Design of perovskite/crystalline-silicon monolithic tandem solar cells

S. Altazin; L. Stepanova; J. Werner; B. Niesen; C. Ballif; B. Ruhstaller

doi:10.1364/OE.26.00A579

Optics Express
Vol. 26,
Issue 10,
pp. A579-A590
(2018)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.00A579

Design of perovskite/crystalline-silicon monolithic tandem solar cells

S. Altazin, L. Stepanova, J. Werner, B. Niesen, C. Ballif, and B. Ruhstaller

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S. Altazin, L. Stepanova, J. Werner, B. Niesen, C. Ballif, and B. Ruhstaller, "Design of perovskite/crystalline-silicon monolithic tandem solar cells," Opt. Express 26, A579-A590 (2018)

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Table of Contents Category
- Photovoltaics
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Photovoltaic (040.5350)
- Solar energy (350.6050)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: February 27, 2018
- Revised Manuscript: April 20, 2018
- Manuscript Accepted: April 20, 2018
- Published: April 30, 2018

Abstract

We present an optical model implemented in the commercial software SETFOS 4.6 for simulating perovskite/silicon monolithic tandem solar cells that exploit light scattering structures. In a first step we validate the model with experimental data of tandem solar cells that either use front- or rear-side textures and extract the internal quantum efficiency of the methyl-ammonium lead iodide (MALI) perovskite sub-cell. In a next step, the software is used to investigate the potential of different device architectures featuring a monolithic integration between the perovskite and silicon sub-cells and exploiting rear- as well as front-side textures for improved light harvesting. We find that, considering the available contact materials, the p-i-n solar cell architecture is the most promising with respect to achievable photocurrent for both flat and textured wafers. Finally, cesium-formamidinium-based perovskite materials with several bandgaps were synthetized, optically characterized and their potential in a tandem device was quantified by simulations. For the simulated layer stack and among the tested materials with bandgaps of 1.7 and 1.6 eV, the one with 1.6 eV bandgap was found to be the most promising, with a potential of reaching a power conversion efficiency of 31%. In order to achieve higher efficiencies using higher band-gap materials, parasitic absorptance in the blue spectral range should be further reduced.

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Year
Author
Publication

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J. Werner, B. Niesen, and C. Ballif, “Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells: Marriage of Convenience or True Love Story? - An Overview,” Adv. Mater. Interfaces 5(1), 1700731 (2018).
[Crossref]
K. A. Bush, A. F. Palmstrom, Z. J. Yu, M. Boccard, R. Cheacharoen, J. P. Mailoa, D. P. McMeekin, R. L. Z. Hoye, C. D. Bailie, T. Leijtens, I. M. Peters, M. C. Minichetti, N. Rolston, R. Prasanna, S. Sofia, D. Harwood, W. Ma, F. Moghadam, H. J. Snaith, T. Buonassisi, Z. C. Holman, S. F. Bent, and M. D. McGehee, “23.6%-efficient monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with improved stability,” Nat. Energy 2(4), 17009 (2017).
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T. Duong, Y. L. Wu, H. Shen, J. Peng, X. Fu, D. Jacobs, E. C. Wang, T. C. Kho, K. C. Fong, M. Stocks, E. Franklin, A. Blakers, N. Zin, K. McIntosh, W. Li, Y. B. Cheng, T. P. White, K. Weber, and K. Catchpole, “Rubidium Multication Perovskite with Optimized Bandgap for Perovskite-Silicon Tandem with over 26% Efficiency,” Adv. Energy Mater. 7(14), 1–11 (2017).
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S. Albrecht, M. Saliba, J.-P. Correa-Baena, K. Jäger, L. Korte, A. Hagfeldt, M. Grätzel, and B. Rech, “Towards optical optimization of planar monolithic perovskite/silicon-heterojunction tandem solar cells,” J. Opt. 18(6), 64012 (2016).
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[Crossref] [PubMed]
D. Chen, P. Manley, P. Tockhorn, D. Eisenhauer, G. Köppel, M. Hammerschmidt, S. Burger, S. Albrecht, C. Becker, and K. Jäger, “Nanophotonic light management for perovskite–silicon tandem solar cells,” J. Photonics Energy 8(02), 1 (2018).
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R. Santbergen and R. J. C. van Zolingen, “Modeling the thermal absorption factor of photovoltaic/thermal combi-panels,” Energy Convers. Manage. 47(20), 3572–3581 (2006).
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L. A. A. Pettersson, L. S. Roman, and O. Inganäs, “Modeling photocurrent action spectra of photovoltaic devices based on organic thin films,” J. Appl. Phys. 86(1), 487–496 (1999).
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[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. Werner, C.-H. Weng, A. Walter, L. Fesquet, J. P. Seif, S. De Wolf, B. Niesen, and C. Ballif, “Efficient Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cell with Cell Area >1 cm 2,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7(1), 161–166 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. Werner, L. Barraud, A. Walter, M. Bräuninger, F. Sahli, D. Sacchetto, N. Tétreault, B. Paviet-Salomon, S.-J. Moon, C. Allebé, M. Despeisse, S. Nicolay, S. De Wolf, B. Niesen, and C. Ballif, “Efficient Near-Infrared-Transparent Perovskite Solar Cells Enabling Direct Comparison of 4-Terminal and Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Cells,” ACS Energy Lett. 1(2), 474–480 (2016).
[Crossref]
J. Escarré, K. Söderström, M. Despeisse, S. Nicolay, C. Battaglia, G. Bugnon, L. Ding, F. Meillaud, F. J. Haug, and C. Ballif, “Geometric light trapping for high efficiency thin film silicon solar cells,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 98, 185–190 (2012).
[Crossref]
P. Löper, M. Stuckelberger, B. Niesen, J. Werner, M. Filipič, S.-J. Moon, J.-H. Yum, M. Topič, S. De Wolf, and C. Ballif, “Complex Refractive Index Spectra of CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Thin Films Determined by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and Spectrophotometry,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6(1), 66–71 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. A. Green, “Self-consistent optical parameters of intrinsic silicon at 300K including temperature coefficients,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92(11), 1305–1310 (2008).
[Crossref]
Z. C. Holman, M. Filipič, A. Descoeudres, S. De Wolf, F. Smole, M. Topič, and C. Ballif, “Infrared light management in high-efficiency silicon heterojunction and rear-passivated solar cells,” J. Appl. Phys. 113(1), 013107 (2013).
[Crossref]
M. Filipič, P. Löper, B. Niesen, S. De Wolf, J. Krč, C. Ballif, and M. Topič, “CH_3NH_3PbI_3 perovskite / silicon tandem solar cells: characterization based optical simulations,” Opt. Express 23(7), A263–A278 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. Hoppe, N. Arnold, N. S. Sariciftci, and D. Meissner, “Modeling the optical absorption within conjugated polymer/fullerene-based bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 80(1), 105–113 (2003).
[Crossref]
M. Morales-Masis, S. Martin De Nicolas, J. Holovsky, S. De Wolf, and C. Ballif, “Low-Temperature High-Mobility Amorphous IZO for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells,” IEEE J. Photovoltaics 5(5), 1340–1347 (2015).
[Crossref]
E. Centurioni, “Generalized matrix method for calculation of internal light energy flux in mixed coherent and incoherent multilayers,” Appl. Opt. 44(35), 7532–7539 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
T. Stuebinger, “Optische Modellierung und Charakterisierung von organischen Donor-Akzeptor-Solarzellen,” Bayreuth (2005).
K. Jäger, L. Korte, B. Rech, and S. Albrecht, “Numerical optical optimization of monolithic planar perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells with regular and inverted device architectures,” Opt. Express 25(12), A473–A482 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. Werner, G. Nogay, F. Sahli, T. C. J. Yang, M. Bräuninger, G. Christmann, A. Walter, B. A. Kamino, P. Fiala, P. Löper, S. Nicolay, Q. Jeangros, B. Niesen, and C. Ballif, “Complex Refractive Indices of Cesium-Formamidinium-Based Mixed-Halide Perovskites with Optical Band Gaps from 1.5 to 1.8 eV,” ACS Energy Lett. 3(3), 742–747 (2018).
[Crossref]
K. Jäger, M. Fischer, R. A. C. M. M. Van Swaaij, and M. Zeman, “A scattering model for nano-textured interfaces and its application in opto-electrical simulations of thin-film silicon solar cells,” J. Appl. Phys. 111(8), 083108 (2012).
[Crossref]
J.-P. Correa-Baena, W. Tress, K. Domanski, E. H. Anaraki, S.-H. Turren-Cruz, B. Roose, P. P. Boix, M. Grätzel, M. Saliba, A. Abate, and A. Hagfeldt, “Identifying and suppressing interfacial recombination to achieve high open-circuit voltage in perovskite solar cells,” Energy Environ. Sci. 10(5), 1207–1212 (2017).
[Crossref]

2018 (4)

C. O. Ramírez Quiroz, Y. Shen, M. Salvador, K. Forberich, N. Schrenker, G. D. Spyropoulos, T. Heumüller, B. Wilkinson, T. Kirchartz, E. Spiecker, P. J. Verlinden, X. Zhang, M. A. Green, A. Ho-Baillie, and C. J. Brabec, “Balancing electrical and optical losses for efficient 4-terminal Si–perovskite solar cells with solution processed percolation electrodes,” J. Mater. Chem. A Mater. Energy Sustain. 6(8), 3583–3592 (2018).
[Crossref]

D. Chen, P. Manley, P. Tockhorn, D. Eisenhauer, G. Köppel, M. Hammerschmidt, S. Burger, S. Albrecht, C. Becker, and K. Jäger, “Nanophotonic light management for perovskite–silicon tandem solar cells,” J. Photonics Energy 8(02), 1 (2018).
[Crossref]

J. Werner, B. Niesen, and C. Ballif, “Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells: Marriage of Convenience or True Love Story? - An Overview,” Adv. Mater. Interfaces 5(1), 1700731 (2018).
[Crossref]

J. Werner, G. Nogay, F. Sahli, T. C. J. Yang, M. Bräuninger, G. Christmann, A. Walter, B. A. Kamino, P. Fiala, P. Löper, S. Nicolay, Q. Jeangros, B. Niesen, and C. Ballif, “Complex Refractive Indices of Cesium-Formamidinium-Based Mixed-Halide Perovskites with Optical Band Gaps from 1.5 to 1.8 eV,” ACS Energy Lett. 3(3), 742–747 (2018).
[Crossref]

2017 (6)

K. Yoshikawa, H. Kawasaki, W. Yoshida, T. Irie, K. Konishi, K. Nakano, T. Uto, D. Adachi, M. Kanematsu, H. Uzu, and K. Yamamoto, “Silicon heterojunction solar cell with interdigitated back contacts for a photoconversion efficiency over 26%,” Nat. Energy 2(5), 17032 (2017).
[Crossref]

K. Jäger, L. Korte, B. Rech, and S. Albrecht, “Numerical optical optimization of monolithic planar perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells with regular and inverted device architectures,” Opt. Express 25(12), A473–A482 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J.-P. Correa-Baena, W. Tress, K. Domanski, E. H. Anaraki, S.-H. Turren-Cruz, B. Roose, P. P. Boix, M. Grätzel, M. Saliba, A. Abate, and A. Hagfeldt, “Identifying and suppressing interfacial recombination to achieve high open-circuit voltage in perovskite solar cells,” Energy Environ. Sci. 10(5), 1207–1212 (2017).
[Crossref]

K. A. Bush, A. F. Palmstrom, Z. J. Yu, M. Boccard, R. Cheacharoen, J. P. Mailoa, D. P. McMeekin, R. L. Z. Hoye, C. D. Bailie, T. Leijtens, I. M. Peters, M. C. Minichetti, N. Rolston, R. Prasanna, S. Sofia, D. Harwood, W. Ma, F. Moghadam, H. J. Snaith, T. Buonassisi, Z. C. Holman, S. F. Bent, and M. D. McGehee, “23.6%-efficient monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with improved stability,” Nat. Energy 2(4), 17009 (2017).
[Crossref]

T. Duong, Y. L. Wu, H. Shen, J. Peng, X. Fu, D. Jacobs, E. C. Wang, T. C. Kho, K. C. Fong, M. Stocks, E. Franklin, A. Blakers, N. Zin, K. McIntosh, W. Li, Y. B. Cheng, T. P. White, K. Weber, and K. Catchpole, “Rubidium Multication Perovskite with Optimized Bandgap for Perovskite-Silicon Tandem with over 26% Efficiency,” Adv. Energy Mater. 7(14), 1–11 (2017).
[Crossref]

B. Lipovšek, A. Čampa, F. Guo, C. J. Brabec, K. Forberich, J. Krč, and M. Topič, “Detailed optical modelling and light-management of thin-film organic solar cells with consideration of small-area effects,” Opt. Express 25(4), A176–A190 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2016 (5)

J. Werner, C.-H. Weng, A. Walter, L. Fesquet, J. P. Seif, S. De Wolf, B. Niesen, and C. Ballif, “Efficient Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cell with Cell Area >1 cm 2,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7(1), 161–166 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Werner, L. Barraud, A. Walter, M. Bräuninger, F. Sahli, D. Sacchetto, N. Tétreault, B. Paviet-Salomon, S.-J. Moon, C. Allebé, M. Despeisse, S. Nicolay, S. De Wolf, B. Niesen, and C. Ballif, “Efficient Near-Infrared-Transparent Perovskite Solar Cells Enabling Direct Comparison of 4-Terminal and Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Cells,” ACS Energy Lett. 1(2), 474–480 (2016).
[Crossref]

S. Albrecht, M. Saliba, J.-P. Correa-Baena, K. Jäger, L. Korte, A. Hagfeldt, M. Grätzel, and B. Rech, “Towards optical optimization of planar monolithic perovskite/silicon-heterojunction tandem solar cells,” J. Opt. 18(6), 64012 (2016).
[Crossref]

D. T. Grant, K. R. Catchpole, K. J. Weber, and T. P. White, “Design guidelines for perovskite/silicon 2-terminal tandem solar cells: an optical study,” Opt. Express 24(22), A1454–A1470 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Santbergen, R. Mishima, T. Meguro, M. Hino, H. Uzu, J. Blanker, K. Yamamoto, and M. Zeman, “Minimizing optical losses in monolithic perovskite/c-Si tandem solar cells with a flat top cell,” Opt. Express 24(18), A1288–A1299 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2015 (3)

P. Löper, M. Stuckelberger, B. Niesen, J. Werner, M. Filipič, S.-J. Moon, J.-H. Yum, M. Topič, S. De Wolf, and C. Ballif, “Complex Refractive Index Spectra of CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Thin Films Determined by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and Spectrophotometry,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6(1), 66–71 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Filipič, P. Löper, B. Niesen, S. De Wolf, J. Krč, C. Ballif, and M. Topič, “CH_3NH_3PbI_3 perovskite / silicon tandem solar cells: characterization based optical simulations,” Opt. Express 23(7), A263–A278 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Morales-Masis, S. Martin De Nicolas, J. Holovsky, S. De Wolf, and C. Ballif, “Low-Temperature High-Mobility Amorphous IZO for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells,” IEEE J. Photovoltaics 5(5), 1340–1347 (2015).
[Crossref]

2013 (1)

Z. C. Holman, M. Filipič, A. Descoeudres, S. De Wolf, F. Smole, M. Topič, and C. Ballif, “Infrared light management in high-efficiency silicon heterojunction and rear-passivated solar cells,” J. Appl. Phys. 113(1), 013107 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (2)

K. Jäger, M. Fischer, R. A. C. M. M. Van Swaaij, and M. Zeman, “A scattering model for nano-textured interfaces and its application in opto-electrical simulations of thin-film silicon solar cells,” J. Appl. Phys. 111(8), 083108 (2012).
[Crossref]

J. Escarré, K. Söderström, M. Despeisse, S. Nicolay, C. Battaglia, G. Bugnon, L. Ding, F. Meillaud, F. J. Haug, and C. Ballif, “Geometric light trapping for high efficiency thin film silicon solar cells,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 98, 185–190 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (1)

T. Lanz, B. Ruhstaller, C. Battaglia, and C. Ballif, “Extended light scattering model incorporating coherence for thin-film silicon solar cells,” J. Appl. Phys. 110(3), 033111 (2011).
[Crossref]

2008 (1)

M. A. Green, “Self-consistent optical parameters of intrinsic silicon at 300K including temperature coefficients,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92(11), 1305–1310 (2008).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

R. Santbergen and R. J. C. van Zolingen, “Modeling the thermal absorption factor of photovoltaic/thermal combi-panels,” Energy Convers. Manage. 47(20), 3572–3581 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (1)

E. Centurioni, “Generalized matrix method for calculation of internal light energy flux in mixed coherent and incoherent multilayers,” Appl. Opt. 44(35), 7532–7539 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2003 (1)

H. Hoppe, N. Arnold, N. S. Sariciftci, and D. Meissner, “Modeling the optical absorption within conjugated polymer/fullerene-based bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 80(1), 105–113 (2003).
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

L. A. A. Pettersson, L. S. Roman, and O. Inganäs, “Modeling photocurrent action spectra of photovoltaic devices based on organic thin films,” J. Appl. Phys. 86(1), 487–496 (1999).
[Crossref]

Abate, A.

Adachi, D.

Alam, M. A.

H. Chung, R. Singh, L. Kumar, M. A. Alam, and P. Bermel, “Characterization and redesign of perovskite/silicon tandem cells,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE Photovolt. Spec. Conf. (2016), pp. 3625–3628.
[Crossref]

Albrecht, S.

Allebé, C.

Altazin, S.

S. Altazin, L. Stepanova, K. Lapagna, P. Losio, J. Werner, B. Niesen, A. Dabirian, M. Morales-Masis, S. De Wolf, C. Ballif, and B. Ruhstaller, “Design of Perovskite/Crystalline-Silicon Tandem Solar Cells,” in 32nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (2016), pp. 1276–1279.

Anaraki, E. H.

Arnold, N.

Bailie, C. D.

Ballif, C.

J. Werner, B. Niesen, and C. Ballif, “Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells: Marriage of Convenience or True Love Story? - An Overview,” Adv. Mater. Interfaces 5(1), 1700731 (2018).
[Crossref]

T. Lanz, B. Ruhstaller, C. Battaglia, and C. Ballif, “Extended light scattering model incorporating coherence for thin-film silicon solar cells,” J. Appl. Phys. 110(3), 033111 (2011).
[Crossref]

Barraud, L.

Battaglia, C.

T. Lanz, B. Ruhstaller, C. Battaglia, and C. Ballif, “Extended light scattering model incorporating coherence for thin-film silicon solar cells,” J. Appl. Phys. 110(3), 033111 (2011).
[Crossref]

Becker, C.

Bent, S. F.

Bermel, P.

Blakers, A.

Blanker, J.

Boccard, M.

Boix, P. P.

Brabec, C. J.

Bräuninger, M.

Bugnon, G.

Buonassisi, T.

Burger, S.

Bush, K. A.

Campa, A.

Catchpole, K.

Catchpole, K. R.

Centurioni, E.

E. Centurioni, “Generalized matrix method for calculation of internal light energy flux in mixed coherent and incoherent multilayers,” Appl. Opt. 44(35), 7532–7539 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cheacharoen, R.

Chen, D.

Cheng, Y. B.

Christmann, G.

Chung, H.

Correa-Baena, J.-P.

Dabirian, A.

De Wolf, S.

Descoeudres, A.

Despeisse, M.

Ding, L.

Domanski, K.

Duong, T.

Eisenhauer, D.

Escarré, J.

Fesquet, L.

Fiala, P.

Filipic, M.

Fischer, M.

Fong, K. C.

Forberich, K.

Franklin, E.

Fu, X.

Grant, D. T.

Grätzel, M.

Green, M. A.

M. A. Green, “Self-consistent optical parameters of intrinsic silicon at 300K including temperature coefficients,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92(11), 1305–1310 (2008).
[Crossref]

Guo, F.

Hagfeldt, A.

Hammerschmidt, M.

Harwood, D.

Haug, F. J.

Heumüller, T.

Hino, M.

Ho-Baillie, A.

Holman, Z. C.

Holovsky, J.

Hoppe, H.

Hoye, R. L. Z.

Inganäs, O.

L. A. A. Pettersson, L. S. Roman, and O. Inganäs, “Modeling photocurrent action spectra of photovoltaic devices based on organic thin films,” J. Appl. Phys. 86(1), 487–496 (1999).
[Crossref]

Irie, T.

Jacobs, D.

Jäger, K.

Jeangros, Q.

Kamino, B. A.

Kanematsu, M.

Kawasaki, H.

Kho, T. C.

Kirchartz, T.

Konishi, K.

Köppel, G.

Korte, L.

Krc, J.

Kumar, L.

Lanz, T.

T. Lanz, B. Ruhstaller, C. Battaglia, and C. Ballif, “Extended light scattering model incorporating coherence for thin-film silicon solar cells,” J. Appl. Phys. 110(3), 033111 (2011).
[Crossref]

Lapagna, K.

Leijtens, T.

Li, W.

Lipovšek, B.

Löper, P.

Losio, P.

Ma, W.

Mailoa, J. P.

Manley, P.

Martin De Nicolas, S.

McGehee, M. D.

McIntosh, K.

McMeekin, D. P.

Meguro, T.

Meillaud, F.

Meissner, D.

Minichetti, M. C.

Mishima, R.

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Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the modelling workflow included in SETFOS 4.6 for the simulation of solar cells featuring textured interfaces with optional thin film coatings.

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Fig. 2 Cross-section schematics of the perovskite/silicon tandem cells used to compare simulation results with published experimental data: Structure A: monolithic tandem with double-side polished (DSP) silicon bottom cell; Structure B: Structure B with a microtextured anti-reflective foil at the front; Structure C: monolithic tandem with rear-side textured silicon bottom cell.

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Fig. 3 Topography measurement by AFM of the textured silicon wafer (a) and of the ARF foil (b).

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Fig. 4 Comparison between measured and simulated EQE spectra for different perovskite silicon tandem structures: device structure a from Fig. 2 in (a) and (c), device b from Fig. 2 in (b) and device c from Fig. 2 in (d). In (a) and (b), the Spiro-OMeTAD layer thickness was set to 183 nm and the perovskite layer thickness was set to 345 nm. In (c) and (d), the Spiro-OMeTAD layer thickness was set to 190 nm and the perovskite layer thickness was set to 285 nm.

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Fig. 5 Schematic illustration of the devices used to compare the n-i-p (a) and p-i-n architecture (b), and to compare with the conformal deposition of the perovskite sub-cell on top of a textured silicon wafer (c).

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Fig. 6 Absorbance of the main absorbing layers of the perovskite-silicon tandem solar cell at maximum current matching conditions for the n-i-p architecture (a) and the p-i-n one (b). The R represents the reflectance of the device.

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Fig. 7 Absorbance of the main absorbing layers of the p-i-n perovskite-silicon tandem solar cell, where the perovskite sub-cell is conformally deposited on top of a textured silicon wafer [Fig. 5(c)]. The R represents the reflectance of the device.

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Fig. 8 Absorbance of the main absorbing layers of the solar cell at maximum current matching conditions for the perovskite materials with Eg = 1.6eV (a). In (b) we show the absorbance of the different layers for the 1.7 eV bandgap perovskite cell (no current matching condition was found for this material). For all cases R represents the reflectance

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Equations (4)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

q_{i, a} = τ_{i - 1} \times q_{i - 1, d}

q_{i, b} = r_{i, +} \times q_{i, a} + t_{i, -} \times q_{i, c}

q_{i, c} = τ_{i} \times q_{i + 1, b}

q_{i, d} = r_{i, -} \times q_{i, c} + t_{i, +} \times q_{i, a}