Abstract

Microwave photonic bandpass filters (MPBPFs) are important building blocks in radio-frequency (RF) signal processing systems. However, most of the reported MPBPFs fail to satisfy the stringent real-world performance metrics, particularly low RF insertion loss. In this paper we report a novel MPBPF scheme using two cascaded integrated silicon nitride (Si3N4) ring resonators, achieving a high link gain in the RF filter passband. In this scheme, one ring operates at an optimal over-coupling condition to enable a strong RF passband whilst an auxiliary ring is used to increase the detected RF signal power via tuning the optical carrier-to-sideband ratio. The unique combination of these two techniques enables compact size as well as high RF performance. Compared to previously reported ring-based MPBPFs, this work achieves a record-high RF gain of 1.8 dB in the passband, with a high spectral resolution of 260 MHz. Furthermore, a multi-band MPBPF with optimized RF gain, tunable central frequencies, and frequency spacing tunability is realized using additional ring resonators, highlighting the scalability and flexibility of this chip-based MPBPF scheme.

© 2019 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement

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2019 (6)

D. Marpaung, J. P. Yao, and J. Capmany, “Integrated microwave photonics,” Nat. Photonics 13(2), 80–90 (2019).
[Crossref]

J. Li, P. Zheng, G. Hu, R. Zhang, B. Yun, and Y. Cui, “Performance improvements of a tunable bandpass microwave photonic filter based on a notch ring resonator using phase modulation with dual optical carriers,” Opt. Express 27(7), 9705–9715 (2019).
[Crossref]

X. Zou, F. Zou, Z. Cao, B. Lu, X. Yan, G. Yu, X. Deng, B. Luo, L. Yan, W. Pan, J. Yao, and A. M. J. Koonen, “A Multifunctional Photonic Integrated Circuit for Diverse Microwave Signal Generation, Transmission, and Processing,” Laser Photonics Rev. 13(6), 1800240 (2019).
[Crossref]

T. Ren, M. Zhang, C. Wang, L. Shao, C. Reimer, Y. Zhang, O. King, R. Esman, T. Cullen, and M. Lončar, “An Integrated Low-Voltage Broadband Lithium Niobate Phase Modulator,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 31(11), 889–892 (2019).
[Crossref]

M. He, M. Xu, Y. Ren, J. Jian, Z. Ruan, Y. Xu, S. Gao, S. Sun, X. Wen, Li. Zhou, L. Liu, C. Guo, H. Chen, S. Yu, L. Liu, and X. Cai, “High-performance hybrid silicon and lithium niobate Mach–Zehnder modulators for 100 Gbit s−1 and beyond,” Nat. Photonics 13(5), 359–364 (2019).
[Crossref]

Z. Zhu, M. Merklein, D. Y. Choi, K. Vu, P. Ma, S. J. Madden, and B. J. Eggleton, “Highly sensitive, broadband microwave frequency identification using a chip-based Brillouin optoelectronic oscillator,” Opt. Express 27(9), 12855–12868 (2019).
[Crossref]

2018 (5)

M.A. Tran, D. Huang, T. Komljenovic, J. Peters, A. Malik, and J.E. Bowers, “Ultra-Low-Loss Silicon Waveguides for Heterogeneously Integrated Silicon/III-V Photonics,” Appl. Sci. 8(7), 1139–1150 (2018).
[Crossref]

Y. Liu, D. Marpaung, A. Choudhary, J. Hotten, and B. J. Eggleton, “Link Performance Optimization of Chip-Based Si3N4 Microwave Photonic Filters,” J. Lightwave Technol. 36(19), 4361–4370 (2018).
[Crossref]

C. G. H. Roeloffzen, M. Hoekman, E. J. Klein, L. S. Wevers, R. B. Timens, D. Marchenko, D. Geskus, R. Dekker, A. Alippi, R. Grootjans, A. van Rees, R. M. Oldenbeuving, J. P. Epping, R. G. Heideman, K. Wörhoff, A. Leinse, D. Geuzebroek, E. Schreuder, P. W. L. van Dijk, I. Visscher, C. Taddei, Y. Fan, C. Taballione, Y. Liu, D. Marpaung, L. Zhuang, M. Benelajla, and K.-J. Boller, “Low-loss Si3N4 TriPleX optical waveguides: Technology and applications overview,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 24(4), 1–21 (2018).
[Crossref]

Y. Xu, H. Peng, R. Guo, H. Du, G. Hu, L. Zhu, and Z. Chen, “Wideband tunable optoelectronic oscillator based on a single-bandpass microwave photonic filter and a recirculating delay line,” Chin. Opt. Lett. 16(11), 110602 (2018).
[Crossref]

H. Qiu, F. Zhou, J. Qie, Y. Yao, X. Hu, Y. Zhang, X. Xiao, Y. Yu, J. Dong, and X. Zhang, “A continuously tunable sub-gigahertz microwave photonic bandpass filter based on an ultra-high-Q silicon microring resonator,” J. Lightwave Technol. 36(19), 4312–4318 (2018).
[Crossref]

2017 (2)

2016 (3)

2015 (1)

2014 (1)

K. Padmaraju and K. Bergman, “Resolving the thermal challenges for silicon microring resonator devices,” Nanophotonics 3(4-5), 269–281 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (2)

A. Beling, A. S. Cross, M. Piels, J. Peters, Qi. Zhou, J. E. Bowers, and J. C. Campbell, “InP-based waveguide photodiodes heterogeneously integrated on silicon-on-insulator for photonic microwave generation,” Opt. Express 21(22), 25901–25906 (2013).
[Crossref]

Z. Zhang, B. Huang, Z. Zhang, C. Cheng, and H. Chen, “Microwave photonic filter with reconfigurable and tunable bandpass response using integrated optical signal processor based on microring resonator,” Opt. Eng. 52(12), 127102 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (4)

D. Zhang, X. Feng, and Y. Huang, “Tunable and reconfigurable bandpass microwave photonic filters utilizing integrated optical processor on silicon-on-insulator substrate,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 24(17), 1502–1505 (2012).
[Crossref]

J. Sancho, J. Bourderionnet, J. Lloret, S. Combrié, I. Gasulla, S. Xavier, S. Sales, P. Colman, G. Lehoucq, D. Dolfi, J. Capmany, and A. D. Rossi, “Integrable microwave filter based on a photonic crystal delay line,” Nat. Commun. 3(1), 1075 (2012).
[Crossref]

A. Byrnes, R. Pant, E. Li, D. Choi, C. G. Poulton, S. Fan, S. Madden, B. L. Davies, and B. J. Eggleton, “Photonic chip based tunable and reconfigurable narrowband microwave photonic filter using stimulated Brillouin scattering,” Opt. Express 20(17), 18836–18854 (2012).
[Crossref]

W. Bogaerts, P. D. Heyn, T. V. Vaerenbergh, K. D. Vos, S. K. Selvaraja, T. Claes, P. Dumon, P. Bienstman, D. V. Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Silicon microring resonators,” Laser Photonics Rev. 6(1), 47–73 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (1)

2010 (1)

J. Palaci, G. E. Villanueva, J. V. Galan, J. Marti, and B. Vidal, “Single bandpass photonic microwave filter based on a notch ring resonator,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 22(17), 1276–1278 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (2)

2007 (2)

A. Karim and J. Devenport, “Noise figure reduction in externally modulated analog fiber-optic links,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 19(5), 312–314 (2007).
[Crossref]

J. Capmany and D. Novak, “Microwave photonics combines two worlds,” Nat. Photonics 1(6), 319–330 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

M. S. Nawrockaa, T. Liu, X. Wang, and R. R. Panepucci, “Tunable silicon microring resonator with wide free spectral range,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(7), 071110 (2006).
[Crossref]

Adam, T. N.

Alippi, A.

C. G. H. Roeloffzen, M. Hoekman, E. J. Klein, L. S. Wevers, R. B. Timens, D. Marchenko, D. Geskus, R. Dekker, A. Alippi, R. Grootjans, A. van Rees, R. M. Oldenbeuving, J. P. Epping, R. G. Heideman, K. Wörhoff, A. Leinse, D. Geuzebroek, E. Schreuder, P. W. L. van Dijk, I. Visscher, C. Taddei, Y. Fan, C. Taballione, Y. Liu, D. Marpaung, L. Zhuang, M. Benelajla, and K.-J. Boller, “Low-loss Si3N4 TriPleX optical waveguides: Technology and applications overview,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 24(4), 1–21 (2018).
[Crossref]

Aryanfar, I.

Baets, R.

W. Bogaerts, P. D. Heyn, T. V. Vaerenbergh, K. D. Vos, S. K. Selvaraja, T. Claes, P. Dumon, P. Bienstman, D. V. Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Silicon microring resonators,” Laser Photonics Rev. 6(1), 47–73 (2012).
[Crossref]

Bedoy, A. C.

Y. Liu, A. Choudhary, G. Ren, K. Vu, B. Morrison, A. C. Bedoy, T. G. Nguyen, D. Y. Choi, A. Mitchell, S. J. Madden, D. Marpaung, and B. J. Eggleton, “Integrating Brillouin processing with functional circuits for enhanced RF photonic processing,” in IEEE International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics (MWP) (2018), 18306286.

Beling, A.

Benelajla, M.

C. G. H. Roeloffzen, M. Hoekman, E. J. Klein, L. S. Wevers, R. B. Timens, D. Marchenko, D. Geskus, R. Dekker, A. Alippi, R. Grootjans, A. van Rees, R. M. Oldenbeuving, J. P. Epping, R. G. Heideman, K. Wörhoff, A. Leinse, D. Geuzebroek, E. Schreuder, P. W. L. van Dijk, I. Visscher, C. Taddei, Y. Fan, C. Taballione, Y. Liu, D. Marpaung, L. Zhuang, M. Benelajla, and K.-J. Boller, “Low-loss Si3N4 TriPleX optical waveguides: Technology and applications overview,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 24(4), 1–21 (2018).
[Crossref]

Bergman, K.

K. Padmaraju and K. Bergman, “Resolving the thermal challenges for silicon microring resonator devices,” Nanophotonics 3(4-5), 269–281 (2014).
[Crossref]

Bienstman, P.

W. Bogaerts, P. D. Heyn, T. V. Vaerenbergh, K. D. Vos, S. K. Selvaraja, T. Claes, P. Dumon, P. Bienstman, D. V. Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Silicon microring resonators,” Laser Photonics Rev. 6(1), 47–73 (2012).
[Crossref]

Bogaerts, W.

W. Bogaerts, P. D. Heyn, T. V. Vaerenbergh, K. D. Vos, S. K. Selvaraja, T. Claes, P. Dumon, P. Bienstman, D. V. Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Silicon microring resonators,” Laser Photonics Rev. 6(1), 47–73 (2012).
[Crossref]

Boller, K. J.

Boller, K.-J.

C. G. H. Roeloffzen, M. Hoekman, E. J. Klein, L. S. Wevers, R. B. Timens, D. Marchenko, D. Geskus, R. Dekker, A. Alippi, R. Grootjans, A. van Rees, R. M. Oldenbeuving, J. P. Epping, R. G. Heideman, K. Wörhoff, A. Leinse, D. Geuzebroek, E. Schreuder, P. W. L. van Dijk, I. Visscher, C. Taddei, Y. Fan, C. Taballione, Y. Liu, D. Marpaung, L. Zhuang, M. Benelajla, and K.-J. Boller, “Low-loss Si3N4 TriPleX optical waveguides: Technology and applications overview,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 24(4), 1–21 (2018).
[Crossref]

Bourderionnet, J.

J. Sancho, J. Bourderionnet, J. Lloret, S. Combrié, I. Gasulla, S. Xavier, S. Sales, P. Colman, G. Lehoucq, D. Dolfi, J. Capmany, and A. D. Rossi, “Integrable microwave filter based on a photonic crystal delay line,” Nat. Commun. 3(1), 1075 (2012).
[Crossref]

Bowers, J. E.

Bowers, J.E.

M.A. Tran, D. Huang, T. Komljenovic, J. Peters, A. Malik, and J.E. Bowers, “Ultra-Low-Loss Silicon Waveguides for Heterogeneously Integrated Silicon/III-V Photonics,” Appl. Sci. 8(7), 1139–1150 (2018).
[Crossref]

Bucholtz, F.

Byrnes, A.

Cai, X.

M. He, M. Xu, Y. Ren, J. Jian, Z. Ruan, Y. Xu, S. Gao, S. Sun, X. Wen, Li. Zhou, L. Liu, C. Guo, H. Chen, S. Yu, L. Liu, and X. Cai, “High-performance hybrid silicon and lithium niobate Mach–Zehnder modulators for 100 Gbit s−1 and beyond,” Nat. Photonics 13(5), 359–364 (2019).
[Crossref]

Campbell, J. C.

Cao, Z.

X. Zou, F. Zou, Z. Cao, B. Lu, X. Yan, G. Yu, X. Deng, B. Luo, L. Yan, W. Pan, J. Yao, and A. M. J. Koonen, “A Multifunctional Photonic Integrated Circuit for Diverse Microwave Signal Generation, Transmission, and Processing,” Laser Photonics Rev. 13(6), 1800240 (2019).
[Crossref]

Capmany, J.

D. Marpaung, J. P. Yao, and J. Capmany, “Integrated microwave photonics,” Nat. Photonics 13(2), 80–90 (2019).
[Crossref]

J. Sancho, J. Bourderionnet, J. Lloret, S. Combrié, I. Gasulla, S. Xavier, S. Sales, P. Colman, G. Lehoucq, D. Dolfi, J. Capmany, and A. D. Rossi, “Integrable microwave filter based on a photonic crystal delay line,” Nat. Commun. 3(1), 1075 (2012).
[Crossref]

J. Capmany and D. Novak, “Microwave photonics combines two worlds,” Nat. Photonics 1(6), 319–330 (2007).
[Crossref]

Chen, H.

M. He, M. Xu, Y. Ren, J. Jian, Z. Ruan, Y. Xu, S. Gao, S. Sun, X. Wen, Li. Zhou, L. Liu, C. Guo, H. Chen, S. Yu, L. Liu, and X. Cai, “High-performance hybrid silicon and lithium niobate Mach–Zehnder modulators for 100 Gbit s−1 and beyond,” Nat. Photonics 13(5), 359–364 (2019).
[Crossref]

Z. Zhang, B. Huang, Z. Zhang, C. Cheng, and H. Chen, “Microwave photonic filter with reconfigurable and tunable bandpass response using integrated optical signal processor based on microring resonator,” Opt. Eng. 52(12), 127102 (2013).
[Crossref]

Chen, Z.

Cheng, C.

Z. Zhang, B. Huang, Z. Zhang, C. Cheng, and H. Chen, “Microwave photonic filter with reconfigurable and tunable bandpass response using integrated optical signal processor based on microring resonator,” Opt. Eng. 52(12), 127102 (2013).
[Crossref]

Chew, S. X.

W. Yang, X. Yi, S. Song, S. X. Chew, L. Li, and L. Nguyen, “Tunable single bandpass microwave photonic filter based on phase compensated silicon-on-insulator microring resonator,” in 2016 21st Opto Electronics and Communications Conference held jointly with 2016 International Conference on Photonics in Switching (IEEE2016), pp. 1–3.

Choi, D.

Choi, D. Y.

Z. Zhu, M. Merklein, D. Y. Choi, K. Vu, P. Ma, S. J. Madden, and B. J. Eggleton, “Highly sensitive, broadband microwave frequency identification using a chip-based Brillouin optoelectronic oscillator,” Opt. Express 27(9), 12855–12868 (2019).
[Crossref]

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Figures (11)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. The operating principle of the proposed MPBPF based on one ring resonator.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. (a) RF gain for OC and UC ring resonator based microwave photonic band pass filter as a function of ring extinction ratio with a Q-factor of 1.12×106 at critical coupling. (b) FWHM for OC and UC ring resonator based microwave photonic band pass filter as a function of ring extinction ratio with a Q-factor of 1.12×106 at critical coupling.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Ratio between G and FWHM for OC and UC ring resonator based microwave photonic band pass filter as a function of ring extinction ratio.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. The operating principle of the proposed MPBPF based on two cascaded ring resonators.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Gain improvement as a function of optical carrier suppression ratio.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Schematic of the experimental setup. PM, phase modulator; PC, polarization control; OC, over-coupled; UC, under-coupled; LN-EDFA, low noise erbium-doped fiber amplifier; WA, wave analyzer; PD, photodetector; VNA, vector network analyzer.

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Spectra of MPBPF based on two cascaded ring resonators at various RF frequencies.

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Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Performance comparison between two cascaded ring resonators based MPBPF and OC ring resonator based filter, (a) RF gain and noise PSD; (b) Noise figure.

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Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. (a) Measured SFDR at 11 GHz for OC ring resonator based MPBPF, (b) Measured SFDR at 11 GHz for two cascaded ring resonators based MPBPF, and (c) Measured SFDR for both schemes over the entire tuning range.

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Fig. 10.
Fig. 10. Measured spectra of the two channels MPBPF with central frequencies centered at (a) 3 and 5 GHz, (b) 7 and 9 GHz, (c) 9 and 11 GHz; and with different frequency interval (d) 0.8 GHz, (e) 4 GHz, (f) 6 GHz.

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Fig. 11.
Fig. 11. Demonstration of MPBPF with interference signal.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1. Performance Comparison of MPBPF With Various Technology

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Equations (10)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

E R = ( a + r 1 + a r ) 2 ( a − r 1 − a r ) 2
I ( t ) = 2 I a v e J 0 ( m ) J 1 ( m ) [ 1 − e j ( π + ϕ ) a − r e − j ϕ 1 − r a e j ϕ ] cos ⁡ ( ω R F t − π 2 )
G = π 2 V π 2 I a v e 2 ( 1 + a − r 1 − a r ) 2 Z i n Z o u t
F W H M = F S R π a r c cos ⁡ [ A ( 1 + r 2 a 2 ) − ( 1 + a 2 ) ( 1 − r ) 2 2 A r a + a ( 1 − r ) 2 ]
A = 1 4 [ ( 1 + a − r 1 − a r ) 2 + ( 1 − a + r 1 + a r ) 2 ]
P 1 r = P c + P s + 1 E R P s
P 2 r = ( 10 − β / 10 P c + P s + 1 E R P s ) G e d f a
G e d f a = R c s + 1 10 − β / 10 R c s + 1
R c s = P c P s ( 1 + 1 E R )
Δ G = G t w o r i n g s G o n e r i n g = 10 − β / 10 G e d f a 2 = 10 − β / 10 ( R c s + 1 10 − β / 10 R c s + 1 ) 2

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