Abstract

In this paper we present a compact direct current injection thermo-optic switch based on a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer configuration that is suitable for autonomous vehicle applications as it has a low heating resistance value of 97 Ω, a rapid 2.16 μs switching time constant, and a Pπ of 28 mW. The device relies on multimode interference to achieve low optical insertion losses of less than 1.1 dB per device, while allowing direct current injection to heat the waveguide and achieve fast operation speeds. Furthermore, the total resistive value can be tailored as the heating elements are placed in parallel.

© 2019 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement

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References

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2018 (3)

2017 (2)

2015 (1)

T. Kita, R. Tang, and H. Yamada, “Compact silicon photonic wavelength-tunable laser diode with ultra-wide wavelength tuning range,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 106(11), 111104 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (1)

2013 (5)

2011 (3)

M. Yang, W. M. J. Green, S. Assefa, J. Van Campenhout, B. G. Lee, C. V. Jahnes, F. E. Doany, C. L. Schow, J. A. Kash, and Y. A. Vlasov, “Non-blocking 4x4 electro-optic silicon switch for on-chip photonic networks,” Opt. Express 19(1), 47–54 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. J. R. Heck, H.-W. Chen, A. W. Fang, B. R. Koch, D. Liang, H. Park, M. N. Sysak, and J. E. Bowers, “Hybrid Silicon Photonics for Optical Interconnects,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17(2), 333–346 (2011).
[Crossref]

M. J. R. Heck, H.-W. Chen, A. W. Fang, B. R. Koch, D. Liang, H. Park, M. N. Sysak, and J. E. Bowers, “Hybrid Silicon Photonics for Optical Interconnects,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17(2), 333–346 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (1)

G. T. Reed, G. Mashanovich, F. Y. Gardes, and D. J. Thomson, “Silicon optical modulators,” Nat. Photonics 4(8), 518–526 (2010).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

K. Solehmainen, M. Kapulainen, M. Harjanne, and T. Aalto, “Adiabatic and multimode interference couplers on silicon-on-insulator,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 18(21), 2287–2289 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (1)

2004 (1)

M. W. Geis, S. J. Spector, R. C. Williamson, and T. M. Lyszczarz, “Submicrosecond Submilliwatt Silicon-on-Insulator Thermooptic Switch,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 16(11), 2514–2516 (2004).
[Crossref]

1987 (1)

R. Soref and B. Bennett, “Electrooptical effects in silicon,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 23(1), 123–129 (1987).
[Crossref]

Aalto, T.

K. Solehmainen, M. Kapulainen, M. Harjanne, and T. Aalto, “Adiabatic and multimode interference couplers on silicon-on-insulator,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 18(21), 2287–2289 (2006).
[Crossref]

Absil, P.

A. Masood, M. Pantouvaki, G. Lepage, P. Verheyen, J. Van Campenhout, P. Absil, D. Van Thourhout, and W. Bogaerts, “Comparison of heater architectures for thermal control of silicon photonic circuits,” in 10th International Conference on Group IV Photonics (IEEE, 2013), pp. 83–84.
[Crossref]

Arakawa, Y.

Assefa, S.

Bennett, B.

R. Soref and B. Bennett, “Electrooptical effects in silicon,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 23(1), 123–129 (1987).
[Crossref]

Bogaerts, W.

A. Masood, M. Pantouvaki, G. Lepage, P. Verheyen, J. Van Campenhout, P. Absil, D. Van Thourhout, and W. Bogaerts, “Comparison of heater architectures for thermal control of silicon photonic circuits,” in 10th International Conference on Group IV Photonics (IEEE, 2013), pp. 83–84.
[Crossref]

Bonneau, D.

Bowers, J. E.

M. J. R. Heck, H.-W. Chen, A. W. Fang, B. R. Koch, D. Liang, H. Park, M. N. Sysak, and J. E. Bowers, “Hybrid Silicon Photonics for Optical Interconnects,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17(2), 333–346 (2011).
[Crossref]

M. J. R. Heck, H.-W. Chen, A. W. Fang, B. R. Koch, D. Liang, H. Park, M. N. Sysak, and J. E. Bowers, “Hybrid Silicon Photonics for Optical Interconnects,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17(2), 333–346 (2011).
[Crossref]

Byrd, M. J.

Chen, H.-W.

M. J. R. Heck, H.-W. Chen, A. W. Fang, B. R. Koch, D. Liang, H. Park, M. N. Sysak, and J. E. Bowers, “Hybrid Silicon Photonics for Optical Interconnects,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17(2), 333–346 (2011).
[Crossref]

M. J. R. Heck, H.-W. Chen, A. W. Fang, B. R. Koch, D. Liang, H. Park, M. N. Sysak, and J. E. Bowers, “Hybrid Silicon Photonics for Optical Interconnects,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17(2), 333–346 (2011).
[Crossref]

Chen, J.

Cheung, K. C.

Chrostowski, L.

Chu, T.

Cole, D. B.

Coolbaugh, D.

DeRose, C.

Doany, F. E.

Donzella, V.

Fang, A. W.

M. J. R. Heck, H.-W. Chen, A. W. Fang, B. R. Koch, D. Liang, H. Park, M. N. Sysak, and J. E. Bowers, “Hybrid Silicon Photonics for Optical Interconnects,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17(2), 333–346 (2011).
[Crossref]

M. J. R. Heck, H.-W. Chen, A. W. Fang, B. R. Koch, D. Liang, H. Park, M. N. Sysak, and J. E. Bowers, “Hybrid Silicon Photonics for Optical Interconnects,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17(2), 333–346 (2011).
[Crossref]

Flueckiger, J.

Fujiwara, M.

Gardes, F. Y.

G. T. Reed, G. Mashanovich, F. Y. Gardes, and D. J. Thomson, “Silicon optical modulators,” Nat. Photonics 4(8), 518–526 (2010).
[Crossref]

Geis, M. W.

M. W. Geis, S. J. Spector, R. C. Williamson, and T. M. Lyszczarz, “Submicrosecond Submilliwatt Silicon-on-Insulator Thermooptic Switch,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 16(11), 2514–2516 (2004).
[Crossref]

Green, W. M. J.

Grist, S. M.

Guo, Z.

Gut, K.

K. Gut, “Methods of Determining the Beat Length of Planar Waveguides,” Acta Phys. Pol. A 124(3), 425–427 (2013).
[Crossref]

Hadfield, R. H.

Harjanne, M.

K. Solehmainen, M. Kapulainen, M. Harjanne, and T. Aalto, “Adiabatic and multimode interference couplers on silicon-on-insulator,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 18(21), 2287–2289 (2006).
[Crossref]

Heck, M. J. R.

M. J. R. Heck, H.-W. Chen, A. W. Fang, B. R. Koch, D. Liang, H. Park, M. N. Sysak, and J. E. Bowers, “Hybrid Silicon Photonics for Optical Interconnects,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17(2), 333–346 (2011).
[Crossref]

M. J. R. Heck, H.-W. Chen, A. W. Fang, B. R. Koch, D. Liang, H. Park, M. N. Sysak, and J. E. Bowers, “Hybrid Silicon Photonics for Optical Interconnects,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17(2), 333–346 (2011).
[Crossref]

Hosseini, E. S.

J. Sun, E. Timurdogan, A. Yaacobi, E. S. Hosseini, and M. R. Watts, “Large-scale nanophotonic phased array,” Nature 493(7431), 195–199 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ishida, S.

Jahnes, C. V.

Kapulainen, M.

K. Solehmainen, M. Kapulainen, M. Harjanne, and T. Aalto, “Adiabatic and multimode interference couplers on silicon-on-insulator,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 18(21), 2287–2289 (2006).
[Crossref]

Kash, J. A.

Kirk, J. T.

Kita, T.

T. Kita, R. Tang, and H. Yamada, “Compact silicon photonic wavelength-tunable laser diode with ultra-wide wavelength tuning range,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 106(11), 111104 (2015).
[Crossref]

Koch, B. R.

M. J. R. Heck, H.-W. Chen, A. W. Fang, B. R. Koch, D. Liang, H. Park, M. N. Sysak, and J. E. Bowers, “Hybrid Silicon Photonics for Optical Interconnects,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17(2), 333–346 (2011).
[Crossref]

M. J. R. Heck, H.-W. Chen, A. W. Fang, B. R. Koch, D. Liang, H. Park, M. N. Sysak, and J. E. Bowers, “Hybrid Silicon Photonics for Optical Interconnects,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17(2), 333–346 (2011).
[Crossref]

Larochelle, S.

W. Shi, Y. Xu, H. Sepehrian, S. Larochelle, and L. A. Rusch, “Silicon photonic modulators for PAM transmissions,” J. Opt. 20(8), 083002 (2018).
[Crossref]

Leake, G.

Lee, B. G.

Lepage, G.

A. Masood, M. Pantouvaki, G. Lepage, P. Verheyen, J. Van Campenhout, P. Absil, D. Van Thourhout, and W. Bogaerts, “Comparison of heater architectures for thermal control of silicon photonic circuits,” in 10th International Conference on Group IV Photonics (IEEE, 2013), pp. 83–84.
[Crossref]

Liang, D.

M. J. R. Heck, H.-W. Chen, A. W. Fang, B. R. Koch, D. Liang, H. Park, M. N. Sysak, and J. E. Bowers, “Hybrid Silicon Photonics for Optical Interconnects,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17(2), 333–346 (2011).
[Crossref]

M. J. R. Heck, H.-W. Chen, A. W. Fang, B. R. Koch, D. Liang, H. Park, M. N. Sysak, and J. E. Bowers, “Hybrid Silicon Photonics for Optical Interconnects,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17(2), 333–346 (2011).
[Crossref]

Lu, L.

Lyszczarz, T. M.

M. W. Geis, S. J. Spector, R. C. Williamson, and T. M. Lyszczarz, “Submicrosecond Submilliwatt Silicon-on-Insulator Thermooptic Switch,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 16(11), 2514–2516 (2004).
[Crossref]

Mashanovich, G.

G. T. Reed, G. Mashanovich, F. Y. Gardes, and D. J. Thomson, “Silicon optical modulators,” Nat. Photonics 4(8), 518–526 (2010).
[Crossref]

Masood, A.

A. Masood, M. Pantouvaki, G. Lepage, P. Verheyen, J. Van Campenhout, P. Absil, D. Van Thourhout, and W. Bogaerts, “Comparison of heater architectures for thermal control of silicon photonic circuits,” in 10th International Conference on Group IV Photonics (IEEE, 2013), pp. 83–84.
[Crossref]

Meade, R.

Mendez-Astudillo, M.

Miki, S.

Moresco, M.

Nakajima, H.

Nammari, K.

Natarajan, C. M.

Nielson, G. N.

O’Brien, J. L.

Okayama, H.

Orcutt, J. S.

Pantouvaki, M.

A. Masood, M. Pantouvaki, G. Lepage, P. Verheyen, J. Van Campenhout, P. Absil, D. Van Thourhout, and W. Bogaerts, “Comparison of heater architectures for thermal control of silicon photonic circuits,” in 10th International Conference on Group IV Photonics (IEEE, 2013), pp. 83–84.
[Crossref]

Park, H.

M. J. R. Heck, H.-W. Chen, A. W. Fang, B. R. Koch, D. Liang, H. Park, M. N. Sysak, and J. E. Bowers, “Hybrid Silicon Photonics for Optical Interconnects,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17(2), 333–346 (2011).
[Crossref]

M. J. R. Heck, H.-W. Chen, A. W. Fang, B. R. Koch, D. Liang, H. Park, M. N. Sysak, and J. E. Bowers, “Hybrid Silicon Photonics for Optical Interconnects,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17(2), 333–346 (2011).
[Crossref]

Piekarek, M.

Popovic, M. A.

Poulton, C. V.

Ram, R. J.

Ratner, D. M.

Raval, M.

Reed, G. T.

G. T. Reed, G. Mashanovich, F. Y. Gardes, and D. J. Thomson, “Silicon optical modulators,” Nat. Photonics 4(8), 518–526 (2010).
[Crossref]

Rusch, L. A.

W. Shi, Y. Xu, H. Sepehrian, S. Larochelle, and L. A. Rusch, “Silicon photonic modulators for PAM transmissions,” J. Opt. 20(8), 083002 (2018).
[Crossref]

Sasaki, M.

Schmidt, S. A.

Schow, C. L.

Sepehrian, H.

W. Shi, Y. Xu, H. Sepehrian, S. Larochelle, and L. A. Rusch, “Silicon photonic modulators for PAM transmissions,” J. Opt. 20(8), 083002 (2018).
[Crossref]

Shainline, J. M.

Shen, L.

Shi, W.

Solehmainen, K.

K. Solehmainen, M. Kapulainen, M. Harjanne, and T. Aalto, “Adiabatic and multimode interference couplers on silicon-on-insulator,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 18(21), 2287–2289 (2006).
[Crossref]

Soref, R.

R. Soref and B. Bennett, “Electrooptical effects in silicon,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 23(1), 123–129 (1987).
[Crossref]

Spector, S. J.

M. W. Geis, S. J. Spector, R. C. Williamson, and T. M. Lyszczarz, “Submicrosecond Submilliwatt Silicon-on-Insulator Thermooptic Switch,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 16(11), 2514–2516 (2004).
[Crossref]

Sternberg, Z.

Stojanovic, V.

Sun, J.

Sysak, M. N.

M. J. R. Heck, H.-W. Chen, A. W. Fang, B. R. Koch, D. Liang, H. Park, M. N. Sysak, and J. E. Bowers, “Hybrid Silicon Photonics for Optical Interconnects,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17(2), 333–346 (2011).
[Crossref]

M. J. R. Heck, H.-W. Chen, A. W. Fang, B. R. Koch, D. Liang, H. Park, M. N. Sysak, and J. E. Bowers, “Hybrid Silicon Photonics for Optical Interconnects,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17(2), 333–346 (2011).
[Crossref]

Talebi Fard, S.

Tang, R.

T. Kita, R. Tang, and H. Yamada, “Compact silicon photonic wavelength-tunable laser diode with ultra-wide wavelength tuning range,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 106(11), 111104 (2015).
[Crossref]

Tanner, M. G.

Tehar-Zahav, O.

Terai, H.

Thompson, M. G.

Thomson, D. J.

G. T. Reed, G. Mashanovich, F. Y. Gardes, and D. J. Thomson, “Silicon optical modulators,” Nat. Photonics 4(8), 518–526 (2010).
[Crossref]

Timurdogan, E.

J. Sun, E. Timurdogan, A. Yaacobi, E. S. Hosseini, and M. R. Watts, “Large-scale nanophotonic phased array,” Nature 493(7431), 195–199 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Trotter, D. C.

Van Campenhout, J.

M. Yang, W. M. J. Green, S. Assefa, J. Van Campenhout, B. G. Lee, C. V. Jahnes, F. E. Doany, C. L. Schow, J. A. Kash, and Y. A. Vlasov, “Non-blocking 4x4 electro-optic silicon switch for on-chip photonic networks,” Opt. Express 19(1), 47–54 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Masood, M. Pantouvaki, G. Lepage, P. Verheyen, J. Van Campenhout, P. Absil, D. Van Thourhout, and W. Bogaerts, “Comparison of heater architectures for thermal control of silicon photonic circuits,” in 10th International Conference on Group IV Photonics (IEEE, 2013), pp. 83–84.
[Crossref]

Van Thourhout, D.

A. Masood, M. Pantouvaki, G. Lepage, P. Verheyen, J. Van Campenhout, P. Absil, D. Van Thourhout, and W. Bogaerts, “Comparison of heater architectures for thermal control of silicon photonic circuits,” in 10th International Conference on Group IV Photonics (IEEE, 2013), pp. 83–84.
[Crossref]

Verheyen, P.

A. Masood, M. Pantouvaki, G. Lepage, P. Verheyen, J. Van Campenhout, P. Absil, D. Van Thourhout, and W. Bogaerts, “Comparison of heater architectures for thermal control of silicon photonic circuits,” in 10th International Conference on Group IV Photonics (IEEE, 2013), pp. 83–84.
[Crossref]

Vermeulen, D.

Vlasov, Y. A.

Wade, M. T.

Watts, M. R.

Williamson, R. C.

M. W. Geis, S. J. Spector, R. C. Williamson, and T. M. Lyszczarz, “Submicrosecond Submilliwatt Silicon-on-Insulator Thermooptic Switch,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 16(11), 2514–2516 (2004).
[Crossref]

Xu, Y.

W. Shi, Y. Xu, H. Sepehrian, S. Larochelle, and L. A. Rusch, “Silicon photonic modulators for PAM transmissions,” J. Opt. 20(8), 083002 (2018).
[Crossref]

Yaacobi, A.

Yamada, H.

T. Kita, R. Tang, and H. Yamada, “Compact silicon photonic wavelength-tunable laser diode with ultra-wide wavelength tuning range,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 106(11), 111104 (2015).
[Crossref]

T. Chu, H. Yamada, S. Ishida, and Y. Arakawa, “Compact 1 x N thermo-optic switches based on silicon photonic wire waveguides,” Opt. Express 13(25), 10109–10114 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yamashita, T.

Yang, M.

Young, R. W.

Zhou, L.

Acta Phys. Pol. A (1)

K. Gut, “Methods of Determining the Beat Length of Planar Waveguides,” Acta Phys. Pol. A 124(3), 425–427 (2013).
[Crossref]

Appl. Phys. Lett. (1)

T. Kita, R. Tang, and H. Yamada, “Compact silicon photonic wavelength-tunable laser diode with ultra-wide wavelength tuning range,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 106(11), 111104 (2015).
[Crossref]

IEEE J. Quantum Electron. (1)

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Figures (6)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 (a) Schematic of the proposed heating structure, (b) the equivalent circuit of the P + and P doped areas are represented each by a resistor.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2 (a) Schematic of the proposed device, (b) mode profile of the multimode waveguide.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Transmission spectrum of the device for different lead wire periods.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Insertion loss per device.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5 DC characteristics of the device.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6 Dynamic response of the device.

Tables (1)

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Table 1 Key Performance Metrics in Previous State-of-Art Works

Equations (1)

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L B = 2π β 0 β 2 ,

Metrics