

S. Rajbhandari, H. Chun, G. Faulkner, K. Cameron, A. V. Jalajakumari, R. Henderson, D. Tsonev, M. Ijaz, Z. Chen, H. Haas, E. Xie, J. McKendry, J. Herrnsdorf, E. Gu, M. Dawson, and D. O’Brien, “High-speed integrated visible light communication system: Device constraints and design considerations,” IEEE J. Sel. Area. Comm. 33(9), 1750–1757 (2015).
[Crossref]

Fred Schubert, E.

G.-B. Lin, Q. Shan, A. J. Birkel, J. Cho, E. Fred Schubert, M. H. Crawford, K. R. Westlake, and D. D. Koleske, “Method for determining the radiative efficiency of gainn quantum wells based on the width of efficiency-versus-carrier-concentration curve,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 101(24), 241104 (2012).
[Crossref]

Grodzki, L.

L. Grodzki, “The comparison of the pulse and constant-current led driving,” in BUT, 2013.

Gu, E.

S. Rajbhandari, H. Chun, G. Faulkner, K. Cameron, A. V. Jalajakumari, R. Henderson, D. Tsonev, M. Ijaz, Z. Chen, H. Haas, E. Xie, J. McKendry, J. Herrnsdorf, E. Gu, M. Dawson, and D. O’Brien, “High-speed integrated visible light communication system: Device constraints and design considerations,” IEEE J. Sel. Area. Comm. 33(9), 1750–1757 (2015).
[Crossref]

Gu, Y.

Y. Gu, N. Narendran, T. Dong, and H. Wu, “Spectral and luminous efficacy change of high-power leds under different dimming methods,” Proc. SPIE 6337, 62270 (2006).

Haas, H.

S. Rajbhandari, H. Chun, G. Faulkner, K. Cameron, A. V. Jalajakumari, R. Henderson, D. Tsonev, M. Ijaz, Z. Chen, H. Haas, E. Xie, J. McKendry, J. Herrnsdorf, E. Gu, M. Dawson, and D. O’Brien, “High-speed integrated visible light communication system: Device constraints and design considerations,” IEEE J. Sel. Area. Comm. 33(9), 1750–1757 (2015).
[Crossref]

M. Z. Afgani, H. Haas, H. Elgala, and D. Knipp, “Visible light communication using ofdm,” in 2nd International Conference on Testbeds and Research Infrastructures for the Development of Networks and Communities, 2006.

Harada, H.

H. Harada and R. Prasad, Simulation and Software Radio for Mobile Communications (Artech House, 2002).

He, G.

G. He and L. Zheng, “Color temperature tunable white-light light-emitting diode clusters with high color rendering index,” Appl. Opt.49(24), 4670–4676 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Henderson, R.

S. Rajbhandari, H. Chun, G. Faulkner, K. Cameron, A. V. Jalajakumari, R. Henderson, D. Tsonev, M. Ijaz, Z. Chen, H. Haas, E. Xie, J. McKendry, J. Herrnsdorf, E. Gu, M. Dawson, and D. O’Brien, “High-speed integrated visible light communication system: Device constraints and design considerations,” IEEE J. Sel. Area. Comm. 33(9), 1750–1757 (2015).
[Crossref]

Herrnsdorf, J.

S. Rajbhandari, H. Chun, G. Faulkner, K. Cameron, A. V. Jalajakumari, R. Henderson, D. Tsonev, M. Ijaz, Z. Chen, H. Haas, E. Xie, J. McKendry, J. Herrnsdorf, E. Gu, M. Dawson, and D. O’Brien, “High-speed integrated visible light communication system: Device constraints and design considerations,” IEEE J. Sel. Area. Comm. 33(9), 1750–1757 (2015).
[Crossref]

Hranilovic, S.

M. S. Mossaad, S. Hranilovic, and L. Lampe, “Visible light communications using ofdm and multiple leds,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 63(11), 4304–4313 (2015).
[Crossref]

Hussain, B.

Ijaz, M.

S. Rajbhandari, H. Chun, G. Faulkner, K. Cameron, A. V. Jalajakumari, R. Henderson, D. Tsonev, M. Ijaz, Z. Chen, H. Haas, E. Xie, J. McKendry, J. Herrnsdorf, E. Gu, M. Dawson, and D. O’Brien, “High-speed integrated visible light communication system: Device constraints and design considerations,” IEEE J. Sel. Area. Comm. 33(9), 1750–1757 (2015).
[Crossref]

Jalajakumari, A. V.

S. Rajbhandari, H. Chun, G. Faulkner, K. Cameron, A. V. Jalajakumari, R. Henderson, D. Tsonev, M. Ijaz, Z. Chen, H. Haas, E. Xie, J. McKendry, J. Herrnsdorf, E. Gu, M. Dawson, and D. O’Brien, “High-speed integrated visible light communication system: Device constraints and design considerations,” IEEE J. Sel. Area. Comm. 33(9), 1750–1757 (2015).
[Crossref]

Jovicic, A.

A. Jovicic, J. Li, and T. Richardson, “Visible light communication: opportunities, challenges and the path to market,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 51(12), 26–32 (2013).
[Crossref]

Kim, J. K.

J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, and J. K. Kim, “Efficiency droop in light-emitting diodes: Challenges and countermeasures,” Laser & Photonics Rev. 7(3), 408–421 (2013).
[Crossref]

Kim, M.-H.

Q. Dai, Q. Shan, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M.-H. Kim, and Y. Park, “On the symmetry of efficiency-versus-carrier-concentration curves in gainn/gan light-emitting diodes and relation to droop-causing mechanisms,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(3), 033506 (2011).
[Crossref]

Q. Dai, Q. Shan, J. Wang, S. Chhajed, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M.-H. Kim, and Y. Park, “Carrier recombination mechanisms and efficiency droop in gainn/gan light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(13), 133507 (2010).
[Crossref]

Klein, T.

M. Dyble, N. Narendran, A. Bierman, and T. Klein, “Impact of dimming white leds: chromaticity shifts due to different dimming methods,” Proc. SPIE 5941, 291–299 (2005).

Knipp, D.

M. Z. Afgani, H. Haas, H. Elgala, and D. Knipp, “Visible light communication using ofdm,” in 2nd International Conference on Testbeds and Research Infrastructures for the Development of Networks and Communities, 2006.

Koleske, D. D.

G.-B. Lin, Q. Shan, A. J. Birkel, J. Cho, E. Fred Schubert, M. H. Crawford, K. R. Westlake, and D. D. Koleske, “Method for determining the radiative efficiency of gainn quantum wells based on the width of efficiency-versus-carrier-concentration curve,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 101(24), 241104 (2012).
[Crossref]

Q. Dai, Q. Shan, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M.-H. Kim, and Y. Park, “On the symmetry of efficiency-versus-carrier-concentration curves in gainn/gan light-emitting diodes and relation to droop-causing mechanisms,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(3), 033506 (2011).
[Crossref]

Q. Dai, Q. Shan, J. Wang, S. Chhajed, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M.-H. Kim, and Y. Park, “Carrier recombination mechanisms and efficiency droop in gainn/gan light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(13), 133507 (2010).
[Crossref]

Lai, Y. M.

K. H. Loo, Y. M. Lai, S. C. Tan, and C. K. Tse, “On the color stability of phosphor-converted white leds under dc, pwm, and bilevel drive,” IEEE T. Power Electr. 27(2), 974–984 (2012).
[Crossref]

Lampe, L.

M. S. Mossaad, S. Hranilovic, and L. Lampe, “Visible light communications using ofdm and multiple leds,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 63(11), 4304–4313 (2015).
[Crossref]

A. Mostafa and L. Lampe, “Physical-layer security for indoor visible light communications,” in IEEE ICC, 2014, pp. 3342–3347.

Larimore, B.

B. Larimore, “Led lighting and dc/dc conversioncontrol integrated on one c2000 microcontroller,” Texas Instruments Kit Documentation, 2010.

Lee, C. C.

R. L. Lin, S. Y. Liu, C. C. Lee, and Y. C. Chang, “Taylor-series-expression-based equivalent circuit models of led for analysis of led driver system,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 49(4), 1854–1862 (2013).
[Crossref]

Lenk, C.

R. Lenk and C. Lenk, Practical Lighting Design With LEDs (Wiley, 2011).
[Crossref]

Lenk, R.

R. Lenk and C. Lenk, Practical Lighting Design With LEDs (Wiley, 2011).
[Crossref]

Li, J.

A. Jovicic, J. Li, and T. Richardson, “Visible light communication: opportunities, challenges and the path to market,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 51(12), 26–32 (2013).
[Crossref]

Li, X.

Lin, G.-B.

G.-B. Lin, Q. Shan, A. J. Birkel, J. Cho, E. Fred Schubert, M. H. Crawford, K. R. Westlake, and D. D. Koleske, “Method for determining the radiative efficiency of gainn quantum wells based on the width of efficiency-versus-carrier-concentration curve,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 101(24), 241104 (2012).
[Crossref]

Lin, R. L.

R. L. Lin, S. Y. Liu, C. C. Lee, and Y. C. Chang, “Taylor-series-expression-based equivalent circuit models of led for analysis of led driver system,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 49(4), 1854–1862 (2013).
[Crossref]

R. L. Lin and Y. F. Chen, “Equivalent circuit model of light-emitting-diode for system analyses of lighting drivers,” in IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 2009, pp. 1–5.

Linnartz, J. P. M.

A. Tsiatmas, F. M. Willems, J. P. M. Linnartz, S. Baggen, and J. W. Bergmans, “Joint illumination and visible-light communication systems: Data rates and extra power consumption,” in IEEE ICCW, 2015, pp. 1380–1386.

Linnartz, J. P. M. G.

X. Deng and J. P. M. G. Linnartz, “Poster: Model of extra power in the transmitter for high-speed visible light communication,” in IEEE SCVT, 2016, pp. 1–5.

J. P. M. G. Linnartz, “Wireless optical communication in illumination systems,” in IEEE Photonics Society Summer Topical Meeting Series (SUM), 2016, pp. 104–107.

Liu, G.

H. Zhao, G. Liu, J. Zhang, R. A. Arif, and N. Tansu, “Analysis of internal quantum efficiency and current injection efficiency in iii-nitride light-emitting diodes,” J. Disp. Technol. 9(4), 212–225 (2013).
[Crossref]

Liu, S. Y.

R. L. Lin, S. Y. Liu, C. C. Lee, and Y. C. Chang, “Taylor-series-expression-based equivalent circuit models of led for analysis of led driver system,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 49(4), 1854–1862 (2013).
[Crossref]

Loo, K. H.

K. H. Loo, Y. M. Lai, S. C. Tan, and C. K. Tse, “On the color stability of phosphor-converted white leds under dc, pwm, and bilevel drive,” IEEE T. Power Electr. 27(2), 974–984 (2012).
[Crossref]

Lopez-Hernandez, F. J.

McKendry, J.

S. Rajbhandari, H. Chun, G. Faulkner, K. Cameron, A. V. Jalajakumari, R. Henderson, D. Tsonev, M. Ijaz, Z. Chen, H. Haas, E. Xie, J. McKendry, J. Herrnsdorf, E. Gu, M. Dawson, and D. O’Brien, “High-speed integrated visible light communication system: Device constraints and design considerations,” IEEE J. Sel. Area. Comm. 33(9), 1750–1757 (2015).
[Crossref]

Mossaad, M. S.

M. S. Mossaad, S. Hranilovic, and L. Lampe, “Visible light communications using ofdm and multiple leds,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 63(11), 4304–4313 (2015).
[Crossref]

Mostafa, A.

A. Mostafa and L. Lampe, “Physical-layer security for indoor visible light communications,” in IEEE ICC, 2014, pp. 3342–3347.

Narendran, N.

Y. Gu, N. Narendran, T. Dong, and H. Wu, “Spectral and luminous efficacy change of high-power leds under different dimming methods,” Proc. SPIE 6337, 62270 (2006).

M. Dyble, N. Narendran, A. Bierman, and T. Klein, “Impact of dimming white leds: chromaticity shifts due to different dimming methods,” Proc. SPIE 5941, 291–299 (2005).

O’Brien, D.

S. Rajbhandari, H. Chun, G. Faulkner, K. Cameron, A. V. Jalajakumari, R. Henderson, D. Tsonev, M. Ijaz, Z. Chen, H. Haas, E. Xie, J. McKendry, J. Herrnsdorf, E. Gu, M. Dawson, and D. O’Brien, “High-speed integrated visible light communication system: Device constraints and design considerations,” IEEE J. Sel. Area. Comm. 33(9), 1750–1757 (2015).
[Crossref]

Ohno, Y.

Y. Ohno, “Color rendering and luminous efficacy of white led spectra,” Proc. SPIE 5530, 88–98 (2004).
[Crossref]

Park, Y.

Q. Dai, Q. Shan, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M.-H. Kim, and Y. Park, “On the symmetry of efficiency-versus-carrier-concentration curves in gainn/gan light-emitting diodes and relation to droop-causing mechanisms,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(3), 033506 (2011).
[Crossref]

Q. Dai, Q. Shan, J. Wang, S. Chhajed, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M.-H. Kim, and Y. Park, “Carrier recombination mechanisms and efficiency droop in gainn/gan light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(13), 133507 (2010).
[Crossref]

Perez-Jimenez, R.

Perry, J.

J. Perry, “Optimizing led lighting systems for efficiency, size and cost,” Power Electronics Technology, Wiley2011.

Piprek, J.

J. Piprek, “Efficiency droop in nitride-based light-emitting diodes,” Phys. Status Solidi A 207, 2217-2225 (2010).
[Crossref]

Popoola, W. O.

Prasad, R.

H. Harada and R. Prasad, Simulation and Software Radio for Mobile Communications (Artech House, 2002).

Rajbhandari, S.

S. Rajbhandari, H. Chun, G. Faulkner, K. Cameron, A. V. Jalajakumari, R. Henderson, D. Tsonev, M. Ijaz, Z. Chen, H. Haas, E. Xie, J. McKendry, J. Herrnsdorf, E. Gu, M. Dawson, and D. O’Brien, “High-speed integrated visible light communication system: Device constraints and design considerations,” IEEE J. Sel. Area. Comm. 33(9), 1750–1757 (2015).
[Crossref]

Richardson, T.

A. Jovicic, J. Li, and T. Richardson, “Visible light communication: opportunities, challenges and the path to market,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 51(12), 26–32 (2013).
[Crossref]

Sang-Kyu Lim, D. H. K. I. S. J.

D. H. K. I. S. J. Sang-Kyu Lim and Kang Tae-Gyu, “Some comments on the power of led light source for vlc,” IEEE VLC Standard 802.15.7, 2009.

Schubert, E. F.

J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, and J. K. Kim, “Efficiency droop in light-emitting diodes: Challenges and countermeasures,” Laser & Photonics Rev. 7(3), 408–421 (2013).
[Crossref]

Q. Dai, Q. Shan, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M.-H. Kim, and Y. Park, “On the symmetry of efficiency-versus-carrier-concentration curves in gainn/gan light-emitting diodes and relation to droop-causing mechanisms,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(3), 033506 (2011).
[Crossref]

Q. Dai, Q. Shan, J. Wang, S. Chhajed, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M.-H. Kim, and Y. Park, “Carrier recombination mechanisms and efficiency droop in gainn/gan light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(13), 133507 (2010).
[Crossref]

E. F. Schubert, Light-Emitting Diodes (Cambridge University, 2006).
[Crossref]

Shan, Q.

G.-B. Lin, Q. Shan, A. J. Birkel, J. Cho, E. Fred Schubert, M. H. Crawford, K. R. Westlake, and D. D. Koleske, “Method for determining the radiative efficiency of gainn quantum wells based on the width of efficiency-versus-carrier-concentration curve,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 101(24), 241104 (2012).
[Crossref]

Q. Dai, Q. Shan, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M.-H. Kim, and Y. Park, “On the symmetry of efficiency-versus-carrier-concentration curves in gainn/gan light-emitting diodes and relation to droop-causing mechanisms,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(3), 033506 (2011).
[Crossref]

Q. Dai, Q. Shan, J. Wang, S. Chhajed, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M.-H. Kim, and Y. Park, “Carrier recombination mechanisms and efficiency droop in gainn/gan light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(13), 133507 (2010).
[Crossref]

Tae-Gyu, Kang

D. H. K. I. S. J. Sang-Kyu Lim and Kang Tae-Gyu, “Some comments on the power of led light source for vlc,” IEEE VLC Standard 802.15.7, 2009.

Tan, S. C.

K. H. Loo, Y. M. Lai, S. C. Tan, and C. K. Tse, “On the color stability of phosphor-converted white leds under dc, pwm, and bilevel drive,” IEEE T. Power Electr. 27(2), 974–984 (2012).
[Crossref]

Tansu, N.

H. Zhao, G. Liu, J. Zhang, R. A. Arif, and N. Tansu, “Analysis of internal quantum efficiency and current injection efficiency in iii-nitride light-emitting diodes,” J. Disp. Technol. 9(4), 212–225 (2013).
[Crossref]

Tse, C. K.

K. H. Loo, Y. M. Lai, S. C. Tan, and C. K. Tse, “On the color stability of phosphor-converted white leds under dc, pwm, and bilevel drive,” IEEE T. Power Electr. 27(2), 974–984 (2012).
[Crossref]

Tsiatmas, A.

A. Tsiatmas, F. M. Willems, J. P. M. Linnartz, S. Baggen, and J. W. Bergmans, “Joint illumination and visible-light communication systems: Data rates and extra power consumption,” in IEEE ICCW, 2015, pp. 1380–1386.

Tsonev, D.

S. Rajbhandari, H. Chun, G. Faulkner, K. Cameron, A. V. Jalajakumari, R. Henderson, D. Tsonev, M. Ijaz, Z. Chen, H. Haas, E. Xie, J. McKendry, J. Herrnsdorf, E. Gu, M. Dawson, and D. O’Brien, “High-speed integrated visible light communication system: Device constraints and design considerations,” IEEE J. Sel. Area. Comm. 33(9), 1750–1757 (2015).
[Crossref]

Wang, J.

Q. Dai, Q. Shan, J. Wang, S. Chhajed, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M.-H. Kim, and Y. Park, “Carrier recombination mechanisms and efficiency droop in gainn/gan light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(13), 133507 (2010).
[Crossref]

Westlake, K. R.

G.-B. Lin, Q. Shan, A. J. Birkel, J. Cho, E. Fred Schubert, M. H. Crawford, K. R. Westlake, and D. D. Koleske, “Method for determining the radiative efficiency of gainn quantum wells based on the width of efficiency-versus-carrier-concentration curve,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 101(24), 241104 (2012).
[Crossref]

Willems, F. M.

A. Tsiatmas, F. M. Willems, J. P. M. Linnartz, S. Baggen, and J. W. Bergmans, “Joint illumination and visible-light communication systems: Data rates and extra power consumption,” in IEEE ICCW, 2015, pp. 1380–1386.

Wu, H.

Y. Gu, N. Narendran, T. Dong, and H. Wu, “Spectral and luminous efficacy change of high-power leds under different dimming methods,” Proc. SPIE 6337, 62270 (2006).

Wu, L.

Xie, E.

S. Rajbhandari, H. Chun, G. Faulkner, K. Cameron, A. V. Jalajakumari, R. Henderson, D. Tsonev, M. Ijaz, Z. Chen, H. Haas, E. Xie, J. McKendry, J. Herrnsdorf, E. Gu, M. Dawson, and D. O’Brien, “High-speed integrated visible light communication system: Device constraints and design considerations,” IEEE J. Sel. Area. Comm. 33(9), 1750–1757 (2015).
[Crossref]

Yue, C. P.

Zhang, J.

H. Zhao, G. Liu, J. Zhang, R. A. Arif, and N. Tansu, “Analysis of internal quantum efficiency and current injection efficiency in iii-nitride light-emitting diodes,” J. Disp. Technol. 9(4), 212–225 (2013).
[Crossref]

Zhao, H.

H. Zhao, G. Liu, J. Zhang, R. A. Arif, and N. Tansu, “Analysis of internal quantum efficiency and current injection efficiency in iii-nitride light-emitting diodes,” J. Disp. Technol. 9(4), 212–225 (2013).
[Crossref]

Zheng, L.

G. He and L. Zheng, “Color temperature tunable white-light light-emitting diode clusters with high color rendering index,” Appl. Opt.49(24), 4670–4676 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. Lett. (3)

Q. Dai, Q. Shan, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M.-H. Kim, and Y. Park, “On the symmetry of efficiency-versus-carrier-concentration curves in gainn/gan light-emitting diodes and relation to droop-causing mechanisms,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(3), 033506 (2011).
[Crossref]

G.-B. Lin, Q. Shan, A. J. Birkel, J. Cho, E. Fred Schubert, M. H. Crawford, K. R. Westlake, and D. D. Koleske, “Method for determining the radiative efficiency of gainn quantum wells based on the width of efficiency-versus-carrier-concentration curve,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 101(24), 241104 (2012).
[Crossref]

Q. Dai, Q. Shan, J. Wang, S. Chhajed, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M.-H. Kim, and Y. Park, “Carrier recombination mechanisms and efficiency droop in gainn/gan light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(13), 133507 (2010).
[Crossref]

IEEE Commun. Mag. (1)

A. Jovicic, J. Li, and T. Richardson, “Visible light communication: opportunities, challenges and the path to market,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 51(12), 26–32 (2013).
[Crossref]

IEEE J. Sel. Area. Comm. (1)

S. Rajbhandari, H. Chun, G. Faulkner, K. Cameron, A. V. Jalajakumari, R. Henderson, D. Tsonev, M. Ijaz, Z. Chen, H. Haas, E. Xie, J. McKendry, J. Herrnsdorf, E. Gu, M. Dawson, and D. O’Brien, “High-speed integrated visible light communication system: Device constraints and design considerations,” IEEE J. Sel. Area. Comm. 33(9), 1750–1757 (2015).
[Crossref]

IEEE T. Power Electr. (1)

K. H. Loo, Y. M. Lai, S. C. Tan, and C. K. Tse, “On the color stability of phosphor-converted white leds under dc, pwm, and bilevel drive,” IEEE T. Power Electr. 27(2), 974–984 (2012).
[Crossref]

IEEE Trans. Commun. (1)

M. S. Mossaad, S. Hranilovic, and L. Lampe, “Visible light communications using ofdm and multiple leds,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 63(11), 4304–4313 (2015).
[Crossref]

IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. (1)

R. L. Lin, S. Y. Liu, C. C. Lee, and Y. C. Chang, “Taylor-series-expression-based equivalent circuit models of led for analysis of led driver system,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 49(4), 1854–1862 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. Disp. Technol. (1)

H. Zhao, G. Liu, J. Zhang, R. A. Arif, and N. Tansu, “Analysis of internal quantum efficiency and current injection efficiency in iii-nitride light-emitting diodes,” J. Disp. Technol. 9(4), 212–225 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. Lightwave Technol. (2)

Laser & Photonics Rev. (1)

J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, and J. K. Kim, “Efficiency droop in light-emitting diodes: Challenges and countermeasures,” Laser & Photonics Rev. 7(3), 408–421 (2013).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (1)

Phys. Status Solidi A (1)

J. Piprek, “Efficiency droop in nitride-based light-emitting diodes,” Phys. Status Solidi A 207, 2217-2225 (2010).
[Crossref]

Proc. SPIE (3)

Y. Gu, N. Narendran, T. Dong, and H. Wu, “Spectral and luminous efficacy change of high-power leds under different dimming methods,” Proc. SPIE 6337, 62270 (2006).

M. Dyble, N. Narendran, A. Bierman, and T. Klein, “Impact of dimming white leds: chromaticity shifts due to different dimming methods,” Proc. SPIE 5941, 291–299 (2005).

Y. Ohno, “Color rendering and luminous efficacy of white led spectra,” Proc. SPIE 5530, 88–98 (2004).
[Crossref]

Other (18)

D. H. K. I. S. J. Sang-Kyu Lim and Kang Tae-Gyu, “Some comments on the power of led light source for vlc,” IEEE VLC Standard 802.15.7, 2009.

G. He and L. Zheng, “Color temperature tunable white-light light-emitting diode clusters with high color rendering index,” Appl. Opt.49(24), 4670–4676 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. F. Schubert, Light-Emitting Diodes (Cambridge University, 2006).
[Crossref]

B. Larimore, “Led lighting and dc/dc conversioncontrol integrated on one c2000 microcontroller,” Texas Instruments Kit Documentation, 2010.

S. Arnon, Visible Light Communication (Cambridge University, 2015).
[Crossref]

J. P. M. G. Linnartz, “Wireless optical communication in illumination systems,” in IEEE Photonics Society Summer Topical Meeting Series (SUM), 2016, pp. 104–107.

X. Deng and J. P. M. G. Linnartz, “Poster: Model of extra power in the transmitter for high-speed visible light communication,” in IEEE SCVT, 2016, pp. 1–5.

A. Mostafa and L. Lampe, “Physical-layer security for indoor visible light communications,” in IEEE ICC, 2014, pp. 3342–3347.

R. Lenk and C. Lenk, Practical Lighting Design With LEDs (Wiley, 2011).
[Crossref]

L. Grodzki, “The comparison of the pulse and constant-current led driving,” in BUT, 2013.

A. Tsiatmas, F. M. Willems, J. P. M. Linnartz, S. Baggen, and J. W. Bergmans, “Joint illumination and visible-light communication systems: Data rates and extra power consumption,” in IEEE ICCW, 2015, pp. 1380–1386.

M. Z. Afgani, H. Haas, H. Elgala, and D. Knipp, “Visible light communication using ofdm,” in 2nd International Conference on Testbeds and Research Infrastructures for the Development of Networks and Communities, 2006.

H. Harada and R. Prasad, Simulation and Software Radio for Mobile Communications (Artech House, 2002).

J. Perry, “Optimizing led lighting systems for efficiency, size and cost,” Power Electronics Technology, Wiley2011.

T. notes AB20-3, “Electrical design considerations of superflux leds”, 2015.

P. LUXEON, “Technical datasheet ds56,” LEDs LXML-PWC1-0090-datasheet, 2007.

T. notes AB20-3A, “Advance electrical design led model”, 2002.

R. L. Lin and Y. F. Chen, “Equivalent circuit model of light-emitting-diode for system analyses of lighting drivers,” in IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 2009, pp. 1–5.

Cited By

Optica participates in Crossref's Cited-By Linking service. Citing articles from Optica Publishing Group journals and other participating publishers are listed here.

Alert me when this article is cited.


Figures (11)
Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Factors affecting the light output of the LED.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Internal quantum efficiency versus current.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Luminous flux output of a typical commercial white LED.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 4
Fig. 4 LED luminous flux nonlinearity.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Current increment under different illumination level and modulation index.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 6
Fig. 6 Two mechanisms of the extra power loss in the LED.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 7
Fig. 7 LED V-I curves.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 8
Fig. 8 Extra power loss of two mechanisms in LED.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 9
Fig. 9 Extra power loss in LED with OFDM.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 10
Fig. 10 Efficacy with different illumination and modulation index.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 11
Fig. 11 The first and second derivative of LED light output versus current.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Tables (1)

Tables Icon

Table 1 Photometry and Radiometry

View Table

Equations (34)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

Φ V = η l P L E D ,
η l = η L E R η W P E .
η L E R = K m ∫   λ S L E D ( λ ) V ( λ ) d λ ∫   λ S L E D ( λ ) d λ ,
η W P E = P o p P L E D = 〈 E p 〉 q V N p I / q = 〈 E p 〉 q V η E Q E ,
η E Q E = η I Q E η E x t ,
R = A m + B m 2 + C m 3 ,
η I Q E = B m 2 R = B A / m + B + C m .
η I Q E = ∑ n = 0 N d n I n .
Φ V = 〈 E p 〉 q η L E R η E x t ∑ n = 0 N d n I n + 1 ,
Φ V   _ T ≈ Φ V exp [ − k R T P L E D ( 1 − η W   P E ) ] ,
Φ V ≈ a I 2 + b I + c ,
E [ Φ V ] = ∫   I P ( I ) { a [ 1 + s ( t ) ] 2 I 2 + b [ 1 + s ( t ) ] I + c } d I = Φ V ( I ) + ( 2 a I 2 + b I ) E [ s ( t ) ] + a I 2 E [ s 2 ( t ) ] ,
E [ Φ V ] = a I 2 + b I + c = a I D 2 + b I D + c + ( 2 a I D 2 + b I D ) E [ s ( t ) ] + a I D 2 E [ s 2 ( t ) ] .
Δ P L E D _ f l u x = P L E D ( I D ) − P L E D ( I ) ,
I ( t ) = I s [ exp ( q V ( t ) n k T ) − 1 ] ,
V ( t ) = n k T q ln [ I ( t ) I s + 1 ] + R L I ( t ) .
P L E D ( I D ) = n k T q I D ln [ I D I s + 1 ] + R L I D 2 .
Δ P L E D _ P A M = 1 2 n k T q I D ( 1 + α m ) l n [ I D ( 1 + α m ) I s + 1 ] + 1 2 n k T q I D ( 1 − α m ) l n [ I D ( 1 − α m ) I s + 1 ] , + 1 2 R L ( 1 + α m ) 2 I D 2 + 1 2 R L ( 1 − α m ) 2 I D 2 − P L E D ( I D ) = n k T q I D ⋅ B + R L I D 2 α m 2
B = 1 − α m 2 ln ( 1 − α m ) + 1 + α m 2 ln ( 1 + α m ) .
V ( t ) ≈ n k T q [ ln ( I D I s + 1 ) − I D I D + I s ] + R L E D i O F D M ( t ) ,
Δ P L E D _ O F D M = R L E D α r m s 2 I D 2 ,
Φ V ( I ) = 〈 E p 〉 η L E R η E x t B [ m ( I ) ] 2 ,
I = q V a c t i v e ( A m + B m 2 + C m 3 ) ,
C m 3 + B m 2 + A m − I / ( q V a c t i v e ) = 0 .
Φ V ′ ( I ) = 2 〈 E p 〉 η L E R η E x t B m ( I ) m ′ ( I ) ,
Φ V ″ ( I ) = 2 〈 E p 〉 η L E R η E x t B { [ m ′ ( I ) ] 2 + m ( I ) m ″ ( I ) } .
D = b 2 − 3 a c , χ = 9 a b c − 2 b 3 − 27 a 2 d 2 ( D ) 3 , κ = χ + χ 2 − 1 3 .
{ x 1 = − b + D ( κ + 1 κ ) 3 a x 2 , 3 = − b + D ( κ + 1 κ ) c o s 2 π 3 3 a ± i D ( κ − i κ ) s i n 2 π 3 3 a .
m ( I ) = − b + D ( κ ( I ) + 1 κ ( I ) ) 3 a .
m ′ ( I ) = D 3 a κ ′ ( I ) ( 1 − κ − 2 ( I ) ) ,
m ″ ( I ) = D 3 a { κ ″ ( I ) ( 1 − κ − 2 ( I ) ) + 2 κ − 3 ( I ) [ κ ′ ( I ) ] 2 } .
κ ′ ( I ) = 1 3 ( χ ( I ) + χ 2 ( I ) − 1 ) − 2 3 { χ ′ ( I ) + χ ( I ) χ ′ ( I ) [ χ 2 ( I ) − 1 ] − 1 2 } .
κ ″ ( I ) = − 2 9 ( χ ( I ) + χ 2 ( I ) − 1 ) − 5 3 { χ ′ ( I ) + χ ( I ) χ ′ ( I ) [ χ 2 ( I ) − 1 ] − 1 2 } 2 + 1 3 ( χ ( I ) + χ 2 ( I ) − 1 ) − 2 3 . { χ ″ ( I ) + [ χ 2 ( I ) − 1 ] − 1 2 [ [ χ ′ ( I ) 2 + χ ( I ) χ ″ ( I ) ] ] − [ χ ( I ) χ ′ ( I ) ] 2 [ χ 2 ( I ) − 1 ] − 3 2 } .
χ ′ ( I ) = 27 a 2 2 ( D ) 3 1 q V a c t i v e .

Metrics