Interferometric imaging using Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> photonic integrated circuits for a SPIDER imager

Tiehui Su; Guangyao Liu; Katherine E Badham; Samuel T. Thurman; Richard L. Kendrick; Alan Duncan; Danielle Wuchenich; Chad Ogden; Guy Chriqui; Shaoqi Feng; Jaeyi Chun; Weicheng Lai; S. J. B. Yoo

doi:10.1364/OE.26.012801

Optics Express
Vol. 26,
Issue 10,
pp. 12801-12812
(2018)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.012801

Interferometric imaging using Si₃N₄ photonic integrated circuits for a SPIDER imager

Tiehui Su, Guangyao Liu, Katherine E Badham, Samuel T. Thurman, Richard L. Kendrick, Alan Duncan, Danielle Wuchenich, Chad Ogden, Guy Chriqui, Shaoqi Feng, Jaeyi Chun, Weicheng Lai, and S. J. B. Yoo

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Tiehui Su, Guangyao Liu, Katherine E Badham, Samuel T. Thurman, Richard L. Kendrick, Alan Duncan, Danielle Wuchenich, Chad Ogden, Guy Chriqui, Shaoqi Feng, Jaeyi Chun, Weicheng Lai, and S. J. B. Yoo, "Interferometric imaging using Si₃N₄ photonic integrated circuits for a SPIDER imager," Opt. Express 26, 12801-12812 (2018)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Integrated Optics
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Interferometric imaging (110.3175)
- Photonic integrated circuits (250.5300)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: March 9, 2018
- Revised Manuscript: April 29, 2018
- Manuscript Accepted: April 29, 2018
- Published: May 3, 2018

Abstract

This paper reports design, fabrication, and experimental demonstration of a silicon nitride photonic integrated circuit (PIC). The PIC is capable of conducting one-dimensional interferometric imaging with twelve baselines near λ = 1100-1600 nm. The PIC consists of twelve waveguide pairs, each leading to a multi-mode interferometer (MMI) that forms broadband interference fringes or each corresponding pair of the waveguides. Then an 18 channel arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) separates the combined signal into 18 signals of different wavelengths. A total of 103 sets of fringes are collected by the detector array at the output of the PIC. We keep the optical path difference (OPD) of each interferometer baseline to within 1 µm to maximize the visibility of the interference measurement. We also constructed a testbed to utilize the PIC for two-dimension complex visibility measurement with various targets. The experiment shows reconstructed images in good agreement with theoretical predictions.

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References

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Article Order
Year
Author
Publication

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[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
T. Pearson and A. Readhead, “Image formation by self-calibration in radio astronomy,” Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 22(1), 97–130 (1984).
[Crossref]
K. Badham, R. L. Kendrick, D. Wuchenich, C. Ogden, G. Chriqui, A. Duncan, S. T. Thurman, T. Su, W. Lai, J. Chun, S. Li, G. Liu, and S. J. B. Yoo, “Photonic integrated circuit-based imaging system for SPIDER,” in CLEO Pacific Rim (Optical Society of America, 2017), paper #3–3C-2.
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R. L. Kendrick, A. Duncan, C. Ogden, J. Wilm, D. M. Stubbs, S. T. Thurman, T. Su, R. P. Scott, and S. J. B. Yoo, “Flat panel space based space surveillance sensor,” in Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies (AMOS) Conference (2013).
A. L. Duncan and R. L. Kendrick, “Segmented planar imaging detector for electro-optic reconnaissance,” (Google Patents, 2014).
T. Su, R. P. Scott, C. Ogden, S. T. Thurman, R. L. Kendrick, A. Duncan, R. Yu, and S. J. B. Yoo, “Experimental demonstration of interferometric imaging using photonic integrated circuits,” Opt. Express 25(11), 12653–12665 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
NASA, “About the Hubble Space Telescope,” https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/story/index.html .
M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light (Cambridge, 1999), p. 996.
É. Thiébaut and J.-F. Giovannelli, “Image reconstruction in optical interferometry,” IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 27(1), 97–109 (2010).
[Crossref]
J. F. Bauters, M. L. Davenport, M. J. Heck, J. K. Doylend, A. Chen, A. W. Fang, and J. E. Bowers, “Silicon on ultra-low-loss waveguide photonic integration platform,” Opt. Express 21(1), 544–555 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. T. Thurman, R. L. Kendrick, A. Duncan, D. Wuchenich, and C. Ogden, “System Design for a SPIDER Imager,” in Frontiers in Optics 2015, OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optical Society of America, 2015), FM3E.3.
K. Shang, S. Pathak, C. Qin, and S. B. Yoo, “Low-Loss Compact Silicon Nitride Arrayed Waveguide Gratings for Photonic Integrated Circuits,” IEEE Photonics J. 9, 1–5 (2017).

2017 (2)

T. Su, R. P. Scott, C. Ogden, S. T. Thurman, R. L. Kendrick, A. Duncan, R. Yu, and S. J. B. Yoo, “Experimental demonstration of interferometric imaging using photonic integrated circuits,” Opt. Express 25(11), 12653–12665 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. Shang, S. Pathak, C. Qin, and S. B. Yoo, “Low-Loss Compact Silicon Nitride Arrayed Waveguide Gratings for Photonic Integrated Circuits,” IEEE Photonics J. 9, 1–5 (2017).

2013 (1)

J. F. Bauters, M. L. Davenport, M. J. Heck, J. K. Doylend, A. Chen, A. W. Fang, and J. E. Bowers, “Silicon on ultra-low-loss waveguide photonic integration platform,” Opt. Express 21(1), 544–555 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (1)

É. Thiébaut and J.-F. Giovannelli, “Image reconstruction in optical interferometry,” IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 27(1), 97–109 (2010).
[Crossref]

2007 (1)

R. Petrov, F. Malbet, G. Weigelt, P. Antonelli, U. Beckmann, Y. Bresson, A. Chelli, M. Dugué, G. Duvert, S. Gennari, L. Glück, P. Kern, S. Lagarde, E. Le Coarer, F. Lisi, F. Millour, K. Perraut, P. Puget, F. Rantakyrö, S. Robbe-Dubois, A. Roussel, P. Salinari, E. Tatulli, G. Zins, M. Accardo, B. Acke, K. Agabi, E. Altariba, B. Arezki, E. Aristidi, C. Baffa, J. Behrend, T. Blöcker, S. Bonhomme, S. Busoni, F. Cassaing, J.-M. Clausse, J. Colin, C. Connot, A. Delboulbé, A. Domiciano de Souza, T. Driebe, P. Feautrier, D. Ferruzzi, T. Forveille, E. Fossat, R. Foy, D. Fraix-Burnet, A. Gallardo, E. Giani, C. Gil, A. Glentzlin, M. Heiden, M. Heininger, O. Hernandez Utrera, K.-H. Hofmann, D. Kamm, M. Kiekebusch, S. Kraus, D. Le Contel, J.-M. Le Contel, T. Lesourd, B. Lopez, M. Lopez, Y. Magnard, A. Marconi, G. Mars, G. Martinot-Lagarde, P. Mathias, P. Mège, J.-L. Monin, D. Mouillet, D. Mourard, E. Nussbaum, K. Ohnaka, J. Pacheco, C. Perrier, Y. Rabbia, S. Rebattu, F. Reynaud, A. Richichi, A. Robini, M. Sacchettini, D. Schertl, M. Schöller, W. Solscheid, A. Spang, P. Stee, P. Stefanini, M. Tallon, I. Tallon-Bosc, D. Tasso, L. Testi, F. Vakili, O. von der Lühe, J.-C. Valtier, M. Vannier, and N. Ventura, “AMBER, the near-infrared spectro-interferometric three-telescope VLTI instrument,” Astron. Astrophys. 464(1), 1–12 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

J. Aufdenberg, A. Mérand, V. C. Du Foresto, O. Absil, E. Di Folco, P. Kervella, S. Ridgway, D. Berger, T. Ten Brummelaar, and H. McAlister, “First results from the CHARA Array. VII. Long-baseline interferometric measurements of Vega consistent with a pole-on, rapidly rotating star,” Astrophys. J. 645(1), 664–675 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (1)

T. A. Brummelaar, H. A. McAlister, S. T. Ridgway, W. G. Bagnuolo, N. H. Turner, L. Sturmann, J. Sturmann, D. H. Berger, C. E. Ogden, R. Cadman, W. I. Hartkopf, C. H. Hopper, and M. A. Shure, “First Results from the CHARA Array. II. A Description of the Instrument,” Astrophys. J. 628(1), 453–465 (2005).
[Crossref]

1998 (1)

J. T. Armstrong, D. Mozurkewich, L. J. Rickard, D. J. Hutter, J. A. Benson, P. Bowers, N. Elias, C. Hummel, K. Johnston, D. Buscher, J. H. Clark, L. Ha, L.-C. Ling, N. M. White, and R. S. Simon, “The navy prototype optical interferometer,” Astrophys. J. 496(1), 550–571 (1998).
[Crossref]

1984 (1)

T. Pearson and A. Readhead, “Image formation by self-calibration in radio astronomy,” Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 22(1), 97–130 (1984).
[Crossref]

Absil, O.

Accardo, M.

Acke, B.

Agabi, K.

Altariba, E.

Antonelli, P.

Arezki, B.

Aristidi, E.

Armstrong, J. T.

Aufdenberg, J.

Baffa, C.

Bagnuolo, W. G.

Bauters, J. F.

Beckmann, U.

Behrend, J.

Benson, J. A.

Berger, D.

Berger, D. H.

Blöcker, T.

Bonhomme, S.

Bowers, J. E.

Bowers, P.

Bresson, Y.

Brummelaar, T. A.

Buscher, D.

Busoni, S.

Cadman, R.

Cassaing, F.

Chelli, A.

Chen, A.

Clark, J. H.

Clausse, J.-M.

Colin, J.

Connot, C.

Davenport, M. L.

Delboulbé, A.

Di Folco, E.

Domiciano de Souza, A.

Doylend, J. K.

Driebe, T.

Du Foresto, V. C.

Dugué, M.

Duncan, A.

Duvert, G.

Elias, N.

Fang, A. W.

Feautrier, P.

Ferruzzi, D.

Forveille, T.

Fossat, E.

Foy, R.

Fraix-Burnet, D.

Gallardo, A.

Gennari, S.

Giani, E.

Gil, C.

Giovannelli, J.-F.

É. Thiébaut and J.-F. Giovannelli, “Image reconstruction in optical interferometry,” IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 27(1), 97–109 (2010).
[Crossref]

Glentzlin, A.

Glück, L.

Ha, L.

Hartkopf, W. I.

Heck, M. J.

Heiden, M.

Heininger, M.

Hernandez Utrera, O.

Hofmann, K.-H.

Hopper, C. H.

Hummel, C.

Hutter, D. J.

Johnston, K.

Kamm, D.

Kendrick, R. L.

Kern, P.

Kervella, P.

Kiekebusch, M.

Kraus, S.

Lagarde, S.

Le Coarer, E.

Le Contel, D.

Le Contel, J.-M.

Lesourd, T.

Ling, L.-C.

Lisi, F.

Lopez, B.

Lopez, M.

Magnard, Y.

Malbet, F.

Marconi, A.

Mars, G.

Martinot-Lagarde, G.

Mathias, P.

McAlister, H.

McAlister, H. A.

Mège, P.

Mérand, A.

Millour, F.

Monin, J.-L.

Mouillet, D.

Mourard, D.

Mozurkewich, D.

Nussbaum, E.

Ogden, C.

Ogden, C. E.

Ohnaka, K.

Pacheco, J.

Pathak, S.

K. Shang, S. Pathak, C. Qin, and S. B. Yoo, “Low-Loss Compact Silicon Nitride Arrayed Waveguide Gratings for Photonic Integrated Circuits,” IEEE Photonics J. 9, 1–5 (2017).

Pearson, T.

T. Pearson and A. Readhead, “Image formation by self-calibration in radio astronomy,” Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 22(1), 97–130 (1984).
[Crossref]

Perraut, K.

Perrier, C.

Petrov, R.

Puget, P.

Qin, C.

K. Shang, S. Pathak, C. Qin, and S. B. Yoo, “Low-Loss Compact Silicon Nitride Arrayed Waveguide Gratings for Photonic Integrated Circuits,” IEEE Photonics J. 9, 1–5 (2017).

Rabbia, Y.

Rantakyrö, F.

Readhead, A.

T. Pearson and A. Readhead, “Image formation by self-calibration in radio astronomy,” Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 22(1), 97–130 (1984).
[Crossref]

Rebattu, S.

Reynaud, F.

Richichi, A.

Rickard, L. J.

Ridgway, S.

Ridgway, S. T.

Robbe-Dubois, S.

Robini, A.

Roussel, A.

Sacchettini, M.

Salinari, P.

Schertl, D.

Schöller, M.

Scott, R. P.

Shang, K.

K. Shang, S. Pathak, C. Qin, and S. B. Yoo, “Low-Loss Compact Silicon Nitride Arrayed Waveguide Gratings for Photonic Integrated Circuits,” IEEE Photonics J. 9, 1–5 (2017).

Shure, M. A.

Simon, R. S.

Solscheid, W.

Spang, A.

Stee, P.

Stefanini, P.

Sturmann, J.

Sturmann, L.

Su, T.

Tallon, M.

Tallon-Bosc, I.

Tasso, D.

Tatulli, E.

Ten Brummelaar, T.

Testi, L.

Thiébaut, É.

É. Thiébaut and J.-F. Giovannelli, “Image reconstruction in optical interferometry,” IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 27(1), 97–109 (2010).
[Crossref]

Thurman, S. T.

Turner, N. H.

Vakili, F.

Valtier, J.-C.

Vannier, M.

Ventura, N.

von der Lühe, O.

Weigelt, G.

White, N. M.

Yoo, S. B.

K. Shang, S. Pathak, C. Qin, and S. B. Yoo, “Low-Loss Compact Silicon Nitride Arrayed Waveguide Gratings for Photonic Integrated Circuits,” IEEE Photonics J. 9, 1–5 (2017).

Yoo, S. J. B.

Yu, R.

Zins, G.

Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (1)

T. Pearson and A. Readhead, “Image formation by self-calibration in radio astronomy,” Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 22(1), 97–130 (1984).
[Crossref]

Astron. Astrophys. (1)

Astrophys. J. (3)

IEEE Photonics J. (1)

K. Shang, S. Pathak, C. Qin, and S. B. Yoo, “Low-Loss Compact Silicon Nitride Arrayed Waveguide Gratings for Photonic Integrated Circuits,” IEEE Photonics J. 9, 1–5 (2017).

IEEE Signal Process. Mag. (1)

É. Thiébaut and J.-F. Giovannelli, “Image reconstruction in optical interferometry,” IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 27(1), 97–109 (2010).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (2)

Other (9)

NASA, “About the Hubble Space Telescope,” https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/story/index.html .

M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light (Cambridge, 1999), p. 996.

S. T. Thurman, R. L. Kendrick, A. Duncan, D. Wuchenich, and C. Ogden, “System Design for a SPIDER Imager,” in Frontiers in Optics 2015, OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optical Society of America, 2015), FM3E.3.

P. Hariharan, Optical Interferometry (Academic 2003).

J. W. Goodman, Statistical Optics (John Wiley & Sons, 2015).

K. Badham, R. L. Kendrick, D. Wuchenich, C. Ogden, G. Chriqui, A. Duncan, S. T. Thurman, T. Su, W. Lai, J. Chun, S. Li, G. Liu, and S. J. B. Yoo, “Photonic integrated circuit-based imaging system for SPIDER,” in CLEO Pacific Rim (Optical Society of America, 2017), paper #3–3C-2.

R. P. Scott, T. Su, C. Ogden, S. T. Thurman, R. L. Kendrick, A. Duncan, R. Yu, and S. Yoo, “Demonstration of a photonic integrated circuit for multi-baseline interferometric imaging,” in 2014 IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC) (IEEE, 2014), 1–2.

R. L. Kendrick, A. Duncan, C. Ogden, J. Wilm, D. M. Stubbs, S. T. Thurman, T. Su, R. P. Scott, and S. J. B. Yoo, “Flat panel space based space surveillance sensor,” in Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies (AMOS) Conference (2013).

A. L. Duncan and R. L. Kendrick, “Segmented planar imaging detector for electro-optic reconnaissance,” (Google Patents, 2014).

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Fig. 1 (a) The schematic diagram of the conceptual SPIDER telescope. (b) Layer-by-layer breakdown of the SPIDER telescope.

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Fig. 2 (a) A two-aperture interferometry system. (b) Working principle of the interferometer PIC.

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Fig. 3 (a) Cross section of fabricated three-layer Si₃N₄ waveguide design. (b)(c) Waveguide mode cross sections for the 2 µm and 6 µm wide Si₃N₄ waveguide.

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Fig. 4 Schematic of the tapered vertical coupler in the three-layer Si₃N₄ platform. (a) Top-down view. (b) Cross-section view.

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Fig. 5 Fabrication flow charts of SPIDER ZOOM device. (a) Starting 6 inch silicon wafer after initial cleaning; (b) LTO deposition; (c) 150 nm thick Si₃N₄ bottom layer deposition; (d) Si₃N₄ bottom layer lithography and etching; (e) First inter-layer LTO cladding deposition; (f) CMP; (g) 50 nm thick Si₃N₄ middle layer deposition. (h) Si₃N₄ middle layer lithography and etching; (i) Second inter-layer LTO cladding deposition; (j) CMP; (k) 150 nm Si₃N₄ top layer deposition; (l) Si₃N₄ top layer lithography and etching; (m) LTO cladding deposition; (n) CMP; (o) Ti/Pt heater lift-off. (p) Au electrode layer lift-off.

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Fig. 6 (a) Configuration of the twelve baselines in Si₃N₄ SPIDER ZOOM. (b) 18 channel 27.6nm channel spacing Si₃N₄ AWG layout.

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Fig. 7 (a) The Si₃N₄ multilayer SPIDER PIC layout. (b) A Si₃N₄ SPIDER main device.

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Fig. 8 (a) The bending-waveguide-loss test structure. (b) The straight-waveguide-loss test structure. (c) A linear fit to calculate the straight waveguide propagation loss. (d) A linear fit to calculate the bending loss.

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Fig. 9 (a) The spectrum of the 18 channel AWG (b) Design values of the center passband wavelength of each AWG channel.

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Fig. 10 Schematic of the 2D image optical testbed.

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Fig. 11 USAF bar chart test target used for SPIDER imaging demo: (a) test target; (b) numerically simulated SPIDER image; (c) initial inverse FFT experimental image reconstruction; (d) Image reconstruction after correcting for stage wobble during data collection.

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Fig. 12 SPIDER imaging using the train scene target: (a) image of the scene collected with a microscope; (b) simulated SPIDER image; (c) initial inverse FFT image reconstruction from experimental data; (d) image after correcting for stage wobble; and (e) iterative image reconstruction result.

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Equations (2)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

I_{t o t} = I_{1} + I_{2} + 2 \sqrt{I_{1} I_{2}} | γ_{12} | \cos {\frac{2 π}{λ} [\vec{L} \cdot \vec{B} + Δ x + \arg (γ_{12})]}

a b s (V) = \frac{I_{\max} - I_{\min}}{I_{\max} + I_{\min}} = \frac{2 \sqrt{I_{1} I_{2}}}{I_{1} + I_{2}} | γ_{12} |