Spatio-temporal dependence of high harmonic generation in noble gas

Lifeng Wang; Hao Li; Ying Zhang

doi:10.1364/OE.27.033898

Optics Express
Vol. 27,
Issue 23,
pp. 33898-33906
(2019)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.033898

Spatio-temporal dependence of high harmonic generation in noble gas

Lifeng Wang, Hao Li, and Ying Zhang

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Lifeng Wang, Hao Li, and Ying Zhang, "Spatio-temporal dependence of high harmonic generation in noble gas," Opt. Express 27, 33898-33906 (2019)

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Table of Contents Category
- Ultrafast Optics and Attosecond/High-field Physics
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: September 12, 2019
- Revised Manuscript: October 18, 2019
- Manuscript Accepted: October 19, 2019
- Published: November 5, 2019

Abstract

We experimentally study the pressure dependent high harmonic generation (HHG) from Argon in a semi-infinite gas cell. A spatio-temporal model considering the time dependent radial variation of the ionization rate, quantum diffusion, and phase mismatch is proposed. It is used to predict the relationship between the gas pressure and photon flux of high harmonics form Argon in experiments. Good consistence is found between the theoretical prediction and the experimental data over 11 odd order harmonics when the gas pressure varies from 30 mbar to 200 mbar. The comparison between our model and simplified on-axis HHG model proves that the radial and temporal variations of experimental parameters are able to significantly modify the phase-matching condition and the origin of observable HHG. We also find at the optimal gas pressure (e.g. 150 mbar @ 27^th harmonic), most of the observable HHG radiation (∼82%) comes from a condensed capsule-like spatial volume (∼4.17%) within the laser and gas interaction region, where the transient phase-matching condition is satisfied. Therefore, the quick numerical calculation within such small spatio-temporal volume can be used as an efficient guidance to search the optimal gas pressure in experiment. The spatio-temporal dependence of the observable HHG radiation also hints the existence of time dependent spatial chirp among the different attosecond pulses generated by a multi-cycle driving laser.

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Year
Author
Publication

K. Zhao, Q. Zhang, M. Chini, Y. Wu, X. W. Wang, and Z. H. Chang, “Tailoring a 67 attosecond pulse through advantageous phase-mismatch,” Opt. Lett. 37(18), 3891–3893 (2012).
[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
T. T. Fan, P. Grychtol, R. Kunt, C. H. Garcia, D. D. Hickstein, D. Zusin, C. Gentry, F. J. Dollar, C. A. Mancuso, C. W. Hogle, O. Kfir, D. Legut, K. Carva, J. L. Ellis, K. M. Dorney, C. Chen, O. G. Shpyrko, E. E. Fullerton, O. Cohen, P. M. Oppeneer, D. B. Milošević, A. Becker, A. A. Jaroń-Becker, T. Popmintchev, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “Bright circularly polarized soft X-ray high harmonics for X-ray magnetic circular dichroism,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 112(46), 14206–14211 (2015).
[Crossref]
J. H. Wu, P. R. Bolton, J. B. Murphy, and X. M. Zhong, “Free electron laser seeded by IR laser driven high-order harmonic generation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(2), 021109 (2007).
[Crossref]
M. D. Seaberg, D. E. Adams, E. L. Townsend, D. A. Raymondson, W. F. Schlotter, Y. W. Liu, C. S. Menoni, L. Rong, C. C. Chen, J. W. Miao, H. C. Kapteyn, and M. M. Murnane, “Ultrahigh 22 nm resolution coherent diffractive imaging using a desktop 13 nm high harmonic source,” Opt. Express 19(23), 22470–22479 (2011).
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C. J. Lai, G. Cirmi, K. H. Hong, J. Moses, S. W. Huang, E. Granados, P. Keathley, S. Bhardwaj, and F. X. Kärtner, “Wavelength scaling of high harmonic generation close to the multiphoton ionization regime,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 111(7), 073901 (2013).
[Crossref]
C. M. Heyl, C. L. Arnold, A. Couairon, and A. L’Huillier, “Introduction to macroscopic power scaling principles for high-order harmonic generation,” J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 50(1), 013001 (2017).
[Crossref]
R. A. Ganeev, C. Hutchison, T. Witting, F. Frank, S. Weber, W. A. Okell, E. Fiordilino, D. Cricchio, F. Persico, A. Zaïr, J. W. G. Tisch, and J. P. Marangos, “High-order harmonic generation in fullerenes using few- and multi-cycle pulses of different wavelengths,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 30(1), 7–12 (2013).
[Crossref]
H. X. Han, J. Wang, Y. Qiao, A. H. Liu, F. M. Guo, and Y. J. Yang, “Significantly enhanced conversion efficiency of high-order harmonic generation by introducing chirped laser pulses into scheme of spatially inhomogeneous field,” Opt. Express 27(6), 8768–8776 (2019).
[Crossref]
J. Rothhardt, M. Krebs, S. Hädrich, S. Demmler, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “Absorption-limited and phase-matched high harmonic generation in the tight foxusing regime,” New J. Phys. 16(3), 033022 (2014).
[Crossref]
T. Ditmire, J. K. Crane, H. Nguyen, L. B. Dasilva, and M. D. Perry, “Energy-yield and conversion-efficiency measurements of high-order harmonic radiation,” Phys. Rev. A: At., Mol., Opt. Phys. 51(2), R902–R905 (1995).
[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
E. Constant, D. Garzella, P. Breger, E. Mevel, C. Dorrer, C. L. Blanc, F. Salin, and P. Agostini, “Optimization high harmonic generation in absorbing gases: model and experiment,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(8), 1668–1671 (1999).
[Crossref]
M. Lewenstein, P. Balcou, M. Y. Ivanov, A. L’Huillier, and P. Corkum, “Theory of high-harmonic generation by low-frequency laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A: At., Mol., Opt. Phys. 49(3), 2117–2132 (1994).
[Crossref]
E. Priori, G. Cerullo, M. Nisoli, S. Stagira, S. D. Silvestri, P. Villoresi, L. Poletto, P. Ceccherini, C. Altucci, R. Bruzzese, and C. D. Lisio, “Nonadiabatic three-dimensional model of high-order harmonic generation in the few-optical-cycle regime,” Phys. Rev. A: At., Mol., Opt. Phys. 61(6), 063801 (2000).
[Crossref]
L. F. Wang, X. K. He, H. Teng, C. X. Yun, W. Zhang, and Z. Y. Wei, “Optimization of few-cycle laser pulse pumped high-order harmonic generation at 60–70 eV by changing the gas pressure,” Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 121(1), 81–85 (2015).
[Crossref]
P. Rudawski, C. M. Heyl, F. Brizuela, J. Schwenke, A. Persson, E. Mansten, R. Rakowski, L. Rading, F. Campi, B. Kim, P. Johnsson, and A. L’Huillier, “A high-flux high-order harmonic source,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84(7), 073103 (2013).
[Crossref]
E. T. F. Rogers, S. L. Stebbings, A. M. de Paula, C. A. Froud, M. Praeger, B. Mills, J. Grant-Jacob, W. S. Brocklesby, and J. G. Frey, “Spatiotemporal phase-matching in capillary high-harmonic generation,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 29(4), 806–811 (2012).
[Crossref]
A. T. Le, H. Wei, C. Jin, and C. D. Lin, “Strong-field approximation and its extension for high-order harmonic generation with mid-infrared lasers,” J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 49(5), 053001 (2016).
[Crossref]
P. Balcou, P. Salieres, A. L’Huillier, and M. Lewenstein, “Generalized phase-matching conditions for high harmonics: The role of field-gradient forces,” Phys. Rev. A: At., Mol., Opt. Phys. 55(4), 3204–3210 (1997).
[Crossref]
M. B. Gaarde, J. L. Tate, and K. J. Schafer, “Macroscopic aspects of attosecond pulse generation,” J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 41(13), 132001 (2008).
[Crossref]
H. Dachraoui, T. Auguste, A. Helmstedt, P. Bartz, M. Michelswirth, N. Mueller, W. Pfeiffer, P. Salieres, and U. Heinzmann, “Interplay between absorption, dispersion and refraction in high-order harmonic generation,” J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 42(17), 175402 (2009).
[Crossref]
L. F. Wang, W. M. Zhu, H. Li, and Y. Zhang, “Spectrum modification of high-order harmonic generation in a gas mixture of Ar and Kr,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 35(4), A39–A44 (2018).
[Crossref]
D. E. R. Ivas, B. M. Ajor, M. W. Eidman, W. H. Elml, G. M. Arcus, R. K. Ienberger, D. C. Haralambidis, P. T. Zallas, E. B. Alogh, K. K. Ovács, V. T. Osa, B. B. Ergues, K. V. Arjú, and L. V. Eisz, “Propagation-enhanced generation of intense high-harmonic continua in the 100-eV spectral region,” Optica 5(10), 1283–1289 (2018).
[Crossref]

2019 (1)

H. X. Han, J. Wang, Y. Qiao, A. H. Liu, F. M. Guo, and Y. J. Yang, “Significantly enhanced conversion efficiency of high-order harmonic generation by introducing chirped laser pulses into scheme of spatially inhomogeneous field,” Opt. Express 27(6), 8768–8776 (2019).
[Crossref]

2018 (2)

L. F. Wang, W. M. Zhu, H. Li, and Y. Zhang, “Spectrum modification of high-order harmonic generation in a gas mixture of Ar and Kr,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 35(4), A39–A44 (2018).
[Crossref]

D. E. R. Ivas, B. M. Ajor, M. W. Eidman, W. H. Elml, G. M. Arcus, R. K. Ienberger, D. C. Haralambidis, P. T. Zallas, E. B. Alogh, K. K. Ovács, V. T. Osa, B. B. Ergues, K. V. Arjú, and L. V. Eisz, “Propagation-enhanced generation of intense high-harmonic continua in the 100-eV spectral region,” Optica 5(10), 1283–1289 (2018).
[Crossref]

2017 (1)

C. M. Heyl, C. L. Arnold, A. Couairon, and A. L’Huillier, “Introduction to macroscopic power scaling principles for high-order harmonic generation,” J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 50(1), 013001 (2017).
[Crossref]

2016 (1)

A. T. Le, H. Wei, C. Jin, and C. D. Lin, “Strong-field approximation and its extension for high-order harmonic generation with mid-infrared lasers,” J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 49(5), 053001 (2016).
[Crossref]

2015 (2)

L. F. Wang, X. K. He, H. Teng, C. X. Yun, W. Zhang, and Z. Y. Wei, “Optimization of few-cycle laser pulse pumped high-order harmonic generation at 60–70 eV by changing the gas pressure,” Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 121(1), 81–85 (2015).
[Crossref]

T. T. Fan, P. Grychtol, R. Kunt, C. H. Garcia, D. D. Hickstein, D. Zusin, C. Gentry, F. J. Dollar, C. A. Mancuso, C. W. Hogle, O. Kfir, D. Legut, K. Carva, J. L. Ellis, K. M. Dorney, C. Chen, O. G. Shpyrko, E. E. Fullerton, O. Cohen, P. M. Oppeneer, D. B. Milošević, A. Becker, A. A. Jaroń-Becker, T. Popmintchev, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “Bright circularly polarized soft X-ray high harmonics for X-ray magnetic circular dichroism,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 112(46), 14206–14211 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (1)

J. Rothhardt, M. Krebs, S. Hädrich, S. Demmler, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “Absorption-limited and phase-matched high harmonic generation in the tight foxusing regime,” New J. Phys. 16(3), 033022 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (3)

P. Rudawski, C. M. Heyl, F. Brizuela, J. Schwenke, A. Persson, E. Mansten, R. Rakowski, L. Rading, F. Campi, B. Kim, P. Johnsson, and A. L’Huillier, “A high-flux high-order harmonic source,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84(7), 073103 (2013).
[Crossref]

R. A. Ganeev, C. Hutchison, T. Witting, F. Frank, S. Weber, W. A. Okell, E. Fiordilino, D. Cricchio, F. Persico, A. Zaïr, J. W. G. Tisch, and J. P. Marangos, “High-order harmonic generation in fullerenes using few- and multi-cycle pulses of different wavelengths,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 30(1), 7–12 (2013).
[Crossref]

C. J. Lai, G. Cirmi, K. H. Hong, J. Moses, S. W. Huang, E. Granados, P. Keathley, S. Bhardwaj, and F. X. Kärtner, “Wavelength scaling of high harmonic generation close to the multiphoton ionization regime,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 111(7), 073901 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (3)

K. Zhao, Q. Zhang, M. Chini, Y. Wu, X. W. Wang, and Z. H. Chang, “Tailoring a 67 attosecond pulse through advantageous phase-mismatch,” Opt. Lett. 37(18), 3891–3893 (2012).
[Crossref]

J. M. Dahlström, A. L’Huillier, and A. Maquet, “Introduction to attosecond delays in photoionization,” J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 45(18), 183001 (2012).
[Crossref]

E. T. F. Rogers, S. L. Stebbings, A. M. de Paula, C. A. Froud, M. Praeger, B. Mills, J. Grant-Jacob, W. S. Brocklesby, and J. G. Frey, “Spatiotemporal phase-matching in capillary high-harmonic generation,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 29(4), 806–811 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (1)

M. D. Seaberg, D. E. Adams, E. L. Townsend, D. A. Raymondson, W. F. Schlotter, Y. W. Liu, C. S. Menoni, L. Rong, C. C. Chen, J. W. Miao, H. C. Kapteyn, and M. M. Murnane, “Ultrahigh 22 nm resolution coherent diffractive imaging using a desktop 13 nm high harmonic source,” Opt. Express 19(23), 22470–22479 (2011).
[Crossref]

2009 (1)

H. Dachraoui, T. Auguste, A. Helmstedt, P. Bartz, M. Michelswirth, N. Mueller, W. Pfeiffer, P. Salieres, and U. Heinzmann, “Interplay between absorption, dispersion and refraction in high-order harmonic generation,” J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 42(17), 175402 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (1)

M. B. Gaarde, J. L. Tate, and K. J. Schafer, “Macroscopic aspects of attosecond pulse generation,” J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 41(13), 132001 (2008).
[Crossref]

2007 (1)

J. H. Wu, P. R. Bolton, J. B. Murphy, and X. M. Zhong, “Free electron laser seeded by IR laser driven high-order harmonic generation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(2), 021109 (2007).
[Crossref]

2002 (1)

E. Takahashi, Y. Nabekawa, T. Otsuka, M. Obara, and K. Midorikawa, “Generation of highly coherent submicrojoule soft x ray by high-order harmonics,” Phys. Rev. A: At., Mol., Opt. Phys. 66(2), 021802 (2002).
[Crossref]

2000 (1)

E. Priori, G. Cerullo, M. Nisoli, S. Stagira, S. D. Silvestri, P. Villoresi, L. Poletto, P. Ceccherini, C. Altucci, R. Bruzzese, and C. D. Lisio, “Nonadiabatic three-dimensional model of high-order harmonic generation in the few-optical-cycle regime,” Phys. Rev. A: At., Mol., Opt. Phys. 61(6), 063801 (2000).
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

E. Constant, D. Garzella, P. Breger, E. Mevel, C. Dorrer, C. L. Blanc, F. Salin, and P. Agostini, “Optimization high harmonic generation in absorbing gases: model and experiment,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(8), 1668–1671 (1999).
[Crossref]

1997 (1)

P. Balcou, P. Salieres, A. L’Huillier, and M. Lewenstein, “Generalized phase-matching conditions for high harmonics: The role of field-gradient forces,” Phys. Rev. A: At., Mol., Opt. Phys. 55(4), 3204–3210 (1997).
[Crossref]

1995 (1)

T. Ditmire, J. K. Crane, H. Nguyen, L. B. Dasilva, and M. D. Perry, “Energy-yield and conversion-efficiency measurements of high-order harmonic radiation,” Phys. Rev. A: At., Mol., Opt. Phys. 51(2), R902–R905 (1995).
[Crossref]

1994 (1)

M. Lewenstein, P. Balcou, M. Y. Ivanov, A. L’Huillier, and P. Corkum, “Theory of high-harmonic generation by low-frequency laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A: At., Mol., Opt. Phys. 49(3), 2117–2132 (1994).
[Crossref]

Adams, D. E.

Agostini, P.

Ajor, B. M.

Alogh, E. B.

Altucci, C.

Arcus, G. M.

Arjú, K. V.

Arnold, C. L.

Auguste, T.

Balcou, P.

Bartz, P.

Becker, A.

Bhardwaj, S.

Blanc, C. L.

Bolton, P. R.

J. H. Wu, P. R. Bolton, J. B. Murphy, and X. M. Zhong, “Free electron laser seeded by IR laser driven high-order harmonic generation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(2), 021109 (2007).
[Crossref]

Breger, P.

Brizuela, F.

Brocklesby, W. S.

Bruzzese, R.

Campi, F.

Carva, K.

Ceccherini, P.

Cerullo, G.

Chang, Z. H.

K. Zhao, Q. Zhang, M. Chini, Y. Wu, X. W. Wang, and Z. H. Chang, “Tailoring a 67 attosecond pulse through advantageous phase-mismatch,” Opt. Lett. 37(18), 3891–3893 (2012).
[Crossref]

Chen, C.

Chen, C. C.

Chini, M.

K. Zhao, Q. Zhang, M. Chini, Y. Wu, X. W. Wang, and Z. H. Chang, “Tailoring a 67 attosecond pulse through advantageous phase-mismatch,” Opt. Lett. 37(18), 3891–3893 (2012).
[Crossref]

Cirmi, G.

Cohen, O.

Constant, E.

Corkum, P.

Couairon, A.

Crane, J. K.

Cricchio, D.

Dachraoui, H.

Dahlström, J. M.

J. M. Dahlström, A. L’Huillier, and A. Maquet, “Introduction to attosecond delays in photoionization,” J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 45(18), 183001 (2012).
[Crossref]

Dasilva, L. B.

de Paula, A. M.

Demmler, S.

Ditmire, T.

Dollar, F. J.

Dorney, K. M.

Dorrer, C.

Eidman, M. W.

Eisz, L. V.

Ellis, J. L.

Elml, W. H.

Ergues, B. B.

Fan, T. T.

Fiordilino, E.

Frank, F.

Frey, J. G.

Froud, C. A.

Fullerton, E. E.

Gaarde, M. B.

M. B. Gaarde, J. L. Tate, and K. J. Schafer, “Macroscopic aspects of attosecond pulse generation,” J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 41(13), 132001 (2008).
[Crossref]

Ganeev, R. A.

Garcia, C. H.

Garzella, D.

Gentry, C.

Granados, E.

Grant-Jacob, J.

Grychtol, P.

Guo, F. M.

Hädrich, S.

Han, H. X.

Haralambidis, D. C.

He, X. K.

Heinzmann, U.

Helmstedt, A.

Heyl, C. M.

Hickstein, D. D.

Hogle, C. W.

Hong, K. H.

Huang, S. W.

Hutchison, C.

Ienberger, R. K.

Ivanov, M. Y.

Ivas, D. E. R.

Jaron-Becker, A. A.

Jin, C.

Johnsson, P.

Kapteyn, H. C.

Kärtner, F. X.

Keathley, P.

Kfir, O.

Kim, B.

Krebs, M.

Kunt, R.

L’Huillier, A.

J. M. Dahlström, A. L’Huillier, and A. Maquet, “Introduction to attosecond delays in photoionization,” J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 45(18), 183001 (2012).
[Crossref]

Lai, C. J.

Le, A. T.

Legut, D.

Lewenstein, M.

Li, H.

L. F. Wang, W. M. Zhu, H. Li, and Y. Zhang, “Spectrum modification of high-order harmonic generation in a gas mixture of Ar and Kr,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 35(4), A39–A44 (2018).
[Crossref]

Limpert, J.

Lin, C. D.

Lisio, C. D.

Liu, A. H.

Liu, Y. W.

Mancuso, C. A.

Mansten, E.

Maquet, A.

J. M. Dahlström, A. L’Huillier, and A. Maquet, “Introduction to attosecond delays in photoionization,” J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 45(18), 183001 (2012).
[Crossref]

Marangos, J. P.

Menoni, C. S.

Mevel, E.

Miao, J. W.

Michelswirth, M.

Midorikawa, K.

Mills, B.

Miloševic, D. B.

Moses, J.

Mueller, N.

Murnane, M. M.

Murphy, J. B.

J. H. Wu, P. R. Bolton, J. B. Murphy, and X. M. Zhong, “Free electron laser seeded by IR laser driven high-order harmonic generation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(2), 021109 (2007).
[Crossref]

Nabekawa, Y.

Nguyen, H.

Nisoli, M.

Obara, M.

Okell, W. A.

Oppeneer, P. M.

Osa, V. T.

Otsuka, T.

Ovács, K. K.

Perry, M. D.

Persico, F.

Persson, A.

Pfeiffer, W.

Poletto, L.

Popmintchev, T.

Praeger, M.

Priori, E.

Qiao, Y.

Rading, L.

Rakowski, R.

Raymondson, D. A.

Rogers, E. T. F.

Rong, L.

Rothhardt, J.

Rudawski, P.

Salieres, P.

Salin, F.

Schafer, K. J.

M. B. Gaarde, J. L. Tate, and K. J. Schafer, “Macroscopic aspects of attosecond pulse generation,” J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 41(13), 132001 (2008).
[Crossref]

Schlotter, W. F.

Schwenke, J.

Seaberg, M. D.

Shpyrko, O. G.

Silvestri, S. D.

Stagira, S.

Stebbings, S. L.

Takahashi, E.

Tate, J. L.

M. B. Gaarde, J. L. Tate, and K. J. Schafer, “Macroscopic aspects of attosecond pulse generation,” J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 41(13), 132001 (2008).
[Crossref]

Teng, H.

Tisch, J. W. G.

Townsend, E. L.

Tünnermann, A.

Villoresi, P.

Wang, J.

Wang, L. F.

L. F. Wang, W. M. Zhu, H. Li, and Y. Zhang, “Spectrum modification of high-order harmonic generation in a gas mixture of Ar and Kr,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 35(4), A39–A44 (2018).
[Crossref]

Wang, X. W.

K. Zhao, Q. Zhang, M. Chini, Y. Wu, X. W. Wang, and Z. H. Chang, “Tailoring a 67 attosecond pulse through advantageous phase-mismatch,” Opt. Lett. 37(18), 3891–3893 (2012).
[Crossref]

Weber, S.

Wei, H.

Wei, Z. Y.

Witting, T.

Wu, J. H.

J. H. Wu, P. R. Bolton, J. B. Murphy, and X. M. Zhong, “Free electron laser seeded by IR laser driven high-order harmonic generation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(2), 021109 (2007).
[Crossref]

Wu, Y.

K. Zhao, Q. Zhang, M. Chini, Y. Wu, X. W. Wang, and Z. H. Chang, “Tailoring a 67 attosecond pulse through advantageous phase-mismatch,” Opt. Lett. 37(18), 3891–3893 (2012).
[Crossref]

Yang, Y. J.

Yun, C. X.

Zaïr, A.

Zallas, P. T.

Zhang, Q.

K. Zhao, Q. Zhang, M. Chini, Y. Wu, X. W. Wang, and Z. H. Chang, “Tailoring a 67 attosecond pulse through advantageous phase-mismatch,” Opt. Lett. 37(18), 3891–3893 (2012).
[Crossref]

Zhang, W.

Zhang, Y.

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[Crossref]

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Fig. 1. Experimental HHG spectra from Ar gas pressure varied from 30 mbar to 200 mbar.

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Fig. 2. Flux of individual harmonics from 23^rd to 43^rd order generated from Ar with varied backing pressure form 30 mbar to 200 mbar predicted by numerical simulation using 1D on-axis model M1 in [13], model M2 in [18], proposed model M3 in this paper and observed in experiments using a 1.2 mJ, 30 fs, 800 nm laser pulse.

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Fig. 3. (a) Distribution of 27^th order HHG flux (log scale) in terms of radial position (r) and ionization time (t_i) for p = 150 mbar. (b) The radial distribution of 27^th order HHG flux within the half time cycle of [-13.2 -13.0] fs (marked as purple rectangle in (a)). The green box shows the contribution of phase-matching HHG

${ {|\Delta \varphi } |_{3{L_{abs}}}}|\le \pi $

. The sharp drop of HHG flux is around 33 µm, beyond which the laser intensity is too weak to generate targeted harmonic. (c) Calculated 27^th HHG intensity with respect to the backing pressure. The red line and the blue line show the total HHG flux and phase-matching HHG intensity respectively. The percentage of phase-matching HHG to the total HHG at 115 mbar, 120 mbar, 150 mbar and 200 mbar are labeled.

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Fig. 4. Flux distribution of phase-matching (

$|{\Delta \varphi {|_{3{L_{abs}}}}} |\le \pi $

) 27^th harmonic with respect to the radial position (r) and ionization time (t_i) for different gas pressures. The radial ranges of 27^th harmonic generated in the first two half cycles of driving laser are labeled in the insert.

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Fig. 5. (a) Illustration of multi-layer capsule structure of 27^th HHG under perfect phase-matching. (b) Enlarged HHG structure in (a). (c) Dynamics of HHG generation. Each layer represents a HHG pulse (marked with different colors) is generated within different half time cycles of the driving laser pulse.

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Equations (5)

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I (r, t) \propto | \int_{z_{0}}^{z_{0} + L_{m e d}} ρ (z, r, t_{i}) A (z, r, t_{i}) e x p [- \frac{L_{m e d} - z}{2 L_{a b s} (P)}] e x p [i φ (z, r, t_{i})] d z |^{2} .

φ (z, r, t_{i}) = φ_{0} + Δ k (z, r, t_{i}) (L_{m e d} - z)

\begin{aligned} I_{a l l} & \propto \int_{- \infty}^{+ \infty} d t \int_{0}^{+ \infty} 2 π r d r \cdot {p \cdot [1 - η (z_{c}, r, t_{i})]}^{2} w (z_{c}, r, t_{i}) / τ^{3} (z_{c}, r, t_{i}) \\ \times [\frac{4 L_{a b s}^{2}}{1 + 4 π^{2} (L_{a b s}^{2} / L_{c o h}^{2} (z_{c}, r t_{i}))}] \\ \times [1 + \exp (- \frac{L_{m e d}}{L_{a b s}}) - 2 \cos (- \frac{π L_{m e d}}{L_{c o h}}) \exp (- \frac{L_{m e d}}{2 L_{a b s}})]} \end{aligned}

L_{c o h} \equiv \frac{π}{Δ k (z, r, t_{i})}

L_{m e d} = 3 \cdot L_{a b s} (P)