Abstract

We demonstrate a highly sensitive, low-cost, environmental-friendly pressure sensor derived from a wool-based pressure sensor with wide pressure sensing range using wool bricks embedded with a Ag nano-wires. The easy fabrication and light weight allow portable and wearable device applications. Wth the integration of a light-emitting diode possessing multi-wavelength emission, we illustrate a hybrid multi-functional LED-integrated pressure sensor that is able to convert different applied pressures to light emission with different wavelengths. Due to the high sensitivity of the pressure sensor, the demonstration of acoustic signal detection has also been presented using sound of a metronome and a speaker playing a song. This multi-functional pressure sensor can be implemented to technologies such as smart lighting, health care, visible light communication (VLC), and other internet of things (IoT) applications.

© 2019 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement

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  1. S. Gong, W. Schwalb, Y. W. Wang, Y. Chen, Y. Tang, J. Si, B. Shirinzadeh, and W. L. Cheng, “A wearable and highly sensitive pressure sensor with ultrathin gold nanowires,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 3132 (2014).
    [Crossref]
  2. X. D. Wang, H. L. Zhang, R. M. Yu, L. Dong, D. F. Peng, A. H. Zhang, Y. Zhang, H. Liu, C. F. Pan, and Z. L. Wang, “Dynamic Pressure Mapping of Personalized Handwriting by a Flexible Sensor Matrix Based on the Mechanoluminescence Process,” Adv. Mater. 27(14), 2324–2331 (2015).
    [Crossref]
  3. C. M. Boutry, A. Nguyen, Q. O. Lawal, A. Chortos, S. Rondeau-Gagne, and Z. N. Bao, “A Sensitive and Biodegradable Pressure Sensor Array for Cardiovascular Monitoring,” Adv. Mater. 27(43), 6954–6961 (2015).
    [Crossref]
  4. X. Z. Jiang, Y. J. Sun, Z. Y. Fan, and T. Y. Zhang, “Integrated Flexible, Waterproof, Transparent, and Self-Powered Tactile Sensing Panel,” ACS Nano 10(8), 7696–7704 (2016).
    [Crossref]
  5. Z. N. Bao and X. D. Chen, “Flexible and Stretchable Devices,” Adv. Mater. 28(22), 4177–4179 (2016).
    [Crossref]
  6. Y. Q. Zhan, Y. F. Mei, and L. R. Zheng, “Materials capability and device performance in flexible electronics for the Internet of Things,” J. Mater. Chem. C 2(7), 1220–1232 (2014).
    [Crossref]
  7. C. F. Lin, T. Y. Tsai, K. Y. Chen, and P. C. Shen, “Efficient warm-white lighting using rare-earth-element-free fluorescent materials for saving energy, environment protection and human health,” RSC Adv. 6(113), 111959 (2016).
    [Crossref]
  8. Z. Li and Z. L. Wang, “Air/Liquid-pressure and heartbeat-driven flexible fiber nanogenerators as a micro/nano-power source or diagnostic sensor,” Adv. Mater. 23(1), 84–89 (2011).
    [Crossref]
  9. L. J. Pan, A. Chortos, G. H. Yu, Y. Q. Wang, S. Isaacson, R. Allen, Y. Shi, R. Dauskardt, and Z. N. Bao, “An ultra-sensitive resistive pressure sensor based on hollow-sphere microstructure induced elasticity in conducting polymer film,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 3002 (2014).
    [Crossref]
  10. C. Dagdeviren, Y. W. Su, P. Joe, R. Yona, Y. H. Liu, Y. S. Kim, Y. A. Huang, A. R. Damadoran, J. Xia, L. W. Martin, Y. G. Huang, and J. A. Rogers, “Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 4496 (2014).
    [Crossref]
  11. J. Park, M. Kim, Y. Lee, H. S. Lee, and H. Ko, “Fingertip skin-inspired microstructured ferroelectric skins discriminate static/dynamic pressure and temperature stimuli,” Sci. Adv. 1(9), e1500661 (2015).
    [Crossref]
  12. J. Park, Y. Lee, J. Hong, M. Ha, Y. D. Jung, H. Lim, S. Y. Kim, and H. Ko, “Giant Tunneling Piezoresistance of Composite Elastomers with Interlocked Microdome Arrays for Ultrasensitive and Multimodal Electronic Skins,” ACS Nano 8(5), 4689–4697 (2014).
    [Crossref]
  13. C. L. Choong, M. B. Shim, B. S. Lee, S. Jeon, D. S. Ko, T. H. Kang, J. Bae, S. H. Lee, K. E. Byun, J. Im, Y. J. Jeong, C. E. Park, J. J. Park, and U. I. Chung, “Highly Stretchable Resistive Pressure Sensors Using a Conductive Elastomeric Composite on a Micropyramid Array,” Adv. Mater. 26(21), 3451–3458 (2014).
    [Crossref]
  14. G. Schwartz, B. C. K. Tee, J. G. Mei, A. L. Appleton, D. H. Kim, H. L. Wang, and Z. N. Bao, “Flexible polymer transistors with high pressure sensitivity for application in electronic skin and health monitoring,” Nat. Commun. 4(1), 1859 (2013).
    [Crossref]
  15. S. S. a. G. Muthu and M Angel, Green fashion (Springer, 2016).
  16. C. Pang, G. Y. Lee, T. I. Kim, S. M. Kim, H. N. Kim, S. H. Ahn, and K. Y. Suh, “A flexible and highly sensitive strain-gauge sensor using reversible interlocking of nanofibres,” Nat. Mater. 11(9), 795–801 (2012).
    [Crossref]
  17. T. Sekitani, U. Zschieschang, H. Klauk, and T. Someya, “Flexible organic transistors and circuits with extreme bending stability,” Nat. Mater. 9(12), 1015–1022 (2010).
    [Crossref]
  18. T. Sekitani and T. Someya, “Stretchable, Large-area Organic Electronics,” Adv. Mater. 22(20), 2228–2246 (2010).
    [Crossref]
  19. M. Kaltenbrunner, T. Sekitani, J. Reeder, T. Yokota, K. Kuribara, T. Tokuhara, M. Drack, R. Schwodiauer, I. Graz, S. Bauer-Gogonea, S. Bauer, and T. Someya, “An ultra-lightweight design for imperceptible plastic electronics,” Nature 499(7459), 458–463 (2013).
    [Crossref]
  20. C. F. Huang, C. Y. Chen, C. F. Lu, and C. C. Yang, “Reduced injection current induced blueshift in an InGaN/GaN quantum-well light-emitting diode of prestrained growth,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(5), 051121 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  21. C. H. Du, C. Y. Jiang, P. Zuo, X. Huang, X. Pu, Z. F. Zhao, Y. L. Zhou, L. X. Li, H. Chen, W. G. Hu, and Z. L. Wang, “Piezo-Phototronic Effect Controlled Dual-Channel Visible light Communication (PVLC) Using InGaN/GaN Multiquantum Well Nanopillars,” Small 11(45), 6071–6077 (2015).
    [Crossref]
  22. C. Perera, A. Zaslavsky, P. Christen, and D. Georgakopoulos, “Sensing as a service model for smart cities supported by Internet of Things,” T. Emerg. Telecommun. T. 25(1), 81–93 (2014).
    [Crossref]
  23. C. T. Chen, W. Y. Lee, T. L. Shen, H. C. Wu, C. C. Shih, B. W. Ye, T. Y. Lin, W. C. Chen, and Y. F. Chen, “Highly Reliable and Sensitive Tactile Transistor Memory,” Adv. Electron. Mater. 3(4), 1600548 (2017).
    [Crossref]
  24. Y. C. Lai, B. W. Ye, C. F. Lu, C. T. Chen, M. H. Jao, W. F. Su, W. Y. Hung, T. Y. Lin, and Y. F. Chen, “Extraordinarily Sensitive and Low-Voltage Operational Cloth-Based Electronic Skin for Wearable Sensing and Multifunctional Integration Uses: A Tactile-Induced Insulating-to-Conducting Transition,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 26(8), 1286–1295 (2016).
    [Crossref]
  25. H. Tian, Y. Shu, X. F. Wang, M. A. Mohammad, Z. Bie, Q. Y. Xie, C. Li, W. T. Mi, Y. Yang, and T. L. Ren, “A Graphene-Based Resistive Pressure Sensor with Record-High Sensitivity in a Wide Pressure Range,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 8603 (2015).
    [Crossref]
  26. K. H. Kim, S. K. Hong, N. S. Jang, S. H. Ha, H. W. Lee, and J. M. Kim, “Wearable Resistive Pressure Sensor Based on Highly Flexible Carbon Composite Conductors with Irregular Surface Morphology,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(20), 17499–17507 (2017).
    [Crossref]
  27. S. Chen, Y. J. Song, and F. Xu, “Flexible and Highly Sensitive Resistive Pressure Sensor Based on Carbonized Crepe Paper with Corrugated Structure,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(40), 34646–34654 (2018).
    [Crossref]
  28. W. J. Liu, N. S. Liu, Y. Yue, J. Y. Rao, F. Cheng, J. Su, Z. T. Liu, and Y. H. Gao, “Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor Based on Synergistical Innerconnect Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanowires/Wrinkled Graphene Film,” Small 14(15), 1704149 (2018).
    [Crossref]
  29. H. Chang, S. Kim, S. Jin, S. W. Lee, G. T. Yang, K. Y. Lee, and H. Yi, “Ultrasensitive and Highly Stable Resistive Pressure Sensors with Biomaterial-Incorporated Interfacial Layers for Wearable Health-Monitoring and Human-Machine Interfaces,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(1), 1067–1076 (2018).
    [Crossref]
  30. L. Z. Sheng, Y. Liang, L. L. Jiang, Q. Wang, T. Wei, L. T. Qu, and Z. J. Fan, “Bubble-Decorated Honeycomb-Like Graphene Film as Ultrahigh Sensitivity Pressure Sensors,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 25(41), 6545–6551 (2015).
    [Crossref]
  31. H. Kim, S. W. Lee, H. Joh, M. Seong, W. S. Lee, M. S. Kang, J. B. Pyo, and S. J. Oh, “Chemically Designed Metallic/Insulating Hybrid Nanostructures with Silver Nanocrystals for Highly Sensitive Wearable Pressure Sensors,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(1), 1389–1398 (2018).
    [Crossref]
  32. A. Hangleiter, F. Hitzel, C. Netzel, D. Fuhrmann, U. Rossow, G. Ade, and P. Hinze, “Suppression of nonradiative recombination by V-shaped pits in GaInN/GaN quantum wells produces a large increase in the light emission efficiency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(12), 127402 (2005).
    [Crossref]
  33. M. Funato, T. Kotani, T. Kondou, Y. Kawakami, Y. Narukawa, and T. Mukai, “Tailored emission color synthesis using microfacet quantum wells consisting of nitride semiconductors without phosphors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(26), 261920 (2006).
    [Crossref]
  34. J. S. Im, H. Kollmer, J. Off, A. Sohmer, F. Scholz, and A. Hangleiter, “Reduction of oscillator strength due to piezoelectric fields in GaN/AlxGa1-xN quantum wells,” Phys. Rev. B 57(16), R9435–R9438 (1998).
    [Crossref]
  35. A. Hangleiter, J. S. Im, H. Kollmer, S. Heppel, J. Off, and F. Scholz, “The role of piezoelectric fields in GaN-based quantum wells,” MRS Internet J. Nitride Semicond. Res. 3(15), e15 (1998).
    [Crossref]

2018 (4)

S. Chen, Y. J. Song, and F. Xu, “Flexible and Highly Sensitive Resistive Pressure Sensor Based on Carbonized Crepe Paper with Corrugated Structure,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(40), 34646–34654 (2018).
[Crossref]

W. J. Liu, N. S. Liu, Y. Yue, J. Y. Rao, F. Cheng, J. Su, Z. T. Liu, and Y. H. Gao, “Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor Based on Synergistical Innerconnect Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanowires/Wrinkled Graphene Film,” Small 14(15), 1704149 (2018).
[Crossref]

H. Chang, S. Kim, S. Jin, S. W. Lee, G. T. Yang, K. Y. Lee, and H. Yi, “Ultrasensitive and Highly Stable Resistive Pressure Sensors with Biomaterial-Incorporated Interfacial Layers for Wearable Health-Monitoring and Human-Machine Interfaces,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(1), 1067–1076 (2018).
[Crossref]

H. Kim, S. W. Lee, H. Joh, M. Seong, W. S. Lee, M. S. Kang, J. B. Pyo, and S. J. Oh, “Chemically Designed Metallic/Insulating Hybrid Nanostructures with Silver Nanocrystals for Highly Sensitive Wearable Pressure Sensors,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(1), 1389–1398 (2018).
[Crossref]

2017 (2)

C. T. Chen, W. Y. Lee, T. L. Shen, H. C. Wu, C. C. Shih, B. W. Ye, T. Y. Lin, W. C. Chen, and Y. F. Chen, “Highly Reliable and Sensitive Tactile Transistor Memory,” Adv. Electron. Mater. 3(4), 1600548 (2017).
[Crossref]

K. H. Kim, S. K. Hong, N. S. Jang, S. H. Ha, H. W. Lee, and J. M. Kim, “Wearable Resistive Pressure Sensor Based on Highly Flexible Carbon Composite Conductors with Irregular Surface Morphology,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(20), 17499–17507 (2017).
[Crossref]

2016 (4)

Y. C. Lai, B. W. Ye, C. F. Lu, C. T. Chen, M. H. Jao, W. F. Su, W. Y. Hung, T. Y. Lin, and Y. F. Chen, “Extraordinarily Sensitive and Low-Voltage Operational Cloth-Based Electronic Skin for Wearable Sensing and Multifunctional Integration Uses: A Tactile-Induced Insulating-to-Conducting Transition,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 26(8), 1286–1295 (2016).
[Crossref]

X. Z. Jiang, Y. J. Sun, Z. Y. Fan, and T. Y. Zhang, “Integrated Flexible, Waterproof, Transparent, and Self-Powered Tactile Sensing Panel,” ACS Nano 10(8), 7696–7704 (2016).
[Crossref]

Z. N. Bao and X. D. Chen, “Flexible and Stretchable Devices,” Adv. Mater. 28(22), 4177–4179 (2016).
[Crossref]

C. F. Lin, T. Y. Tsai, K. Y. Chen, and P. C. Shen, “Efficient warm-white lighting using rare-earth-element-free fluorescent materials for saving energy, environment protection and human health,” RSC Adv. 6(113), 111959 (2016).
[Crossref]

2015 (6)

X. D. Wang, H. L. Zhang, R. M. Yu, L. Dong, D. F. Peng, A. H. Zhang, Y. Zhang, H. Liu, C. F. Pan, and Z. L. Wang, “Dynamic Pressure Mapping of Personalized Handwriting by a Flexible Sensor Matrix Based on the Mechanoluminescence Process,” Adv. Mater. 27(14), 2324–2331 (2015).
[Crossref]

C. M. Boutry, A. Nguyen, Q. O. Lawal, A. Chortos, S. Rondeau-Gagne, and Z. N. Bao, “A Sensitive and Biodegradable Pressure Sensor Array for Cardiovascular Monitoring,” Adv. Mater. 27(43), 6954–6961 (2015).
[Crossref]

J. Park, M. Kim, Y. Lee, H. S. Lee, and H. Ko, “Fingertip skin-inspired microstructured ferroelectric skins discriminate static/dynamic pressure and temperature stimuli,” Sci. Adv. 1(9), e1500661 (2015).
[Crossref]

C. H. Du, C. Y. Jiang, P. Zuo, X. Huang, X. Pu, Z. F. Zhao, Y. L. Zhou, L. X. Li, H. Chen, W. G. Hu, and Z. L. Wang, “Piezo-Phototronic Effect Controlled Dual-Channel Visible light Communication (PVLC) Using InGaN/GaN Multiquantum Well Nanopillars,” Small 11(45), 6071–6077 (2015).
[Crossref]

H. Tian, Y. Shu, X. F. Wang, M. A. Mohammad, Z. Bie, Q. Y. Xie, C. Li, W. T. Mi, Y. Yang, and T. L. Ren, “A Graphene-Based Resistive Pressure Sensor with Record-High Sensitivity in a Wide Pressure Range,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 8603 (2015).
[Crossref]

L. Z. Sheng, Y. Liang, L. L. Jiang, Q. Wang, T. Wei, L. T. Qu, and Z. J. Fan, “Bubble-Decorated Honeycomb-Like Graphene Film as Ultrahigh Sensitivity Pressure Sensors,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 25(41), 6545–6551 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (7)

S. Gong, W. Schwalb, Y. W. Wang, Y. Chen, Y. Tang, J. Si, B. Shirinzadeh, and W. L. Cheng, “A wearable and highly sensitive pressure sensor with ultrathin gold nanowires,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 3132 (2014).
[Crossref]

C. Perera, A. Zaslavsky, P. Christen, and D. Georgakopoulos, “Sensing as a service model for smart cities supported by Internet of Things,” T. Emerg. Telecommun. T. 25(1), 81–93 (2014).
[Crossref]

J. Park, Y. Lee, J. Hong, M. Ha, Y. D. Jung, H. Lim, S. Y. Kim, and H. Ko, “Giant Tunneling Piezoresistance of Composite Elastomers with Interlocked Microdome Arrays for Ultrasensitive and Multimodal Electronic Skins,” ACS Nano 8(5), 4689–4697 (2014).
[Crossref]

C. L. Choong, M. B. Shim, B. S. Lee, S. Jeon, D. S. Ko, T. H. Kang, J. Bae, S. H. Lee, K. E. Byun, J. Im, Y. J. Jeong, C. E. Park, J. J. Park, and U. I. Chung, “Highly Stretchable Resistive Pressure Sensors Using a Conductive Elastomeric Composite on a Micropyramid Array,” Adv. Mater. 26(21), 3451–3458 (2014).
[Crossref]

Y. Q. Zhan, Y. F. Mei, and L. R. Zheng, “Materials capability and device performance in flexible electronics for the Internet of Things,” J. Mater. Chem. C 2(7), 1220–1232 (2014).
[Crossref]

L. J. Pan, A. Chortos, G. H. Yu, Y. Q. Wang, S. Isaacson, R. Allen, Y. Shi, R. Dauskardt, and Z. N. Bao, “An ultra-sensitive resistive pressure sensor based on hollow-sphere microstructure induced elasticity in conducting polymer film,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 3002 (2014).
[Crossref]

C. Dagdeviren, Y. W. Su, P. Joe, R. Yona, Y. H. Liu, Y. S. Kim, Y. A. Huang, A. R. Damadoran, J. Xia, L. W. Martin, Y. G. Huang, and J. A. Rogers, “Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 4496 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (2)

G. Schwartz, B. C. K. Tee, J. G. Mei, A. L. Appleton, D. H. Kim, H. L. Wang, and Z. N. Bao, “Flexible polymer transistors with high pressure sensitivity for application in electronic skin and health monitoring,” Nat. Commun. 4(1), 1859 (2013).
[Crossref]

M. Kaltenbrunner, T. Sekitani, J. Reeder, T. Yokota, K. Kuribara, T. Tokuhara, M. Drack, R. Schwodiauer, I. Graz, S. Bauer-Gogonea, S. Bauer, and T. Someya, “An ultra-lightweight design for imperceptible plastic electronics,” Nature 499(7459), 458–463 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (1)

C. Pang, G. Y. Lee, T. I. Kim, S. M. Kim, H. N. Kim, S. H. Ahn, and K. Y. Suh, “A flexible and highly sensitive strain-gauge sensor using reversible interlocking of nanofibres,” Nat. Mater. 11(9), 795–801 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (1)

Z. Li and Z. L. Wang, “Air/Liquid-pressure and heartbeat-driven flexible fiber nanogenerators as a micro/nano-power source or diagnostic sensor,” Adv. Mater. 23(1), 84–89 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (2)

T. Sekitani, U. Zschieschang, H. Klauk, and T. Someya, “Flexible organic transistors and circuits with extreme bending stability,” Nat. Mater. 9(12), 1015–1022 (2010).
[Crossref]

T. Sekitani and T. Someya, “Stretchable, Large-area Organic Electronics,” Adv. Mater. 22(20), 2228–2246 (2010).
[Crossref]

2007 (1)

C. F. Huang, C. Y. Chen, C. F. Lu, and C. C. Yang, “Reduced injection current induced blueshift in an InGaN/GaN quantum-well light-emitting diode of prestrained growth,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(5), 051121 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

M. Funato, T. Kotani, T. Kondou, Y. Kawakami, Y. Narukawa, and T. Mukai, “Tailored emission color synthesis using microfacet quantum wells consisting of nitride semiconductors without phosphors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(26), 261920 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (1)

A. Hangleiter, F. Hitzel, C. Netzel, D. Fuhrmann, U. Rossow, G. Ade, and P. Hinze, “Suppression of nonradiative recombination by V-shaped pits in GaInN/GaN quantum wells produces a large increase in the light emission efficiency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(12), 127402 (2005).
[Crossref]

1998 (2)

J. S. Im, H. Kollmer, J. Off, A. Sohmer, F. Scholz, and A. Hangleiter, “Reduction of oscillator strength due to piezoelectric fields in GaN/AlxGa1-xN quantum wells,” Phys. Rev. B 57(16), R9435–R9438 (1998).
[Crossref]

A. Hangleiter, J. S. Im, H. Kollmer, S. Heppel, J. Off, and F. Scholz, “The role of piezoelectric fields in GaN-based quantum wells,” MRS Internet J. Nitride Semicond. Res. 3(15), e15 (1998).
[Crossref]

Ade, G.

A. Hangleiter, F. Hitzel, C. Netzel, D. Fuhrmann, U. Rossow, G. Ade, and P. Hinze, “Suppression of nonradiative recombination by V-shaped pits in GaInN/GaN quantum wells produces a large increase in the light emission efficiency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(12), 127402 (2005).
[Crossref]

Ahn, S. H.

C. Pang, G. Y. Lee, T. I. Kim, S. M. Kim, H. N. Kim, S. H. Ahn, and K. Y. Suh, “A flexible and highly sensitive strain-gauge sensor using reversible interlocking of nanofibres,” Nat. Mater. 11(9), 795–801 (2012).
[Crossref]

Allen, R.

L. J. Pan, A. Chortos, G. H. Yu, Y. Q. Wang, S. Isaacson, R. Allen, Y. Shi, R. Dauskardt, and Z. N. Bao, “An ultra-sensitive resistive pressure sensor based on hollow-sphere microstructure induced elasticity in conducting polymer film,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 3002 (2014).
[Crossref]

Angel, M

S. S. a. G. Muthu and M Angel, Green fashion (Springer, 2016).

Appleton, A. L.

G. Schwartz, B. C. K. Tee, J. G. Mei, A. L. Appleton, D. H. Kim, H. L. Wang, and Z. N. Bao, “Flexible polymer transistors with high pressure sensitivity for application in electronic skin and health monitoring,” Nat. Commun. 4(1), 1859 (2013).
[Crossref]

Bae, J.

C. L. Choong, M. B. Shim, B. S. Lee, S. Jeon, D. S. Ko, T. H. Kang, J. Bae, S. H. Lee, K. E. Byun, J. Im, Y. J. Jeong, C. E. Park, J. J. Park, and U. I. Chung, “Highly Stretchable Resistive Pressure Sensors Using a Conductive Elastomeric Composite on a Micropyramid Array,” Adv. Mater. 26(21), 3451–3458 (2014).
[Crossref]

Bao, Z. N.

Z. N. Bao and X. D. Chen, “Flexible and Stretchable Devices,” Adv. Mater. 28(22), 4177–4179 (2016).
[Crossref]

C. M. Boutry, A. Nguyen, Q. O. Lawal, A. Chortos, S. Rondeau-Gagne, and Z. N. Bao, “A Sensitive and Biodegradable Pressure Sensor Array for Cardiovascular Monitoring,” Adv. Mater. 27(43), 6954–6961 (2015).
[Crossref]

L. J. Pan, A. Chortos, G. H. Yu, Y. Q. Wang, S. Isaacson, R. Allen, Y. Shi, R. Dauskardt, and Z. N. Bao, “An ultra-sensitive resistive pressure sensor based on hollow-sphere microstructure induced elasticity in conducting polymer film,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 3002 (2014).
[Crossref]

G. Schwartz, B. C. K. Tee, J. G. Mei, A. L. Appleton, D. H. Kim, H. L. Wang, and Z. N. Bao, “Flexible polymer transistors with high pressure sensitivity for application in electronic skin and health monitoring,” Nat. Commun. 4(1), 1859 (2013).
[Crossref]

Bauer, S.

M. Kaltenbrunner, T. Sekitani, J. Reeder, T. Yokota, K. Kuribara, T. Tokuhara, M. Drack, R. Schwodiauer, I. Graz, S. Bauer-Gogonea, S. Bauer, and T. Someya, “An ultra-lightweight design for imperceptible plastic electronics,” Nature 499(7459), 458–463 (2013).
[Crossref]

Bauer-Gogonea, S.

M. Kaltenbrunner, T. Sekitani, J. Reeder, T. Yokota, K. Kuribara, T. Tokuhara, M. Drack, R. Schwodiauer, I. Graz, S. Bauer-Gogonea, S. Bauer, and T. Someya, “An ultra-lightweight design for imperceptible plastic electronics,” Nature 499(7459), 458–463 (2013).
[Crossref]

Bie, Z.

H. Tian, Y. Shu, X. F. Wang, M. A. Mohammad, Z. Bie, Q. Y. Xie, C. Li, W. T. Mi, Y. Yang, and T. L. Ren, “A Graphene-Based Resistive Pressure Sensor with Record-High Sensitivity in a Wide Pressure Range,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 8603 (2015).
[Crossref]

Boutry, C. M.

C. M. Boutry, A. Nguyen, Q. O. Lawal, A. Chortos, S. Rondeau-Gagne, and Z. N. Bao, “A Sensitive and Biodegradable Pressure Sensor Array for Cardiovascular Monitoring,” Adv. Mater. 27(43), 6954–6961 (2015).
[Crossref]

Byun, K. E.

C. L. Choong, M. B. Shim, B. S. Lee, S. Jeon, D. S. Ko, T. H. Kang, J. Bae, S. H. Lee, K. E. Byun, J. Im, Y. J. Jeong, C. E. Park, J. J. Park, and U. I. Chung, “Highly Stretchable Resistive Pressure Sensors Using a Conductive Elastomeric Composite on a Micropyramid Array,” Adv. Mater. 26(21), 3451–3458 (2014).
[Crossref]

Chang, H.

H. Chang, S. Kim, S. Jin, S. W. Lee, G. T. Yang, K. Y. Lee, and H. Yi, “Ultrasensitive and Highly Stable Resistive Pressure Sensors with Biomaterial-Incorporated Interfacial Layers for Wearable Health-Monitoring and Human-Machine Interfaces,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(1), 1067–1076 (2018).
[Crossref]

Chen, C. T.

C. T. Chen, W. Y. Lee, T. L. Shen, H. C. Wu, C. C. Shih, B. W. Ye, T. Y. Lin, W. C. Chen, and Y. F. Chen, “Highly Reliable and Sensitive Tactile Transistor Memory,” Adv. Electron. Mater. 3(4), 1600548 (2017).
[Crossref]

Y. C. Lai, B. W. Ye, C. F. Lu, C. T. Chen, M. H. Jao, W. F. Su, W. Y. Hung, T. Y. Lin, and Y. F. Chen, “Extraordinarily Sensitive and Low-Voltage Operational Cloth-Based Electronic Skin for Wearable Sensing and Multifunctional Integration Uses: A Tactile-Induced Insulating-to-Conducting Transition,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 26(8), 1286–1295 (2016).
[Crossref]

Chen, C. Y.

C. F. Huang, C. Y. Chen, C. F. Lu, and C. C. Yang, “Reduced injection current induced blueshift in an InGaN/GaN quantum-well light-emitting diode of prestrained growth,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(5), 051121 (2007).
[Crossref]

Chen, H.

C. H. Du, C. Y. Jiang, P. Zuo, X. Huang, X. Pu, Z. F. Zhao, Y. L. Zhou, L. X. Li, H. Chen, W. G. Hu, and Z. L. Wang, “Piezo-Phototronic Effect Controlled Dual-Channel Visible light Communication (PVLC) Using InGaN/GaN Multiquantum Well Nanopillars,” Small 11(45), 6071–6077 (2015).
[Crossref]

Chen, K. Y.

C. F. Lin, T. Y. Tsai, K. Y. Chen, and P. C. Shen, “Efficient warm-white lighting using rare-earth-element-free fluorescent materials for saving energy, environment protection and human health,” RSC Adv. 6(113), 111959 (2016).
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Chen, S.

S. Chen, Y. J. Song, and F. Xu, “Flexible and Highly Sensitive Resistive Pressure Sensor Based on Carbonized Crepe Paper with Corrugated Structure,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(40), 34646–34654 (2018).
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Chen, W. C.

C. T. Chen, W. Y. Lee, T. L. Shen, H. C. Wu, C. C. Shih, B. W. Ye, T. Y. Lin, W. C. Chen, and Y. F. Chen, “Highly Reliable and Sensitive Tactile Transistor Memory,” Adv. Electron. Mater. 3(4), 1600548 (2017).
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Chen, X. D.

Z. N. Bao and X. D. Chen, “Flexible and Stretchable Devices,” Adv. Mater. 28(22), 4177–4179 (2016).
[Crossref]

Chen, Y.

S. Gong, W. Schwalb, Y. W. Wang, Y. Chen, Y. Tang, J. Si, B. Shirinzadeh, and W. L. Cheng, “A wearable and highly sensitive pressure sensor with ultrathin gold nanowires,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 3132 (2014).
[Crossref]

Chen, Y. F.

C. T. Chen, W. Y. Lee, T. L. Shen, H. C. Wu, C. C. Shih, B. W. Ye, T. Y. Lin, W. C. Chen, and Y. F. Chen, “Highly Reliable and Sensitive Tactile Transistor Memory,” Adv. Electron. Mater. 3(4), 1600548 (2017).
[Crossref]

Y. C. Lai, B. W. Ye, C. F. Lu, C. T. Chen, M. H. Jao, W. F. Su, W. Y. Hung, T. Y. Lin, and Y. F. Chen, “Extraordinarily Sensitive and Low-Voltage Operational Cloth-Based Electronic Skin for Wearable Sensing and Multifunctional Integration Uses: A Tactile-Induced Insulating-to-Conducting Transition,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 26(8), 1286–1295 (2016).
[Crossref]

Cheng, F.

W. J. Liu, N. S. Liu, Y. Yue, J. Y. Rao, F. Cheng, J. Su, Z. T. Liu, and Y. H. Gao, “Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor Based on Synergistical Innerconnect Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanowires/Wrinkled Graphene Film,” Small 14(15), 1704149 (2018).
[Crossref]

Cheng, W. L.

S. Gong, W. Schwalb, Y. W. Wang, Y. Chen, Y. Tang, J. Si, B. Shirinzadeh, and W. L. Cheng, “A wearable and highly sensitive pressure sensor with ultrathin gold nanowires,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 3132 (2014).
[Crossref]

Choong, C. L.

C. L. Choong, M. B. Shim, B. S. Lee, S. Jeon, D. S. Ko, T. H. Kang, J. Bae, S. H. Lee, K. E. Byun, J. Im, Y. J. Jeong, C. E. Park, J. J. Park, and U. I. Chung, “Highly Stretchable Resistive Pressure Sensors Using a Conductive Elastomeric Composite on a Micropyramid Array,” Adv. Mater. 26(21), 3451–3458 (2014).
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Chortos, A.

C. M. Boutry, A. Nguyen, Q. O. Lawal, A. Chortos, S. Rondeau-Gagne, and Z. N. Bao, “A Sensitive and Biodegradable Pressure Sensor Array for Cardiovascular Monitoring,” Adv. Mater. 27(43), 6954–6961 (2015).
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L. J. Pan, A. Chortos, G. H. Yu, Y. Q. Wang, S. Isaacson, R. Allen, Y. Shi, R. Dauskardt, and Z. N. Bao, “An ultra-sensitive resistive pressure sensor based on hollow-sphere microstructure induced elasticity in conducting polymer film,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 3002 (2014).
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Christen, P.

C. Perera, A. Zaslavsky, P. Christen, and D. Georgakopoulos, “Sensing as a service model for smart cities supported by Internet of Things,” T. Emerg. Telecommun. T. 25(1), 81–93 (2014).
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Chung, U. I.

C. L. Choong, M. B. Shim, B. S. Lee, S. Jeon, D. S. Ko, T. H. Kang, J. Bae, S. H. Lee, K. E. Byun, J. Im, Y. J. Jeong, C. E. Park, J. J. Park, and U. I. Chung, “Highly Stretchable Resistive Pressure Sensors Using a Conductive Elastomeric Composite on a Micropyramid Array,” Adv. Mater. 26(21), 3451–3458 (2014).
[Crossref]

Dagdeviren, C.

C. Dagdeviren, Y. W. Su, P. Joe, R. Yona, Y. H. Liu, Y. S. Kim, Y. A. Huang, A. R. Damadoran, J. Xia, L. W. Martin, Y. G. Huang, and J. A. Rogers, “Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 4496 (2014).
[Crossref]

Damadoran, A. R.

C. Dagdeviren, Y. W. Su, P. Joe, R. Yona, Y. H. Liu, Y. S. Kim, Y. A. Huang, A. R. Damadoran, J. Xia, L. W. Martin, Y. G. Huang, and J. A. Rogers, “Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 4496 (2014).
[Crossref]

Dauskardt, R.

L. J. Pan, A. Chortos, G. H. Yu, Y. Q. Wang, S. Isaacson, R. Allen, Y. Shi, R. Dauskardt, and Z. N. Bao, “An ultra-sensitive resistive pressure sensor based on hollow-sphere microstructure induced elasticity in conducting polymer film,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 3002 (2014).
[Crossref]

Dong, L.

X. D. Wang, H. L. Zhang, R. M. Yu, L. Dong, D. F. Peng, A. H. Zhang, Y. Zhang, H. Liu, C. F. Pan, and Z. L. Wang, “Dynamic Pressure Mapping of Personalized Handwriting by a Flexible Sensor Matrix Based on the Mechanoluminescence Process,” Adv. Mater. 27(14), 2324–2331 (2015).
[Crossref]

Drack, M.

M. Kaltenbrunner, T. Sekitani, J. Reeder, T. Yokota, K. Kuribara, T. Tokuhara, M. Drack, R. Schwodiauer, I. Graz, S. Bauer-Gogonea, S. Bauer, and T. Someya, “An ultra-lightweight design for imperceptible plastic electronics,” Nature 499(7459), 458–463 (2013).
[Crossref]

Du, C. H.

C. H. Du, C. Y. Jiang, P. Zuo, X. Huang, X. Pu, Z. F. Zhao, Y. L. Zhou, L. X. Li, H. Chen, W. G. Hu, and Z. L. Wang, “Piezo-Phototronic Effect Controlled Dual-Channel Visible light Communication (PVLC) Using InGaN/GaN Multiquantum Well Nanopillars,” Small 11(45), 6071–6077 (2015).
[Crossref]

Fan, Z. J.

L. Z. Sheng, Y. Liang, L. L. Jiang, Q. Wang, T. Wei, L. T. Qu, and Z. J. Fan, “Bubble-Decorated Honeycomb-Like Graphene Film as Ultrahigh Sensitivity Pressure Sensors,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 25(41), 6545–6551 (2015).
[Crossref]

Fan, Z. Y.

X. Z. Jiang, Y. J. Sun, Z. Y. Fan, and T. Y. Zhang, “Integrated Flexible, Waterproof, Transparent, and Self-Powered Tactile Sensing Panel,” ACS Nano 10(8), 7696–7704 (2016).
[Crossref]

Fuhrmann, D.

A. Hangleiter, F. Hitzel, C. Netzel, D. Fuhrmann, U. Rossow, G. Ade, and P. Hinze, “Suppression of nonradiative recombination by V-shaped pits in GaInN/GaN quantum wells produces a large increase in the light emission efficiency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(12), 127402 (2005).
[Crossref]

Funato, M.

M. Funato, T. Kotani, T. Kondou, Y. Kawakami, Y. Narukawa, and T. Mukai, “Tailored emission color synthesis using microfacet quantum wells consisting of nitride semiconductors without phosphors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(26), 261920 (2006).
[Crossref]

Gao, Y. H.

W. J. Liu, N. S. Liu, Y. Yue, J. Y. Rao, F. Cheng, J. Su, Z. T. Liu, and Y. H. Gao, “Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor Based on Synergistical Innerconnect Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanowires/Wrinkled Graphene Film,” Small 14(15), 1704149 (2018).
[Crossref]

Georgakopoulos, D.

C. Perera, A. Zaslavsky, P. Christen, and D. Georgakopoulos, “Sensing as a service model for smart cities supported by Internet of Things,” T. Emerg. Telecommun. T. 25(1), 81–93 (2014).
[Crossref]

Gong, S.

S. Gong, W. Schwalb, Y. W. Wang, Y. Chen, Y. Tang, J. Si, B. Shirinzadeh, and W. L. Cheng, “A wearable and highly sensitive pressure sensor with ultrathin gold nanowires,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 3132 (2014).
[Crossref]

Graz, I.

M. Kaltenbrunner, T. Sekitani, J. Reeder, T. Yokota, K. Kuribara, T. Tokuhara, M. Drack, R. Schwodiauer, I. Graz, S. Bauer-Gogonea, S. Bauer, and T. Someya, “An ultra-lightweight design for imperceptible plastic electronics,” Nature 499(7459), 458–463 (2013).
[Crossref]

Ha, M.

J. Park, Y. Lee, J. Hong, M. Ha, Y. D. Jung, H. Lim, S. Y. Kim, and H. Ko, “Giant Tunneling Piezoresistance of Composite Elastomers with Interlocked Microdome Arrays for Ultrasensitive and Multimodal Electronic Skins,” ACS Nano 8(5), 4689–4697 (2014).
[Crossref]

Ha, S. H.

K. H. Kim, S. K. Hong, N. S. Jang, S. H. Ha, H. W. Lee, and J. M. Kim, “Wearable Resistive Pressure Sensor Based on Highly Flexible Carbon Composite Conductors with Irregular Surface Morphology,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(20), 17499–17507 (2017).
[Crossref]

Hangleiter, A.

A. Hangleiter, F. Hitzel, C. Netzel, D. Fuhrmann, U. Rossow, G. Ade, and P. Hinze, “Suppression of nonradiative recombination by V-shaped pits in GaInN/GaN quantum wells produces a large increase in the light emission efficiency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(12), 127402 (2005).
[Crossref]

J. S. Im, H. Kollmer, J. Off, A. Sohmer, F. Scholz, and A. Hangleiter, “Reduction of oscillator strength due to piezoelectric fields in GaN/AlxGa1-xN quantum wells,” Phys. Rev. B 57(16), R9435–R9438 (1998).
[Crossref]

A. Hangleiter, J. S. Im, H. Kollmer, S. Heppel, J. Off, and F. Scholz, “The role of piezoelectric fields in GaN-based quantum wells,” MRS Internet J. Nitride Semicond. Res. 3(15), e15 (1998).
[Crossref]

Heppel, S.

A. Hangleiter, J. S. Im, H. Kollmer, S. Heppel, J. Off, and F. Scholz, “The role of piezoelectric fields in GaN-based quantum wells,” MRS Internet J. Nitride Semicond. Res. 3(15), e15 (1998).
[Crossref]

Hinze, P.

A. Hangleiter, F. Hitzel, C. Netzel, D. Fuhrmann, U. Rossow, G. Ade, and P. Hinze, “Suppression of nonradiative recombination by V-shaped pits in GaInN/GaN quantum wells produces a large increase in the light emission efficiency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(12), 127402 (2005).
[Crossref]

Hitzel, F.

A. Hangleiter, F. Hitzel, C. Netzel, D. Fuhrmann, U. Rossow, G. Ade, and P. Hinze, “Suppression of nonradiative recombination by V-shaped pits in GaInN/GaN quantum wells produces a large increase in the light emission efficiency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(12), 127402 (2005).
[Crossref]

Hong, J.

J. Park, Y. Lee, J. Hong, M. Ha, Y. D. Jung, H. Lim, S. Y. Kim, and H. Ko, “Giant Tunneling Piezoresistance of Composite Elastomers with Interlocked Microdome Arrays for Ultrasensitive and Multimodal Electronic Skins,” ACS Nano 8(5), 4689–4697 (2014).
[Crossref]

Hong, S. K.

K. H. Kim, S. K. Hong, N. S. Jang, S. H. Ha, H. W. Lee, and J. M. Kim, “Wearable Resistive Pressure Sensor Based on Highly Flexible Carbon Composite Conductors with Irregular Surface Morphology,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(20), 17499–17507 (2017).
[Crossref]

Hu, W. G.

C. H. Du, C. Y. Jiang, P. Zuo, X. Huang, X. Pu, Z. F. Zhao, Y. L. Zhou, L. X. Li, H. Chen, W. G. Hu, and Z. L. Wang, “Piezo-Phototronic Effect Controlled Dual-Channel Visible light Communication (PVLC) Using InGaN/GaN Multiquantum Well Nanopillars,” Small 11(45), 6071–6077 (2015).
[Crossref]

Huang, C. F.

C. F. Huang, C. Y. Chen, C. F. Lu, and C. C. Yang, “Reduced injection current induced blueshift in an InGaN/GaN quantum-well light-emitting diode of prestrained growth,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(5), 051121 (2007).
[Crossref]

Huang, X.

C. H. Du, C. Y. Jiang, P. Zuo, X. Huang, X. Pu, Z. F. Zhao, Y. L. Zhou, L. X. Li, H. Chen, W. G. Hu, and Z. L. Wang, “Piezo-Phototronic Effect Controlled Dual-Channel Visible light Communication (PVLC) Using InGaN/GaN Multiquantum Well Nanopillars,” Small 11(45), 6071–6077 (2015).
[Crossref]

Huang, Y. A.

C. Dagdeviren, Y. W. Su, P. Joe, R. Yona, Y. H. Liu, Y. S. Kim, Y. A. Huang, A. R. Damadoran, J. Xia, L. W. Martin, Y. G. Huang, and J. A. Rogers, “Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 4496 (2014).
[Crossref]

Huang, Y. G.

C. Dagdeviren, Y. W. Su, P. Joe, R. Yona, Y. H. Liu, Y. S. Kim, Y. A. Huang, A. R. Damadoran, J. Xia, L. W. Martin, Y. G. Huang, and J. A. Rogers, “Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 4496 (2014).
[Crossref]

Hung, W. Y.

Y. C. Lai, B. W. Ye, C. F. Lu, C. T. Chen, M. H. Jao, W. F. Su, W. Y. Hung, T. Y. Lin, and Y. F. Chen, “Extraordinarily Sensitive and Low-Voltage Operational Cloth-Based Electronic Skin for Wearable Sensing and Multifunctional Integration Uses: A Tactile-Induced Insulating-to-Conducting Transition,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 26(8), 1286–1295 (2016).
[Crossref]

Im, J.

C. L. Choong, M. B. Shim, B. S. Lee, S. Jeon, D. S. Ko, T. H. Kang, J. Bae, S. H. Lee, K. E. Byun, J. Im, Y. J. Jeong, C. E. Park, J. J. Park, and U. I. Chung, “Highly Stretchable Resistive Pressure Sensors Using a Conductive Elastomeric Composite on a Micropyramid Array,” Adv. Mater. 26(21), 3451–3458 (2014).
[Crossref]

Im, J. S.

A. Hangleiter, J. S. Im, H. Kollmer, S. Heppel, J. Off, and F. Scholz, “The role of piezoelectric fields in GaN-based quantum wells,” MRS Internet J. Nitride Semicond. Res. 3(15), e15 (1998).
[Crossref]

J. S. Im, H. Kollmer, J. Off, A. Sohmer, F. Scholz, and A. Hangleiter, “Reduction of oscillator strength due to piezoelectric fields in GaN/AlxGa1-xN quantum wells,” Phys. Rev. B 57(16), R9435–R9438 (1998).
[Crossref]

Isaacson, S.

L. J. Pan, A. Chortos, G. H. Yu, Y. Q. Wang, S. Isaacson, R. Allen, Y. Shi, R. Dauskardt, and Z. N. Bao, “An ultra-sensitive resistive pressure sensor based on hollow-sphere microstructure induced elasticity in conducting polymer film,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 3002 (2014).
[Crossref]

Jang, N. S.

K. H. Kim, S. K. Hong, N. S. Jang, S. H. Ha, H. W. Lee, and J. M. Kim, “Wearable Resistive Pressure Sensor Based on Highly Flexible Carbon Composite Conductors with Irregular Surface Morphology,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(20), 17499–17507 (2017).
[Crossref]

Jao, M. H.

Y. C. Lai, B. W. Ye, C. F. Lu, C. T. Chen, M. H. Jao, W. F. Su, W. Y. Hung, T. Y. Lin, and Y. F. Chen, “Extraordinarily Sensitive and Low-Voltage Operational Cloth-Based Electronic Skin for Wearable Sensing and Multifunctional Integration Uses: A Tactile-Induced Insulating-to-Conducting Transition,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 26(8), 1286–1295 (2016).
[Crossref]

Jeon, S.

C. L. Choong, M. B. Shim, B. S. Lee, S. Jeon, D. S. Ko, T. H. Kang, J. Bae, S. H. Lee, K. E. Byun, J. Im, Y. J. Jeong, C. E. Park, J. J. Park, and U. I. Chung, “Highly Stretchable Resistive Pressure Sensors Using a Conductive Elastomeric Composite on a Micropyramid Array,” Adv. Mater. 26(21), 3451–3458 (2014).
[Crossref]

Jeong, Y. J.

C. L. Choong, M. B. Shim, B. S. Lee, S. Jeon, D. S. Ko, T. H. Kang, J. Bae, S. H. Lee, K. E. Byun, J. Im, Y. J. Jeong, C. E. Park, J. J. Park, and U. I. Chung, “Highly Stretchable Resistive Pressure Sensors Using a Conductive Elastomeric Composite on a Micropyramid Array,” Adv. Mater. 26(21), 3451–3458 (2014).
[Crossref]

Jiang, C. Y.

C. H. Du, C. Y. Jiang, P. Zuo, X. Huang, X. Pu, Z. F. Zhao, Y. L. Zhou, L. X. Li, H. Chen, W. G. Hu, and Z. L. Wang, “Piezo-Phototronic Effect Controlled Dual-Channel Visible light Communication (PVLC) Using InGaN/GaN Multiquantum Well Nanopillars,” Small 11(45), 6071–6077 (2015).
[Crossref]

Jiang, L. L.

L. Z. Sheng, Y. Liang, L. L. Jiang, Q. Wang, T. Wei, L. T. Qu, and Z. J. Fan, “Bubble-Decorated Honeycomb-Like Graphene Film as Ultrahigh Sensitivity Pressure Sensors,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 25(41), 6545–6551 (2015).
[Crossref]

Jiang, X. Z.

X. Z. Jiang, Y. J. Sun, Z. Y. Fan, and T. Y. Zhang, “Integrated Flexible, Waterproof, Transparent, and Self-Powered Tactile Sensing Panel,” ACS Nano 10(8), 7696–7704 (2016).
[Crossref]

Jin, S.

H. Chang, S. Kim, S. Jin, S. W. Lee, G. T. Yang, K. Y. Lee, and H. Yi, “Ultrasensitive and Highly Stable Resistive Pressure Sensors with Biomaterial-Incorporated Interfacial Layers for Wearable Health-Monitoring and Human-Machine Interfaces,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(1), 1067–1076 (2018).
[Crossref]

Joe, P.

C. Dagdeviren, Y. W. Su, P. Joe, R. Yona, Y. H. Liu, Y. S. Kim, Y. A. Huang, A. R. Damadoran, J. Xia, L. W. Martin, Y. G. Huang, and J. A. Rogers, “Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 4496 (2014).
[Crossref]

Joh, H.

H. Kim, S. W. Lee, H. Joh, M. Seong, W. S. Lee, M. S. Kang, J. B. Pyo, and S. J. Oh, “Chemically Designed Metallic/Insulating Hybrid Nanostructures with Silver Nanocrystals for Highly Sensitive Wearable Pressure Sensors,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(1), 1389–1398 (2018).
[Crossref]

Jung, Y. D.

J. Park, Y. Lee, J. Hong, M. Ha, Y. D. Jung, H. Lim, S. Y. Kim, and H. Ko, “Giant Tunneling Piezoresistance of Composite Elastomers with Interlocked Microdome Arrays for Ultrasensitive and Multimodal Electronic Skins,” ACS Nano 8(5), 4689–4697 (2014).
[Crossref]

Kaltenbrunner, M.

M. Kaltenbrunner, T. Sekitani, J. Reeder, T. Yokota, K. Kuribara, T. Tokuhara, M. Drack, R. Schwodiauer, I. Graz, S. Bauer-Gogonea, S. Bauer, and T. Someya, “An ultra-lightweight design for imperceptible plastic electronics,” Nature 499(7459), 458–463 (2013).
[Crossref]

Kang, M. S.

H. Kim, S. W. Lee, H. Joh, M. Seong, W. S. Lee, M. S. Kang, J. B. Pyo, and S. J. Oh, “Chemically Designed Metallic/Insulating Hybrid Nanostructures with Silver Nanocrystals for Highly Sensitive Wearable Pressure Sensors,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(1), 1389–1398 (2018).
[Crossref]

Kang, T. H.

C. L. Choong, M. B. Shim, B. S. Lee, S. Jeon, D. S. Ko, T. H. Kang, J. Bae, S. H. Lee, K. E. Byun, J. Im, Y. J. Jeong, C. E. Park, J. J. Park, and U. I. Chung, “Highly Stretchable Resistive Pressure Sensors Using a Conductive Elastomeric Composite on a Micropyramid Array,” Adv. Mater. 26(21), 3451–3458 (2014).
[Crossref]

Kawakami, Y.

M. Funato, T. Kotani, T. Kondou, Y. Kawakami, Y. Narukawa, and T. Mukai, “Tailored emission color synthesis using microfacet quantum wells consisting of nitride semiconductors without phosphors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(26), 261920 (2006).
[Crossref]

Kim, D. H.

G. Schwartz, B. C. K. Tee, J. G. Mei, A. L. Appleton, D. H. Kim, H. L. Wang, and Z. N. Bao, “Flexible polymer transistors with high pressure sensitivity for application in electronic skin and health monitoring,” Nat. Commun. 4(1), 1859 (2013).
[Crossref]

Kim, H.

H. Kim, S. W. Lee, H. Joh, M. Seong, W. S. Lee, M. S. Kang, J. B. Pyo, and S. J. Oh, “Chemically Designed Metallic/Insulating Hybrid Nanostructures with Silver Nanocrystals for Highly Sensitive Wearable Pressure Sensors,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(1), 1389–1398 (2018).
[Crossref]

Kim, H. N.

C. Pang, G. Y. Lee, T. I. Kim, S. M. Kim, H. N. Kim, S. H. Ahn, and K. Y. Suh, “A flexible and highly sensitive strain-gauge sensor using reversible interlocking of nanofibres,” Nat. Mater. 11(9), 795–801 (2012).
[Crossref]

Kim, J. M.

K. H. Kim, S. K. Hong, N. S. Jang, S. H. Ha, H. W. Lee, and J. M. Kim, “Wearable Resistive Pressure Sensor Based on Highly Flexible Carbon Composite Conductors with Irregular Surface Morphology,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(20), 17499–17507 (2017).
[Crossref]

Kim, K. H.

K. H. Kim, S. K. Hong, N. S. Jang, S. H. Ha, H. W. Lee, and J. M. Kim, “Wearable Resistive Pressure Sensor Based on Highly Flexible Carbon Composite Conductors with Irregular Surface Morphology,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(20), 17499–17507 (2017).
[Crossref]

Kim, M.

J. Park, M. Kim, Y. Lee, H. S. Lee, and H. Ko, “Fingertip skin-inspired microstructured ferroelectric skins discriminate static/dynamic pressure and temperature stimuli,” Sci. Adv. 1(9), e1500661 (2015).
[Crossref]

Kim, S.

H. Chang, S. Kim, S. Jin, S. W. Lee, G. T. Yang, K. Y. Lee, and H. Yi, “Ultrasensitive and Highly Stable Resistive Pressure Sensors with Biomaterial-Incorporated Interfacial Layers for Wearable Health-Monitoring and Human-Machine Interfaces,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(1), 1067–1076 (2018).
[Crossref]

Kim, S. M.

C. Pang, G. Y. Lee, T. I. Kim, S. M. Kim, H. N. Kim, S. H. Ahn, and K. Y. Suh, “A flexible and highly sensitive strain-gauge sensor using reversible interlocking of nanofibres,” Nat. Mater. 11(9), 795–801 (2012).
[Crossref]

Kim, S. Y.

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C. Dagdeviren, Y. W. Su, P. Joe, R. Yona, Y. H. Liu, Y. S. Kim, Y. A. Huang, A. R. Damadoran, J. Xia, L. W. Martin, Y. G. Huang, and J. A. Rogers, “Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 4496 (2014).
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J. Park, M. Kim, Y. Lee, H. S. Lee, and H. Ko, “Fingertip skin-inspired microstructured ferroelectric skins discriminate static/dynamic pressure and temperature stimuli,” Sci. Adv. 1(9), e1500661 (2015).
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J. Park, Y. Lee, J. Hong, M. Ha, Y. D. Jung, H. Lim, S. Y. Kim, and H. Ko, “Giant Tunneling Piezoresistance of Composite Elastomers with Interlocked Microdome Arrays for Ultrasensitive and Multimodal Electronic Skins,” ACS Nano 8(5), 4689–4697 (2014).
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A. Hangleiter, J. S. Im, H. Kollmer, S. Heppel, J. Off, and F. Scholz, “The role of piezoelectric fields in GaN-based quantum wells,” MRS Internet J. Nitride Semicond. Res. 3(15), e15 (1998).
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M. Funato, T. Kotani, T. Kondou, Y. Kawakami, Y. Narukawa, and T. Mukai, “Tailored emission color synthesis using microfacet quantum wells consisting of nitride semiconductors without phosphors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(26), 261920 (2006).
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M. Funato, T. Kotani, T. Kondou, Y. Kawakami, Y. Narukawa, and T. Mukai, “Tailored emission color synthesis using microfacet quantum wells consisting of nitride semiconductors without phosphors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(26), 261920 (2006).
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C. Pang, G. Y. Lee, T. I. Kim, S. M. Kim, H. N. Kim, S. H. Ahn, and K. Y. Suh, “A flexible and highly sensitive strain-gauge sensor using reversible interlocking of nanofibres,” Nat. Mater. 11(9), 795–801 (2012).
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J. Park, M. Kim, Y. Lee, H. S. Lee, and H. Ko, “Fingertip skin-inspired microstructured ferroelectric skins discriminate static/dynamic pressure and temperature stimuli,” Sci. Adv. 1(9), e1500661 (2015).
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K. H. Kim, S. K. Hong, N. S. Jang, S. H. Ha, H. W. Lee, and J. M. Kim, “Wearable Resistive Pressure Sensor Based on Highly Flexible Carbon Composite Conductors with Irregular Surface Morphology,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(20), 17499–17507 (2017).
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H. Chang, S. Kim, S. Jin, S. W. Lee, G. T. Yang, K. Y. Lee, and H. Yi, “Ultrasensitive and Highly Stable Resistive Pressure Sensors with Biomaterial-Incorporated Interfacial Layers for Wearable Health-Monitoring and Human-Machine Interfaces,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(1), 1067–1076 (2018).
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H. Kim, S. W. Lee, H. Joh, M. Seong, W. S. Lee, M. S. Kang, J. B. Pyo, and S. J. Oh, “Chemically Designed Metallic/Insulating Hybrid Nanostructures with Silver Nanocrystals for Highly Sensitive Wearable Pressure Sensors,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(1), 1389–1398 (2018).
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H. Kim, S. W. Lee, H. Joh, M. Seong, W. S. Lee, M. S. Kang, J. B. Pyo, and S. J. Oh, “Chemically Designed Metallic/Insulating Hybrid Nanostructures with Silver Nanocrystals for Highly Sensitive Wearable Pressure Sensors,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(1), 1389–1398 (2018).
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C. T. Chen, W. Y. Lee, T. L. Shen, H. C. Wu, C. C. Shih, B. W. Ye, T. Y. Lin, W. C. Chen, and Y. F. Chen, “Highly Reliable and Sensitive Tactile Transistor Memory,” Adv. Electron. Mater. 3(4), 1600548 (2017).
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J. Park, M. Kim, Y. Lee, H. S. Lee, and H. Ko, “Fingertip skin-inspired microstructured ferroelectric skins discriminate static/dynamic pressure and temperature stimuli,” Sci. Adv. 1(9), e1500661 (2015).
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J. Park, Y. Lee, J. Hong, M. Ha, Y. D. Jung, H. Lim, S. Y. Kim, and H. Ko, “Giant Tunneling Piezoresistance of Composite Elastomers with Interlocked Microdome Arrays for Ultrasensitive and Multimodal Electronic Skins,” ACS Nano 8(5), 4689–4697 (2014).
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H. Tian, Y. Shu, X. F. Wang, M. A. Mohammad, Z. Bie, Q. Y. Xie, C. Li, W. T. Mi, Y. Yang, and T. L. Ren, “A Graphene-Based Resistive Pressure Sensor with Record-High Sensitivity in a Wide Pressure Range,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 8603 (2015).
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Y. C. Lai, B. W. Ye, C. F. Lu, C. T. Chen, M. H. Jao, W. F. Su, W. Y. Hung, T. Y. Lin, and Y. F. Chen, “Extraordinarily Sensitive and Low-Voltage Operational Cloth-Based Electronic Skin for Wearable Sensing and Multifunctional Integration Uses: A Tactile-Induced Insulating-to-Conducting Transition,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 26(8), 1286–1295 (2016).
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G. Schwartz, B. C. K. Tee, J. G. Mei, A. L. Appleton, D. H. Kim, H. L. Wang, and Z. N. Bao, “Flexible polymer transistors with high pressure sensitivity for application in electronic skin and health monitoring,” Nat. Commun. 4(1), 1859 (2013).
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H. Tian, Y. Shu, X. F. Wang, M. A. Mohammad, Z. Bie, Q. Y. Xie, C. Li, W. T. Mi, Y. Yang, and T. L. Ren, “A Graphene-Based Resistive Pressure Sensor with Record-High Sensitivity in a Wide Pressure Range,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 8603 (2015).
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M. Funato, T. Kotani, T. Kondou, Y. Kawakami, Y. Narukawa, and T. Mukai, “Tailored emission color synthesis using microfacet quantum wells consisting of nitride semiconductors without phosphors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(26), 261920 (2006).
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C. M. Boutry, A. Nguyen, Q. O. Lawal, A. Chortos, S. Rondeau-Gagne, and Z. N. Bao, “A Sensitive and Biodegradable Pressure Sensor Array for Cardiovascular Monitoring,” Adv. Mater. 27(43), 6954–6961 (2015).
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J. S. Im, H. Kollmer, J. Off, A. Sohmer, F. Scholz, and A. Hangleiter, “Reduction of oscillator strength due to piezoelectric fields in GaN/AlxGa1-xN quantum wells,” Phys. Rev. B 57(16), R9435–R9438 (1998).
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A. Hangleiter, J. S. Im, H. Kollmer, S. Heppel, J. Off, and F. Scholz, “The role of piezoelectric fields in GaN-based quantum wells,” MRS Internet J. Nitride Semicond. Res. 3(15), e15 (1998).
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H. Kim, S. W. Lee, H. Joh, M. Seong, W. S. Lee, M. S. Kang, J. B. Pyo, and S. J. Oh, “Chemically Designed Metallic/Insulating Hybrid Nanostructures with Silver Nanocrystals for Highly Sensitive Wearable Pressure Sensors,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(1), 1389–1398 (2018).
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X. D. Wang, H. L. Zhang, R. M. Yu, L. Dong, D. F. Peng, A. H. Zhang, Y. Zhang, H. Liu, C. F. Pan, and Z. L. Wang, “Dynamic Pressure Mapping of Personalized Handwriting by a Flexible Sensor Matrix Based on the Mechanoluminescence Process,” Adv. Mater. 27(14), 2324–2331 (2015).
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L. J. Pan, A. Chortos, G. H. Yu, Y. Q. Wang, S. Isaacson, R. Allen, Y. Shi, R. Dauskardt, and Z. N. Bao, “An ultra-sensitive resistive pressure sensor based on hollow-sphere microstructure induced elasticity in conducting polymer film,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 3002 (2014).
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C. Pang, G. Y. Lee, T. I. Kim, S. M. Kim, H. N. Kim, S. H. Ahn, and K. Y. Suh, “A flexible and highly sensitive strain-gauge sensor using reversible interlocking of nanofibres,” Nat. Mater. 11(9), 795–801 (2012).
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C. L. Choong, M. B. Shim, B. S. Lee, S. Jeon, D. S. Ko, T. H. Kang, J. Bae, S. H. Lee, K. E. Byun, J. Im, Y. J. Jeong, C. E. Park, J. J. Park, and U. I. Chung, “Highly Stretchable Resistive Pressure Sensors Using a Conductive Elastomeric Composite on a Micropyramid Array,” Adv. Mater. 26(21), 3451–3458 (2014).
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J. Park, M. Kim, Y. Lee, H. S. Lee, and H. Ko, “Fingertip skin-inspired microstructured ferroelectric skins discriminate static/dynamic pressure and temperature stimuli,” Sci. Adv. 1(9), e1500661 (2015).
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J. Park, Y. Lee, J. Hong, M. Ha, Y. D. Jung, H. Lim, S. Y. Kim, and H. Ko, “Giant Tunneling Piezoresistance of Composite Elastomers with Interlocked Microdome Arrays for Ultrasensitive and Multimodal Electronic Skins,” ACS Nano 8(5), 4689–4697 (2014).
[Crossref]

Park, J. J.

C. L. Choong, M. B. Shim, B. S. Lee, S. Jeon, D. S. Ko, T. H. Kang, J. Bae, S. H. Lee, K. E. Byun, J. Im, Y. J. Jeong, C. E. Park, J. J. Park, and U. I. Chung, “Highly Stretchable Resistive Pressure Sensors Using a Conductive Elastomeric Composite on a Micropyramid Array,” Adv. Mater. 26(21), 3451–3458 (2014).
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X. D. Wang, H. L. Zhang, R. M. Yu, L. Dong, D. F. Peng, A. H. Zhang, Y. Zhang, H. Liu, C. F. Pan, and Z. L. Wang, “Dynamic Pressure Mapping of Personalized Handwriting by a Flexible Sensor Matrix Based on the Mechanoluminescence Process,” Adv. Mater. 27(14), 2324–2331 (2015).
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H. Kim, S. W. Lee, H. Joh, M. Seong, W. S. Lee, M. S. Kang, J. B. Pyo, and S. J. Oh, “Chemically Designed Metallic/Insulating Hybrid Nanostructures with Silver Nanocrystals for Highly Sensitive Wearable Pressure Sensors,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(1), 1389–1398 (2018).
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W. J. Liu, N. S. Liu, Y. Yue, J. Y. Rao, F. Cheng, J. Su, Z. T. Liu, and Y. H. Gao, “Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor Based on Synergistical Innerconnect Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanowires/Wrinkled Graphene Film,” Small 14(15), 1704149 (2018).
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M. Kaltenbrunner, T. Sekitani, J. Reeder, T. Yokota, K. Kuribara, T. Tokuhara, M. Drack, R. Schwodiauer, I. Graz, S. Bauer-Gogonea, S. Bauer, and T. Someya, “An ultra-lightweight design for imperceptible plastic electronics,” Nature 499(7459), 458–463 (2013).
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H. Tian, Y. Shu, X. F. Wang, M. A. Mohammad, Z. Bie, Q. Y. Xie, C. Li, W. T. Mi, Y. Yang, and T. L. Ren, “A Graphene-Based Resistive Pressure Sensor with Record-High Sensitivity in a Wide Pressure Range,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 8603 (2015).
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C. Dagdeviren, Y. W. Su, P. Joe, R. Yona, Y. H. Liu, Y. S. Kim, Y. A. Huang, A. R. Damadoran, J. Xia, L. W. Martin, Y. G. Huang, and J. A. Rogers, “Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 4496 (2014).
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C. M. Boutry, A. Nguyen, Q. O. Lawal, A. Chortos, S. Rondeau-Gagne, and Z. N. Bao, “A Sensitive and Biodegradable Pressure Sensor Array for Cardiovascular Monitoring,” Adv. Mater. 27(43), 6954–6961 (2015).
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A. Hangleiter, F. Hitzel, C. Netzel, D. Fuhrmann, U. Rossow, G. Ade, and P. Hinze, “Suppression of nonradiative recombination by V-shaped pits in GaInN/GaN quantum wells produces a large increase in the light emission efficiency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(12), 127402 (2005).
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A. Hangleiter, J. S. Im, H. Kollmer, S. Heppel, J. Off, and F. Scholz, “The role of piezoelectric fields in GaN-based quantum wells,” MRS Internet J. Nitride Semicond. Res. 3(15), e15 (1998).
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M. Kaltenbrunner, T. Sekitani, J. Reeder, T. Yokota, K. Kuribara, T. Tokuhara, M. Drack, R. Schwodiauer, I. Graz, S. Bauer-Gogonea, S. Bauer, and T. Someya, “An ultra-lightweight design for imperceptible plastic electronics,” Nature 499(7459), 458–463 (2013).
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M. Kaltenbrunner, T. Sekitani, J. Reeder, T. Yokota, K. Kuribara, T. Tokuhara, M. Drack, R. Schwodiauer, I. Graz, S. Bauer-Gogonea, S. Bauer, and T. Someya, “An ultra-lightweight design for imperceptible plastic electronics,” Nature 499(7459), 458–463 (2013).
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T. Sekitani and T. Someya, “Stretchable, Large-area Organic Electronics,” Adv. Mater. 22(20), 2228–2246 (2010).
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T. Sekitani, U. Zschieschang, H. Klauk, and T. Someya, “Flexible organic transistors and circuits with extreme bending stability,” Nat. Mater. 9(12), 1015–1022 (2010).
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X. D. Wang, H. L. Zhang, R. M. Yu, L. Dong, D. F. Peng, A. H. Zhang, Y. Zhang, H. Liu, C. F. Pan, and Z. L. Wang, “Dynamic Pressure Mapping of Personalized Handwriting by a Flexible Sensor Matrix Based on the Mechanoluminescence Process,” Adv. Mater. 27(14), 2324–2331 (2015).
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ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces (4)

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H. Chang, S. Kim, S. Jin, S. W. Lee, G. T. Yang, K. Y. Lee, and H. Yi, “Ultrasensitive and Highly Stable Resistive Pressure Sensors with Biomaterial-Incorporated Interfacial Layers for Wearable Health-Monitoring and Human-Machine Interfaces,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(1), 1067–1076 (2018).
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H. Kim, S. W. Lee, H. Joh, M. Seong, W. S. Lee, M. S. Kang, J. B. Pyo, and S. J. Oh, “Chemically Designed Metallic/Insulating Hybrid Nanostructures with Silver Nanocrystals for Highly Sensitive Wearable Pressure Sensors,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(1), 1389–1398 (2018).
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ACS Nano (2)

X. Z. Jiang, Y. J. Sun, Z. Y. Fan, and T. Y. Zhang, “Integrated Flexible, Waterproof, Transparent, and Self-Powered Tactile Sensing Panel,” ACS Nano 10(8), 7696–7704 (2016).
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C. T. Chen, W. Y. Lee, T. L. Shen, H. C. Wu, C. C. Shih, B. W. Ye, T. Y. Lin, W. C. Chen, and Y. F. Chen, “Highly Reliable and Sensitive Tactile Transistor Memory,” Adv. Electron. Mater. 3(4), 1600548 (2017).
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Adv. Funct. Mater. (2)

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T. Sekitani and T. Someya, “Stretchable, Large-area Organic Electronics,” Adv. Mater. 22(20), 2228–2246 (2010).
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Supplementary Material (1)

NameDescription
Visualization 1       V-T charts of the LED-integrated pressure sensor obtained using a speaker playing Queen’s “we will rock you” are also shown at the beginning.

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Figures (16)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. (a) Structural illustration and (b) photo of the wool-based pressure sensor. SEM images of wool fiber (c) without and (d) with Ag nano-wires.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. (a) Current-time (I-T) curve of the wool-based pressure sensor applied with different applied pressure under 5 mV applied voltage. Inset shows a magnified I-T curve at low applied pressure. (b) Current-voltage curves of the wool-based pressure sensor at different applied pressures. (c) Pressure response of the wool-based pressure sensor obtained at 100 mV bias voltage. Applied voltage of 100 mV was chosen for a better characterization. Inset shows pressure response results at low applied pressures. (d) 10,000 on/off operation current of the wool-based pressure sensor under 5 mV bias voltage.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. (a) Pressure response of the three wool-based pressure sensors with the bottom wool brick density of 17.81 mg/cm3, 33.32 mg/cm3, and 48.00 mg/cm3. (b) SEM images of wool fibers covered with different concentration of Ag NWs. The concentration of Ag NWs on wool fibers was controlled by different soaking time of wool bricks into Ag NWs solution. The SEM images from top to bottom respectively show the results of one, two and three times of soaking. (c) Pressure response of wool-based pressure sensor with Ag NWs obtained by one-time, two-time, and three time soaking into Ag NWs solution.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. (a) Photos of the multi-wavelength LED emission taken as various applied pressure spanning 100 pa to 10000 pa exerted to the LED-integrated pressure sensor. LED emission with applied pressures from the highest to the lowest are correspondingly shown from the left to the right, as indicated by each applied pressure value labeled in the photo. (b) Electroluminescence (EL) spectra of the LED under different applied voltage. (c) Electroluminescence (EL) spectra of the LED-integrated pressure sensor under different applied pressure. Bias voltage of 3 V was used during the measurements. (d) TEM image of MQWs over a pit on the LED. Insets show MQWs inside and outside the pit.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. (a) Top view SEM image of the LED, where pits distributed over the surface can be observed. And cathodoluminescence (CL) images of the LED taken at (b) 530 nm, (c) 550 nm, (d) 600 nm, and (e) 620 nm. (f) SEM image of the LED magnified at a pit, and CL images of the LED magnified at a pit taken at (g) 530 nm, (h) 550 nm, (i) 600 nm, and (j) 620 nm.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Demonstration of acoustic signal detection using the LED-integrated pressure sensor operated under 1 V bias voltage. (a) Schematic illustration of a system comprises a speaker, and the LED-integrated pressure sensor connected to a power supply and an oscilloscope. (b) Voltage-time (V-T) chart of the LED-integrated pressure sensor obtained using a metronome making beat sound to the device at 75 BPM (beat per minute). Inset shoes the metronome in this study. (c) V-T charts of the LED-integrated pressure sensor obtained using a speaker playing a song are also shown at the beginning (see Visualization 1).

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Current-voltage response of three different density wool brick (bottom) structure.

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Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Current-voltage response with different conductivity of the sample.

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Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. (a) EDS analysis of the pristine wool fiber. (b) EDS analysis of the pristine wool fiber covered with Ag NWs.

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Fig. 10.
Fig. 10. (a) SEM image of the wool fiber after 1 time immersion in Ag NWs solution. EDS mapping images of the wool fiber after 1 time immersion for (b) carbon, (c) oxygen, (d) sulfur, and (e) silver.

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Fig. 11.
Fig. 11. (a) Pressure response of the three wool-based pressure sensors with the density of bottom wool brick at 17.81 mg/cm3, 33.32 mg/cm3, and 48.00 mg/cm3. (b) Enlarged pressure response of region I, II of bottom wool brick at 17.81 mg/cm3, 33.32 mg/cm3, and 48.00 mg/cm3.

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Fig. 12.
Fig. 12. (a) Pressure response of wool-based pressure sensor with different Ag NWs obtained by one-time, two-time, and three time soaking into Ag NWs solution. (b) Enlarged pressure response of region I, II of wool-based pressure sensor with different Ag NWs obtained by one-time, two-time, and three time soaking into Ag NWs solution.

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Fig. 13.
Fig. 13. (a) Current-voltage curves of sample a,b,c with the density of bottom wool brick with the same density of 16.07 and 30 mg/cm3, respectively, and two time soaking into Ag NWs solution at different applied pressures. (b) Pressure response of sample a, b, c with the density of bottom wool brick with the same density of 16.07 and 30 mg/cm3, respectively, and two time soaking into Ag NWs solution, which is obtained at 100 mV bias voltage. (c) Enlarged pressure response of region I, II of sample a, b, c with the density of bottom wool brick with the same density of 16.07 and 30 mg/cm3, respectively, and two time soaking into Ag NWs solution.

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Fig. 14.
Fig. 14. (a) Current-voltage curves of Ag NWs film coated on glass at different temperature. (b) Resistance change Ag NWs film coated on glass at different temperature. SEM images of Ag NWs film coated on glass (c) before and (d) after annealing. The scale bars in SEM images are 1 um.

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Fig. 15.
Fig. 15. (a) Current-voltage curves of Ag NWs film coated on wool fibers at different temperature. (b) Resistance change Ag NWs film coated on wool fiber at different temperature. SEM images of Ag NWs film coated on wool fiber (c) before and (d) after annealing. The scale bars in SEM images are 10 um.

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Fig. 16.
Fig. 16. Temporal changes of (a) current-voltage curve, and (b) resistance of Ag NWs-coated wool fiber during IPA evaporation at 40 degree.

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Tables (3)

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Table 1. Sensitivity of wool-based pressure sensor using bottom wool bricks with different density. The applied pressure range has been categorized into three regions: 0 pa to 300 pa (region I), 300 pa to 1000 pa (region II), 100 pa and above (region III).

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Table 2. Sensitivity of wool-based pressure sensor with different density of Ag NWs. The density of Ag NWs was varied by different time of soaking into Ag NW solution, as presented in the Table. The applied pressure range has been categorized into three regions: 0 pa to 300 pa (region I), 300 pa to 1000 pa (region II), 100 pa and above (region III).

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Table 3. Benchmark of resistive pressure sensor

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