Abstract

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing has emerged as an important method to increase the communication capacities in future optical information technologies. In this work, we demonstrate a silicon integrated OAM (de)multiplexer with a very simple structure. By simply tapping the evanescent wave of two different whispering gallery modes rotating inside a multimodal micro-ring resonator, four in-plane waveguide modes are converted to four free-space vector OAM beams with high mode purity. We further demonstrate chip-to-chip OAM multiplexing transmission using a pair of silicon devices, which shows low-level mode crosstalk and favorable link performance.

© 2018 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement

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2018 (4)

2017 (1)

2016 (2)

2015 (3)

H. Huang, G. Milione, M. P. J. Lavery, G. Xie, Y. Ren, Y. Cao, N. Ahmed, T. An Nguyen, D. A. Nolan, M. J. Li, M. Tur, R. R. Alfano, and A. E. Willner, “Mode division multiplexing using an orbital angular momentum mode sorter and MIMO-DSP over a graded-index few-mode optical fibre,” Sci. Rep. 5, 14931 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. E. Willner, H. Huang, Y. Yan, Y. Ren, N. Ahmed, G. Xie, C. Bao, L. Li, Y. Cao, Z. Zhao, J. Wang, M. P. J. Lavery, M. Tur, S. Ramachandran, A. F. Molisch, N. Ashrafi, and S. Ashrafi, “Optical communications using orbital angular momentum beams,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 7(1), 66–106 (2015).
[Crossref]

N. Zhao, X. Li, G. Li, and J. M. Kahn, “Capacity limit of spatially multiplexed free-space communication,” Nat. Photonics 9(12), 822–826 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (3)

P. J. Winzer, “Making spatial multiplexing a reality,” Nat. Photonics 8(5), 345–348 (2014).
[Crossref]

L. W. Luo, N. Ophir, C. P. Chen, L. H. Gabrielli, C. B. Poitras, K. Bergmen, and M. Lipson, “WDM-compatible mode-division multiplexing on a silicon chip,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 3069 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Guan, R. P. Scott, C. Qin, N. K. Fontaine, T. Su, C. Ferrari, M. Cappuzzo, F. Klemens, B. Keller, M. Earnshaw, and S. J. B. Yoo, “Free-space coherent optical communication with orbital angular, momentum multiplexing/demultiplexing using a hybrid 3D photonic integrated circuit,” Opt. Express 22(1), 145–156 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2013 (3)

D. J. Richardson, J. M. Fini, and L. E. Nelson, “Space-division multiplexing in optical fiber,” Nat. Photonics 7(5), 354–362 (2013).
[Crossref]

N. Bozinovic, Y. Yue, Y. Ren, M. Tur, P. Kristensen, H. Huang, A. E. Willner, and S. Ramachandran, “Terabit-scale orbital angular momentum mode division multiplexing in fibers,” Science 340(6140), 1545–1548 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Ding, H. Ou, J. Xu, and C. Peucheret, “Silicon Photonic Integrated Circuit Mode Multiplexer,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 25(7), 648–651 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (6)

A. M. J. Koonen, H. Chen, H. P. A. van den Boom, and O. Raz, “Silicon Photonic Integrated Mode Multiplexer and Demultiplexer,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 24(21), 1961–1964 (2012).
[Crossref]

T. Su, R. P. Scott, S. S. Djordjevic, N. K. Fontaine, D. J. Geisler, X. Cai, and S. J. B. Yoo, “Demonstration of free space coherent optical communication using integrated silicon photonic orbital angular momentum devices,” Opt. Express 20(9), 9396–9402 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Cai, J. Wang, M. J. Strain, B. Johnson-Morris, J. Zhu, M. Sorel, J. L. O’Brien, M. G. Thompson, and S. Yu, “Integrated Compact Optical Vortex Beam Emitters,” Science 338(6105), 363–366 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Wang, J. Yang, I. M. Fazal, N. Ahmed, Y. Yan, H. Huang, Y. Ren, Y. Yue, S. Dolinar, M. Tur, and A. E. Willner, “Terabit free-space data transmission employing orbital angular momentum multiplexing,” Nat. Photonics 6(7), 488–496 (2012).
[Crossref]

M. P. J. Lavery, D. J. Robertson, G. C. G. Berkhout, G. D. Love, M. J. Padgett, and J. Courtial, “Refractive elements for the measurement of the orbital angular momentum of a single photon,” Opt. Express 20(3), 2110–2115 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. Bogaerts, P. D. Heyn, T. V. Vaerenbergh, K. D. Vos, S. K. Selvaraja, T. Claes, P. Dumon, P. Bienstman, D. V. Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Silicon microring resonators,” Laser Photonics Rev. 6(1), 47–73 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (3)

2010 (1)

2009 (1)

2008 (1)

2005 (1)

2002 (1)

A. Yariv, “Critical coupling and its control in optical waveguide-ring resonator systems,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 14(4), 483–485 (2002).
[Crossref]

1998 (1)

1992 (1)

L. Allen, M. W. Beijersbergen, R. J. C. Spreeuw, and J. P. Woerdman, “Orbital angular momentum of light and the transformation of Laguerre-Gaussian laser modes,” Phys. Rev. A 45(11), 8185–8189 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Adibi, A.

Agarwal, A.

Ahmed, N.

H. Huang, G. Milione, M. P. J. Lavery, G. Xie, Y. Ren, Y. Cao, N. Ahmed, T. An Nguyen, D. A. Nolan, M. J. Li, M. Tur, R. R. Alfano, and A. E. Willner, “Mode division multiplexing using an orbital angular momentum mode sorter and MIMO-DSP over a graded-index few-mode optical fibre,” Sci. Rep. 5, 14931 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. E. Willner, H. Huang, Y. Yan, Y. Ren, N. Ahmed, G. Xie, C. Bao, L. Li, Y. Cao, Z. Zhao, J. Wang, M. P. J. Lavery, M. Tur, S. Ramachandran, A. F. Molisch, N. Ashrafi, and S. Ashrafi, “Optical communications using orbital angular momentum beams,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 7(1), 66–106 (2015).
[Crossref]

J. Wang, J. Yang, I. M. Fazal, N. Ahmed, Y. Yan, H. Huang, Y. Ren, Y. Yue, S. Dolinar, M. Tur, and A. E. Willner, “Terabit free-space data transmission employing orbital angular momentum multiplexing,” Nat. Photonics 6(7), 488–496 (2012).
[Crossref]

Alfano, R. R.

H. Huang, G. Milione, M. P. J. Lavery, G. Xie, Y. Ren, Y. Cao, N. Ahmed, T. An Nguyen, D. A. Nolan, M. J. Li, M. Tur, R. R. Alfano, and A. E. Willner, “Mode division multiplexing using an orbital angular momentum mode sorter and MIMO-DSP over a graded-index few-mode optical fibre,” Sci. Rep. 5, 14931 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Allen, L.

L. Allen, M. W. Beijersbergen, R. J. C. Spreeuw, and J. P. Woerdman, “Orbital angular momentum of light and the transformation of Laguerre-Gaussian laser modes,” Phys. Rev. A 45(11), 8185–8189 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

An Nguyen, T.

H. Huang, G. Milione, M. P. J. Lavery, G. Xie, Y. Ren, Y. Cao, N. Ahmed, T. An Nguyen, D. A. Nolan, M. J. Li, M. Tur, R. R. Alfano, and A. E. Willner, “Mode division multiplexing using an orbital angular momentum mode sorter and MIMO-DSP over a graded-index few-mode optical fibre,” Sci. Rep. 5, 14931 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Arie, A.

Ashrafi, N.

A. E. Willner, H. Huang, Y. Yan, Y. Ren, N. Ahmed, G. Xie, C. Bao, L. Li, Y. Cao, Z. Zhao, J. Wang, M. P. J. Lavery, M. Tur, S. Ramachandran, A. F. Molisch, N. Ashrafi, and S. Ashrafi, “Optical communications using orbital angular momentum beams,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 7(1), 66–106 (2015).
[Crossref]

Ashrafi, S.

A. E. Willner, H. Huang, Y. Yan, Y. Ren, N. Ahmed, G. Xie, C. Bao, L. Li, Y. Cao, Z. Zhao, J. Wang, M. P. J. Lavery, M. Tur, S. Ramachandran, A. F. Molisch, N. Ashrafi, and S. Ashrafi, “Optical communications using orbital angular momentum beams,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 7(1), 66–106 (2015).
[Crossref]

Assefa, S.

Atabaki, A. H.

Baets, R.

W. Bogaerts, P. D. Heyn, T. V. Vaerenbergh, K. D. Vos, S. K. Selvaraja, T. Claes, P. Dumon, P. Bienstman, D. V. Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Silicon microring resonators,” Laser Photonics Rev. 6(1), 47–73 (2012).
[Crossref]

J. Teng, P. Dumon, W. Bogaerts, H. Zhang, X. Jian, X. Han, M. Zhao, G. Morthier, and R. Baets, “Athermal Silicon-on-insulator ring resonators by overlaying a polymer cladding on narrowed waveguides,” Opt. Express 17(17), 14627–14633 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bao, C.

A. E. Willner, H. Huang, Y. Yan, Y. Ren, N. Ahmed, G. Xie, C. Bao, L. Li, Y. Cao, Z. Zhao, J. Wang, M. P. J. Lavery, M. Tur, S. Ramachandran, A. F. Molisch, N. Ashrafi, and S. Ashrafi, “Optical communications using orbital angular momentum beams,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 7(1), 66–106 (2015).
[Crossref]

Beijersbergen, M. W.

L. Allen, M. W. Beijersbergen, R. J. C. Spreeuw, and J. P. Woerdman, “Orbital angular momentum of light and the transformation of Laguerre-Gaussian laser modes,” Phys. Rev. A 45(11), 8185–8189 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bergmen, K.

L. W. Luo, N. Ophir, C. P. Chen, L. H. Gabrielli, C. B. Poitras, K. Bergmen, and M. Lipson, “WDM-compatible mode-division multiplexing on a silicon chip,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 3069 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Berkhout, G. C. G.

Bienstman, P.

W. Bogaerts, P. D. Heyn, T. V. Vaerenbergh, K. D. Vos, S. K. Selvaraja, T. Claes, P. Dumon, P. Bienstman, D. V. Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Silicon microring resonators,” Laser Photonics Rev. 6(1), 47–73 (2012).
[Crossref]

Bogaerts, W.

W. Bogaerts, P. D. Heyn, T. V. Vaerenbergh, K. D. Vos, S. K. Selvaraja, T. Claes, P. Dumon, P. Bienstman, D. V. Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Silicon microring resonators,” Laser Photonics Rev. 6(1), 47–73 (2012).
[Crossref]

J. Teng, P. Dumon, W. Bogaerts, H. Zhang, X. Jian, X. Han, M. Zhao, G. Morthier, and R. Baets, “Athermal Silicon-on-insulator ring resonators by overlaying a polymer cladding on narrowed waveguides,” Opt. Express 17(17), 14627–14633 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bozinovic, N.

N. Bozinovic, Y. Yue, Y. Ren, M. Tur, P. Kristensen, H. Huang, A. E. Willner, and S. Ramachandran, “Terabit-scale orbital angular momentum mode division multiplexing in fibers,” Science 340(6140), 1545–1548 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Buhl, L. L.

Cai, X.

G. Zhu, Z. Hu, X. Wu, C. Du, W. Luo, Y. Chen, X. Cai, J. Liu, J. Zhu, and S. Yu, “Scalable mode division multiplexed transmission over a 10-km ring-core fiber using high-order orbital angular momentum modes,” Opt. Express 26(2), 594–604 (2018).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Li, Y. Ding, X. Guan, H. Tan, Z. Nong, L. Wang, L. Liu, L. Zhou, C. Yang, K. Yvind, L. K. Oxenløwe, S. Yu, and X. Cai, “Compact high-efficiency vortex beam emitter based on a silicon photonics micro-ring,” Opt. Lett. 43(6), 1319–1322 (2018).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Xiao, C. Klitis, S. Li, Y. Chen, X. Cai, M. Sorel, and S. Yu, “Generation of photonic orbital angular momentum superposition states using vortex beam emitters with superimposed gratings,” Opt. Express 24(4), 3168–3176 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. Cicek, Z. Hu, J. Zhu, L. Meriggi, S. Li, Z. Nong, S. Gao, N. Zhang, X. Wang, X. Cai, M. Sorel, and S. Yu, “Integrated optical vortex beam receivers,” Opt. Express 24(25), 28529–28539 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Su, R. P. Scott, S. S. Djordjevic, N. K. Fontaine, D. J. Geisler, X. Cai, and S. J. B. Yoo, “Demonstration of free space coherent optical communication using integrated silicon photonic orbital angular momentum devices,” Opt. Express 20(9), 9396–9402 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Cai, J. Wang, M. J. Strain, B. Johnson-Morris, J. Zhu, M. Sorel, J. L. O’Brien, M. G. Thompson, and S. Yu, “Integrated Compact Optical Vortex Beam Emitters,” Science 338(6105), 363–366 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cao, Y.

H. Huang, G. Milione, M. P. J. Lavery, G. Xie, Y. Ren, Y. Cao, N. Ahmed, T. An Nguyen, D. A. Nolan, M. J. Li, M. Tur, R. R. Alfano, and A. E. Willner, “Mode division multiplexing using an orbital angular momentum mode sorter and MIMO-DSP over a graded-index few-mode optical fibre,” Sci. Rep. 5, 14931 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. E. Willner, H. Huang, Y. Yan, Y. Ren, N. Ahmed, G. Xie, C. Bao, L. Li, Y. Cao, Z. Zhao, J. Wang, M. P. J. Lavery, M. Tur, S. Ramachandran, A. F. Molisch, N. Ashrafi, and S. Ashrafi, “Optical communications using orbital angular momentum beams,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 7(1), 66–106 (2015).
[Crossref]

Cappuzzo, M.

Carlie, N.

Chen, C. P.

L. W. Luo, N. Ophir, C. P. Chen, L. H. Gabrielli, C. B. Poitras, K. Bergmen, and M. Lipson, “WDM-compatible mode-division multiplexing on a silicon chip,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 3069 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, H.

A. M. J. Koonen, H. Chen, H. P. A. van den Boom, and O. Raz, “Silicon Photonic Integrated Mode Multiplexer and Demultiplexer,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 24(21), 1961–1964 (2012).
[Crossref]

Chen, Y.

Chin, M. K.

Cicek, K.

Claes, T.

W. Bogaerts, P. D. Heyn, T. V. Vaerenbergh, K. D. Vos, S. K. Selvaraja, T. Claes, P. Dumon, P. Bienstman, D. V. Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Silicon microring resonators,” Laser Photonics Rev. 6(1), 47–73 (2012).
[Crossref]

Courtial, J.

Darmawan, S.

Ding, Y.

Djordjevic, S. S.

Doany, F. E.

Doerr, C. R.

C. R. Doerr and L. L. Buhl, “Circular grating coupler for creating focused azimuthally and radially polarized beams,” Opt. Lett. 36(7), 1209–1211 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. R. Doerr and T. F. Taunay, “Silicon Photonics Core-, Wavelength-, and Polarization-Diversity Receiver,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 23(9), 597–599 (2011).
[Crossref]

Dolinar, S.

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X. Cai, J. Wang, M. J. Strain, B. Johnson-Morris, J. Zhu, M. Sorel, J. L. O’Brien, M. G. Thompson, and S. Yu, “Integrated Compact Optical Vortex Beam Emitters,” Science 338(6105), 363–366 (2012).
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[Crossref] [PubMed]

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Figures (7)
Fig. 1
Fig. 1 (a) Schematic of an OAM MUX with a modified multimode micro-ring and two access waveguides (four ports) with different widths. (b) and (c) Selective coupling of fundamental mode in the access waveguides to TE0 and TE1 modes in the multimode micro-ring.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 (a) Simulated spectral responses of TE0 and TE1 WGMs in the micro-ring. (b) Calculated azimuthal propagation constant of the wrapped access waveguide as a function with waveguide width. Insets: one of the supermodes at positions where the azimuthal propagation constant of the access waveguide equal to the ones of the micro-ring waveguide. (c) Calculated coupling coefficients of the coupling region between the access waveguides (570-nm and 414-nm) and the multimode micro-ring as a function of the bend angle of the access waveguides. κ 00 : 570-nm to TE0. κ 01 : 570-nm to TE1. κ 11 : 414-nm to TE1. κ 10 : 414-nm to TE0. θ a and θ b are the positions where the desired mode is effectively coupled while the undesired mode is zero coupled for the 570-nm and 414-nm access waveguides, respectively. (d) and (e) Simulated mode purities of emitted beams with port 2 and 3 inputs, respectively.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 (a) Microscopy image of the fabricated OAM (de)multiplexer. Inset: zoom- multiplexer SEM image showing the multimode waveguide of the micro-ring and the angular grating. (b) The radiation spectral responses measured by scanning input laser wavelength. (c) Transmission spectral response of the micro-ring TE0 mode and TE1 mode with different temperatures loaded in the substrate of the chip.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Measured far-field intensity distributions of the radiated beams at coincident wavelengths of λ c 1 (1550 nm) and λ c 2 (1622 nm), and the interference patterns of its LHCP or RHCP with reference to the Gaussian beam.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 (a) Experiment setup for measuring OAM purities. OL: objective lens. WP: quarter wave plate. (b) and (c) Mode purities of the emitted beams from the multiplexer versus the input ports at λ c 1 and λ c 2 , respectively.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 (a) Experimental setup for performance evaluation of chip-to-chip transmission. PC: polarization controller. LF: lens fibre. VOA: variable optical attenuator. OSA: optical spectrum analyser. LO: local oscillator. Inset: photo of optics and two devices. (b) Optical transmission and crosstalk at the four output ports of DEMUX for optical injection on each of the four input ports of MUX.

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7 (a) BER measurements for back-to-back (B2B) test case and OAM multiplexing operation for all four ports. (b) Corresponding constellation plots for the inspected signals.

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Equations (3)

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l p = p − q
d λ d T = ( α ⋅ n e + d n e d T ) λ n g
v m − v n − g q = 0

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