Preliminary exploration of atmospheric water vapor, liquid water and ice water by ultraviolet Raman lidar

Wang Yufeng; Wang Qing; Hua Dengxin

doi:10.1364/OE.27.036311

Optics Express
Vol. 27,
Issue 25,
pp. 36311-36328
(2019)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.036311

Preliminary exploration of atmospheric water vapor, liquid water and ice water by ultraviolet Raman lidar

Wang Yufeng, Wang Qing, and Hua Dengxin

Open Access

Get PDF
Email
Share
Get Citation
Copy Citation Text
Wang Yufeng, Wang Qing, and Hua Dengxin, "Preliminary exploration of atmospheric water vapor, liquid water and ice water by ultraviolet Raman lidar," Opt. Express 27, 36311-36328 (2019)

Export Citation
- BibTex
- Endnote (RIS)
- HTML
- Plain Text
Citation alert
Save article

Check for updates

Abstract

Water is the only atmospheric component with three phases. In this work, ultraviolet Raman lidar is developed for synchronous measurements of water vapor, liquid water and ice water in Xi’an (34.233°N, 108.911°E), China. Different interference filters are designed to construct individual water Raman channels, and the corresponding central wavelength and bandwidth are determined by 399.0 nm (3.1 nm), 403.0 nm (5.0 nm) and 407.6 nm (0.6 nm) in ice water, liquid water and water vapor Raman channels, respectively. The mutual interference effect originating from the overlapping characteristics of water Raman spectra is further analyzed, and an accurate retrieval method based on linear simultaneous equations and mutual interference degrees is proposed for synchronous three-phase water mixing ratio profiles. Preliminary measurements are carried out in the Centre for lidar remote sensing research of Xi’an University of Technology, and representative measurement examples are obtained and validated for the performance of the Raman lidar system. Synchronous mixing ratio profiles in water vapor, liquid water and ice water are retrieved, and the corresponding extinction coefficient and relative humidity profiles are also combined to reveal the variation characteristics in three-phase waters. The possible aerosol fluorescence are analyzed as well, and it is inferred that the aerosol fluorescence might affect (possibly overestimate) the derived mixing ratio values of the liquid water and ice water. The effective detection can reach up to a height of 5 km under cloudy weather, and synchronized growth in water vapor and liquid water content is obtained in cloud layers. Continuous observations are also made under hazy weather conditions, and the temporal and spatial evolution trends of three-phase waters in clouds are successfully realized. Preliminary exploration and results validate the feasibility of ultraviolet Raman lidar for synchronous measurements of atmospheric water vapor, liquid water and ice water.

Full Article | PDF Article

More Like This

Spectrally resolved Raman lidar measurements of gaseous and liquid water in the atmosphere

Fuchao Liu and Fan Yi
Appl. Opt. 52(28) 6884-6895 (2013)

Compact fiber-optic spectroscopic design and its validation in atmospheric water vapor Raman lidar

Yufeng Wang, Lisong Jia, Xingxing Li, Fulei Fan, Huige Di, Yuehui Song, and Dengxin Hua
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 37(4) 941-948 (2020)

Raman lidar observations of cloud liquid water

Vincenzo Rizi, Marco Iarlori, Giuseppe Rocci, and Guido Visconti
Appl. Opt. 43(35) 6440-6453 (2004)

Previous Article Next Article

References

View by:
Article Order
Year
Author
Publication

H.R. Pruppacher and J.D. Klett, “Microphysics of clouds and precipitation, Second revised and enlarged edition with an introduction to cloud chemistry and cloud electricity,” Kluwer Academic publisher, Dordrecht, pp954 (1997)
K. Schneider E, P. Kirtman B, and S. Lindzen R, “Tropospheric Water Vapor and Climate Sensitivity,” J. Atmos. Sci. 56(11), 1649–1658 (1999).
[Crossref]
F. Russo, N. Whiteman D, B. Demoz, I. Veselovskii, H. Melfi S, and M. Hoff R, “Development of Raman LIDAR Techniques to Address the Indirect Aerosol Effect: Retrieving the Liquid Water Content of Clouds,” Eur. Space Agency. 1(561), 411–414 (2004).
I. Balin, I. Serikov, S. Bobrovnikov, V. Bimeonov, B. Calpini, Y. Arshinov, and H. Van den bergh, “Simultaneous measurement of atmospheric temperature, humidity, and aerosol extinction and backscatter coefﬁcients by a combined vibrational-pure-rotational Raman lidar,” Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 79(6), 775–782 (2004).
[Crossref]
A. Behrendt, T. Nakamura, M. Onishi, R. Baumgart, and T. Tsuda, “Combined Raman lidar for the measurement of atmospheric temperature, water vapor, particle extinction coefficient, and particle backscatter coefficient,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 41(36), 7657–7666 (2002).
[Crossref]
E. Hammann, A. Behrend, F. Le Mounter, and V. Wulfmeyer, “Temperature profiling of the atmospheric boundary layer with rotational Raman lidar during the HD(CP)2 observational Prototype experiment,” Atoms.Chem.Phys. 15(5), 2867–2881 (2015).
[Crossref]
J. Nott G, J. Duck T, G. Doyle J, E. W. Coffin M, C. Perro, P. Thackray C, R. Drummond J, F. Fogal P, E. McCullough, and J. Sica R, “A Remotely Operated Lidar for Aerosol, Temperature, and Water Vapor Profiling in the High Arctic,” J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 29(2), 221–234 (2012).
[Crossref]
I. Mattis, A. Ansmann, D. Althausen, V. Jaenisch, U. Wandinger, D. Müller, Y. F. Arshinov, S. M. Bobrovnikov, and I. B. Serikov, “Relative-humidity profiling in the troposphere with a Raman lidar,” Appl. Opt. 41(30), 6451–6462 (2002).
[Crossref]
J. Reichardt, U. Wandinger, V. Klein, and R. Begbie, “RAMSES: German Meteorological Service autonomous Raman lidar for water vapor, temperature, aerosol, and cloud measurements,” Appl. Opt. 51(34), 8111–8131 (2012).
[Crossref]
T. Sakai, T. Nagai, M. Nakazato, T. Matsumura, N. Orikasa, and Y. Shoji, “Comparisons of Raman Lidar Measurements of Tropospheric Water Vapor Profiles with Radiosondes, Hygrometers on the Meteorological Observation Tower, and GPS at Tsukuba Japan,” J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 24(8), 1407–1423 (2007).
[Crossref]
T. Leblanc, I. S. McDermid, and T. D. Walsh, “Ground-based water vapor raman lidar measurements up to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere for long-term monitoring,” Atmos. Meas. Tech. 5(1), 17–36 (2012).
[Crossref]
P. Bobylev L, V. Zabolotskikh E, M. Mitnik L, and L. Mitnik M, “Atmospheric Water Vapor and Cloud Liquid Water Retrieval Over the Arctic Ocean Using Satellite Passive Microwave Sensing,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing. 48(1), 283–294 (2010).
[Crossref]
L. Morrison A, E. Kay J, H. Chepfer, R. Guzman, and V. Yettella, “Isolating the Liquid Cloud Response to Recent Arctic Sea Ice Variability Using Spaceborne Lidar Observations,” J. Geophys. Res: Atmos. 123(1), 473–490 (2018).
[Crossref]
N. Whiteman D and H. Melfi S, “Cloud liquid water, mean droplet radius, and number density measurements using a Raman lidar,” J. Geophys. Res. 104(D24), 31411–31419 (1999).
[Crossref]
D. Spinhirne J, R. Boers, and D. Hart W, “Cloud Top Liquid Water from Lidar Observations of Marine Stratocumulus,” J. Appl. Meteorol. 28(2), 81–90 (1989).
[Crossref]
I. A. Veselovskii, H. K. Cha, D. H. Kim, S. C. Choi, and J. M. Lee, “Study of atmospheric water in gaseous and liquid state by using combined elastic-Raman depolarization lidar,” Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 73(7), 739–744 (2001).
[Crossref]
Z. Wang, N. Whiteman D, B. Demoz B, and I. Veselovskii, “A new way to measure cirrus cloud ice water content by using ice Raman scatter with Raman lidar,” Geophys. Res. Lett. 31(311), 121–141 (2004).
[Crossref]
F. Liu and F. Yi, “Spectrally resolved Raman lidar measurements of gaseous and liquid water in the atmosphere,” Appl. Opt. 52(28), 6884–6895 (2013).
[Crossref]
T. Sakai, N. Whiteman D, F. Russo, D. Turner D, I. Veselovskii, H. Melfi S, T. Nagai, and Y. Mano, “Liquid Water Cloud Measurements Using the Raman Lidar Technique: Current Understanding and Future Research Needs,” J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 30(7), 1337–1353 (2013).
[Crossref]
R. Vincenzo, I. Marcro, R. Giuseppe, and V. Guido, “Raman lidar observations of cloud liquid water,” Appl. Opt. 43(35), 6440–6453 (2004).
[Crossref]
I. A. Veselovskii, H. K. Cha, D. H. Kim, S. C. Choi, and J. M. Lee, “Raman lidar for the study of liquid water and water vapor in the troposphere,” Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 71(1), 113–117 (2000).
[Crossref]
J. Reichardt, “Cloud and Aerosol Spectroscopy with Raman Lidar,” J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol 31(9), 1946–1963 (2014).
[Crossref]
D. N. Whiteman, “Examination of the traditional Raman lidar technique. II. Evaluating the ratios for water vapor and aerosol,” Appl. Opt. 42(15), 2593–2608 (2003).
[Crossref]
A Ansmann and D Müller, “Lidar and Atmospheric Aerosol Particles,” Springer Series in Optical Sciences, Springer, New York, 102, pp 105–141 (2005)
W. Yufeng, F. Qiang, Z. Meina, D. H. Gao Fei, S. Yuehui, and H. Dengxin, “A UV multifunctional Raman lidar system for the observation and analysis of atmospheric temperature, humidity, aerosols and their conveying characteristics over Xi'an,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 205, 114–126 (2018).
[Crossref]
Di Huige, Hua Dengxin, Wang Yufeng, and Yan Qing, “Investigation on the correction of the Mie scattering lidar’s overlapping factor and echo signals over the total detection range,” Acta physica sinica 62(9), 094215 (2013).
[Crossref]
T. Plakhotnik and J. Reichardt, “Accurate absolute measurements of the Raman backscattering differential cross-section of water and ice and its dependence on the temperature and extinction wavelength,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 194, 58–64 (2017).
[Crossref]
D. Kim, I. Song, H.-D. Cheong, Y. Kim, S. Baik, and J. Lee, “Spectrum Characteristics of Multichannel Water Raman Lidar Signals and Principal Component Analysis,” OPT REV 17(2), 84–89 (2010).
[Crossref]

2018 (2)

L. Morrison A, E. Kay J, H. Chepfer, R. Guzman, and V. Yettella, “Isolating the Liquid Cloud Response to Recent Arctic Sea Ice Variability Using Spaceborne Lidar Observations,” J. Geophys. Res: Atmos. 123(1), 473–490 (2018).
[Crossref]

W. Yufeng, F. Qiang, Z. Meina, D. H. Gao Fei, S. Yuehui, and H. Dengxin, “A UV multifunctional Raman lidar system for the observation and analysis of atmospheric temperature, humidity, aerosols and their conveying characteristics over Xi'an,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 205, 114–126 (2018).
[Crossref]

2017 (1)

T. Plakhotnik and J. Reichardt, “Accurate absolute measurements of the Raman backscattering differential cross-section of water and ice and its dependence on the temperature and extinction wavelength,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 194, 58–64 (2017).
[Crossref]

2015 (1)

E. Hammann, A. Behrend, F. Le Mounter, and V. Wulfmeyer, “Temperature profiling of the atmospheric boundary layer with rotational Raman lidar during the HD(CP)2 observational Prototype experiment,” Atoms.Chem.Phys. 15(5), 2867–2881 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (1)

J. Reichardt, “Cloud and Aerosol Spectroscopy with Raman Lidar,” J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol 31(9), 1946–1963 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (3)

Di Huige, Hua Dengxin, Wang Yufeng, and Yan Qing, “Investigation on the correction of the Mie scattering lidar’s overlapping factor and echo signals over the total detection range,” Acta physica sinica 62(9), 094215 (2013).
[Crossref]

F. Liu and F. Yi, “Spectrally resolved Raman lidar measurements of gaseous and liquid water in the atmosphere,” Appl. Opt. 52(28), 6884–6895 (2013).
[Crossref]

T. Sakai, N. Whiteman D, F. Russo, D. Turner D, I. Veselovskii, H. Melfi S, T. Nagai, and Y. Mano, “Liquid Water Cloud Measurements Using the Raman Lidar Technique: Current Understanding and Future Research Needs,” J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 30(7), 1337–1353 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (3)

J. Nott G, J. Duck T, G. Doyle J, E. W. Coffin M, C. Perro, P. Thackray C, R. Drummond J, F. Fogal P, E. McCullough, and J. Sica R, “A Remotely Operated Lidar for Aerosol, Temperature, and Water Vapor Profiling in the High Arctic,” J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 29(2), 221–234 (2012).
[Crossref]

J. Reichardt, U. Wandinger, V. Klein, and R. Begbie, “RAMSES: German Meteorological Service autonomous Raman lidar for water vapor, temperature, aerosol, and cloud measurements,” Appl. Opt. 51(34), 8111–8131 (2012).
[Crossref]

T. Leblanc, I. S. McDermid, and T. D. Walsh, “Ground-based water vapor raman lidar measurements up to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere for long-term monitoring,” Atmos. Meas. Tech. 5(1), 17–36 (2012).
[Crossref]

2010 (2)

P. Bobylev L, V. Zabolotskikh E, M. Mitnik L, and L. Mitnik M, “Atmospheric Water Vapor and Cloud Liquid Water Retrieval Over the Arctic Ocean Using Satellite Passive Microwave Sensing,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing. 48(1), 283–294 (2010).
[Crossref]

D. Kim, I. Song, H.-D. Cheong, Y. Kim, S. Baik, and J. Lee, “Spectrum Characteristics of Multichannel Water Raman Lidar Signals and Principal Component Analysis,” OPT REV 17(2), 84–89 (2010).
[Crossref]

2007 (1)

T. Sakai, T. Nagai, M. Nakazato, T. Matsumura, N. Orikasa, and Y. Shoji, “Comparisons of Raman Lidar Measurements of Tropospheric Water Vapor Profiles with Radiosondes, Hygrometers on the Meteorological Observation Tower, and GPS at Tsukuba Japan,” J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 24(8), 1407–1423 (2007).
[Crossref]

2004 (4)

F. Russo, N. Whiteman D, B. Demoz, I. Veselovskii, H. Melfi S, and M. Hoff R, “Development of Raman LIDAR Techniques to Address the Indirect Aerosol Effect: Retrieving the Liquid Water Content of Clouds,” Eur. Space Agency. 1(561), 411–414 (2004).

I. Balin, I. Serikov, S. Bobrovnikov, V. Bimeonov, B. Calpini, Y. Arshinov, and H. Van den bergh, “Simultaneous measurement of atmospheric temperature, humidity, and aerosol extinction and backscatter coefﬁcients by a combined vibrational-pure-rotational Raman lidar,” Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 79(6), 775–782 (2004).
[Crossref]

R. Vincenzo, I. Marcro, R. Giuseppe, and V. Guido, “Raman lidar observations of cloud liquid water,” Appl. Opt. 43(35), 6440–6453 (2004).
[Crossref]

Z. Wang, N. Whiteman D, B. Demoz B, and I. Veselovskii, “A new way to measure cirrus cloud ice water content by using ice Raman scatter with Raman lidar,” Geophys. Res. Lett. 31(311), 121–141 (2004).
[Crossref]

2003 (1)

D. N. Whiteman, “Examination of the traditional Raman lidar technique. II. Evaluating the ratios for water vapor and aerosol,” Appl. Opt. 42(15), 2593–2608 (2003).
[Crossref]

2002 (2)

A. Behrendt, T. Nakamura, M. Onishi, R. Baumgart, and T. Tsuda, “Combined Raman lidar for the measurement of atmospheric temperature, water vapor, particle extinction coefficient, and particle backscatter coefficient,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 41(36), 7657–7666 (2002).
[Crossref]

I. Mattis, A. Ansmann, D. Althausen, V. Jaenisch, U. Wandinger, D. Müller, Y. F. Arshinov, S. M. Bobrovnikov, and I. B. Serikov, “Relative-humidity profiling in the troposphere with a Raman lidar,” Appl. Opt. 41(30), 6451–6462 (2002).
[Crossref]

2001 (1)

I. A. Veselovskii, H. K. Cha, D. H. Kim, S. C. Choi, and J. M. Lee, “Study of atmospheric water in gaseous and liquid state by using combined elastic-Raman depolarization lidar,” Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 73(7), 739–744 (2001).
[Crossref]

2000 (1)

I. A. Veselovskii, H. K. Cha, D. H. Kim, S. C. Choi, and J. M. Lee, “Raman lidar for the study of liquid water and water vapor in the troposphere,” Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 71(1), 113–117 (2000).
[Crossref]

1999 (2)

K. Schneider E, P. Kirtman B, and S. Lindzen R, “Tropospheric Water Vapor and Climate Sensitivity,” J. Atmos. Sci. 56(11), 1649–1658 (1999).
[Crossref]

N. Whiteman D and H. Melfi S, “Cloud liquid water, mean droplet radius, and number density measurements using a Raman lidar,” J. Geophys. Res. 104(D24), 31411–31419 (1999).
[Crossref]

1989 (1)

D. Spinhirne J, R. Boers, and D. Hart W, “Cloud Top Liquid Water from Lidar Observations of Marine Stratocumulus,” J. Appl. Meteorol. 28(2), 81–90 (1989).
[Crossref]

Althausen, D.

Ansmann, A

A Ansmann and D Müller, “Lidar and Atmospheric Aerosol Particles,” Springer Series in Optical Sciences, Springer, New York, 102, pp 105–141 (2005)

Ansmann, A.

Arshinov, Y.

Arshinov, Y. F.

Baik, S.

Balin, I.

Baumgart, R.

Begbie, R.

Behrend, A.

Behrendt, A.

Bimeonov, V.

Bobrovnikov, S.

Bobrovnikov, S. M.

Bobylev L, P.

Boers, R.

D. Spinhirne J, R. Boers, and D. Hart W, “Cloud Top Liquid Water from Lidar Observations of Marine Stratocumulus,” J. Appl. Meteorol. 28(2), 81–90 (1989).
[Crossref]

Calpini, B.

Cha, H. K.

Cheong, H.-D.

Chepfer, H.

Choi, S. C.

Coffin M, E. W.

Demoz, B.

Demoz B, B.

Dengxin, H.

Dengxin, Hua

Doyle J, G.

Drummond J, R.

Duck T, J.

Fogal P, F.

Gao Fei, D. H.

Giuseppe, R.

R. Vincenzo, I. Marcro, R. Giuseppe, and V. Guido, “Raman lidar observations of cloud liquid water,” Appl. Opt. 43(35), 6440–6453 (2004).
[Crossref]

Guido, V.

R. Vincenzo, I. Marcro, R. Giuseppe, and V. Guido, “Raman lidar observations of cloud liquid water,” Appl. Opt. 43(35), 6440–6453 (2004).
[Crossref]

Guzman, R.

Hammann, E.

Hart W, D.

D. Spinhirne J, R. Boers, and D. Hart W, “Cloud Top Liquid Water from Lidar Observations of Marine Stratocumulus,” J. Appl. Meteorol. 28(2), 81–90 (1989).
[Crossref]

Hoff R, M.

Huige, Di

Jaenisch, V.

Kay J, E.

Kim, D.

Kim, D. H.

Kim, Y.

Kirtman B, P.

K. Schneider E, P. Kirtman B, and S. Lindzen R, “Tropospheric Water Vapor and Climate Sensitivity,” J. Atmos. Sci. 56(11), 1649–1658 (1999).
[Crossref]

Klein, V.

Klett, J.D.

H.R. Pruppacher and J.D. Klett, “Microphysics of clouds and precipitation, Second revised and enlarged edition with an introduction to cloud chemistry and cloud electricity,” Kluwer Academic publisher, Dordrecht, pp954 (1997)

Le Mounter, F.

Leblanc, T.

Lee, J.

Lee, J. M.

Lindzen R, S.

K. Schneider E, P. Kirtman B, and S. Lindzen R, “Tropospheric Water Vapor and Climate Sensitivity,” J. Atmos. Sci. 56(11), 1649–1658 (1999).
[Crossref]

Liu, F.

F. Liu and F. Yi, “Spectrally resolved Raman lidar measurements of gaseous and liquid water in the atmosphere,” Appl. Opt. 52(28), 6884–6895 (2013).
[Crossref]

Mano, Y.

Marcro, I.

R. Vincenzo, I. Marcro, R. Giuseppe, and V. Guido, “Raman lidar observations of cloud liquid water,” Appl. Opt. 43(35), 6440–6453 (2004).
[Crossref]

Matsumura, T.

Mattis, I.

McCullough, E.

McDermid, I. S.

Meina, Z.

Melfi S, H.

N. Whiteman D and H. Melfi S, “Cloud liquid water, mean droplet radius, and number density measurements using a Raman lidar,” J. Geophys. Res. 104(D24), 31411–31419 (1999).
[Crossref]

Mitnik L, M.

Mitnik M, L.

Morrison A, L.

Müller, D

A Ansmann and D Müller, “Lidar and Atmospheric Aerosol Particles,” Springer Series in Optical Sciences, Springer, New York, 102, pp 105–141 (2005)

Müller, D.

Nagai, T.

Nakamura, T.

Nakazato, M.

Nott G, J.

Onishi, M.

Orikasa, N.

Perro, C.

Plakhotnik, T.

Pruppacher, H.R.

Qiang, F.

Qing, Yan

Reichardt, J.

J. Reichardt, “Cloud and Aerosol Spectroscopy with Raman Lidar,” J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol 31(9), 1946–1963 (2014).
[Crossref]

Russo, F.

Sakai, T.

Schneider E, K.

K. Schneider E, P. Kirtman B, and S. Lindzen R, “Tropospheric Water Vapor and Climate Sensitivity,” J. Atmos. Sci. 56(11), 1649–1658 (1999).
[Crossref]

Serikov, I.

Serikov, I. B.

Shoji, Y.

Sica R, J.

Song, I.

Spinhirne J, D.

D. Spinhirne J, R. Boers, and D. Hart W, “Cloud Top Liquid Water from Lidar Observations of Marine Stratocumulus,” J. Appl. Meteorol. 28(2), 81–90 (1989).
[Crossref]

Thackray C, P.

Tsuda, T.

Turner D, D.

Van den bergh, H.

Veselovskii, I.

Veselovskii, I. A.

Vincenzo, R.

R. Vincenzo, I. Marcro, R. Giuseppe, and V. Guido, “Raman lidar observations of cloud liquid water,” Appl. Opt. 43(35), 6440–6453 (2004).
[Crossref]

Walsh, T. D.

Wandinger, U.

Wang, Z.

Whiteman, D. N.

D. N. Whiteman, “Examination of the traditional Raman lidar technique. II. Evaluating the ratios for water vapor and aerosol,” Appl. Opt. 42(15), 2593–2608 (2003).
[Crossref]

Whiteman D, N.

N. Whiteman D and H. Melfi S, “Cloud liquid water, mean droplet radius, and number density measurements using a Raman lidar,” J. Geophys. Res. 104(D24), 31411–31419 (1999).
[Crossref]

Wulfmeyer, V.

Yettella, V.

Yi, F.

F. Liu and F. Yi, “Spectrally resolved Raman lidar measurements of gaseous and liquid water in the atmosphere,” Appl. Opt. 52(28), 6884–6895 (2013).
[Crossref]

Yuehui, S.

Yufeng, W.

Yufeng, Wang

Zabolotskikh E, V.

Acta physica sinica (1)

Appl. Opt. (5)

R. Vincenzo, I. Marcro, R. Giuseppe, and V. Guido, “Raman lidar observations of cloud liquid water,” Appl. Opt. 43(35), 6440–6453 (2004).
[Crossref]

D. N. Whiteman, “Examination of the traditional Raman lidar technique. II. Evaluating the ratios for water vapor and aerosol,” Appl. Opt. 42(15), 2593–2608 (2003).
[Crossref]

F. Liu and F. Yi, “Spectrally resolved Raman lidar measurements of gaseous and liquid water in the atmosphere,” Appl. Opt. 52(28), 6884–6895 (2013).
[Crossref]

Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. (3)

Atmos. Chem. Phys. (1)

Atmos. Meas. Tech. (1)

Atoms.Chem.Phys. (1)

Eur. Space Agency. (1)

Geophys. Res. Lett. (1)

IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing. (1)

J. Appl. Meteorol. (1)

D. Spinhirne J, R. Boers, and D. Hart W, “Cloud Top Liquid Water from Lidar Observations of Marine Stratocumulus,” J. Appl. Meteorol. 28(2), 81–90 (1989).
[Crossref]

J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol (1)

J. Reichardt, “Cloud and Aerosol Spectroscopy with Raman Lidar,” J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol 31(9), 1946–1963 (2014).
[Crossref]

J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. (3)

J. Atmos. Sci. (1)

K. Schneider E, P. Kirtman B, and S. Lindzen R, “Tropospheric Water Vapor and Climate Sensitivity,” J. Atmos. Sci. 56(11), 1649–1658 (1999).
[Crossref]

J. Geophys. Res. (1)

N. Whiteman D and H. Melfi S, “Cloud liquid water, mean droplet radius, and number density measurements using a Raman lidar,” J. Geophys. Res. 104(D24), 31411–31419 (1999).
[Crossref]

J. Geophys. Res: Atmos. (1)

J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer (2)

OPT REV (1)

Other (2)

A Ansmann and D Müller, “Lidar and Atmospheric Aerosol Particles,” Springer Series in Optical Sciences, Springer, New York, 102, pp 105–141 (2005)

Cited By

Optica participates in Crossref's Cited-By Linking service. Citing articles from Optica Publishing Group journals and other participating publishers are listed here.

Alert me when this article is cited.

Click here to see a list of articles that cite this paper

Fig. 1. Diagram of Raman lidar for synchronous three-phase water detection.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 2. Raman spectrum distribution of three-phase waters.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 3. Influence of filter parameters on signal relative intensity and the interference degree of liquid water in the water vapor Raman channel. (a) signal relative intensity, (b) the interference degree of liquid water.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 4. Influence of filter parameters on signal relative intensity and the interference degree of ice and water vapor in the liquid water Raman channel. (a) signal relative intensity, (b) the interference degree of water vapor, (c) the interference degree of ice.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 5. Influence of filter parameters on signal relative intensity and the interference degree of liquid water in the ice Raman channel. (a) signal relative intensity, (b) the interference degree of liquid water.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 6. The experiment results taken at 21:39 CST on September 29, 2018. (a) Range-square-corrected signal, (b) signal-to-noise ratio curves.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 7. Retrieved profiles at 21:39 CST on September 29, 2018. (a) extinction coefficient and relative humidity profiles, (b) water vapor mixing ratio, (c) liquid water mixing rat and (d) ice water mixing ratio.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 8. The experiment results taken at 20:36 CST on March 20, 2019 under cloudy weather. (a) Range-square-corrected signal, (b) signal-to-noise ratio curves.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 9. Retrieved profiles at 20:36 CST on March 20, 2019 under cloudy weather. (a) extinction coefficient and relative humidity profiles, (b) water vapor mixing ratio, (c) liquid water mixing rat and (d) ice water mixing ratio.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 10. The experiment results taken at 21:06 CST on March 5, 2019. (a) Range-square-corrected signal, (b) signal-to-noise ratio curves.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 11. Retrieved profiles at 21:06 CST on March 5, 2019. (a) extinction coefficient and relative humidity profiles, (b) water vapor mixing ratio, (c) liquid water mixing rat and (d) ice water mixing ratio.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 12. Three sets of representative measurement results of range-square-corrected signals at different times from 20:45 to 04:15 on December 25, 2018 under mildly hazy and cloudy conditions. (a) 22:43 CST (b)23:54 CST (c) 01:34 CST.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 13. Measurement results taken at 23:54 CST on December 24, 2018. (a) extinction coefficient and relative humidity profiles, (b) water vapor mixing ratio, (c) liquid water mixing ratio and (d) ice mixing ratio.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 14. THI plot of the three-phase water mixing ratio.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Tables (1)

Table 1. Specifications of the spectroscopic box

View Table

Equations (7)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

W_{W} (z) = 0.485 \times \frac{P_{W} (z)}{P_{N} (z)} \cdot \frac{k_{N}}{k_{W}} \cdot \frac{σ_{N} (π)}{σ_{W} (π)} \cdot e^{τ_{W} (z) - τ_{N} (z)}

α_{A} (λ_{0}, z) = \frac{\frac{d}{d z} [\ln \frac{N_{N} (z)}{z^{2} P_{N} (z)}] - α_{M} (λ_{0}, z) - α_{M} (λ_{N}, z)}{1 + {(\frac{λ_{0}}{λ_{N}})}^{k^{^{'}}}}

\begin{aligned} W_{L} (z) & = \frac{P_{L} (z) - D_{L W} P_{W} (z) - D_{L I} P_{I} (z)}{P_{N} (z)} \cdot \frac{k_{N} σ_{N} (π)}{k_{L} σ_{L} (π)} \cdot e^{τ_{L} (z) - τ_{N} (z)} \\ - f_{A E} \frac{1}{Δ Z_{C B}} \times \int_{Z_{C B} - Δ Z_{C B}}^{Z_{C B}} \frac{P_{L} (z^{'}) - D_{L W} P_{W} (z^{'}) - D_{L I} P_{I} (z^{'})}{P_{N} (z^{'})} e^{τ_{L} (z^{'}) - τ_{N} (z^{'})} d z^{'} \end{aligned}

\begin{aligned} W_{I} (z) & = \frac{P_{I} (z) - D_{I L} P_{L} (z)}{P_{N} (z)} \cdot \frac{k_{N} σ_{N} (π)}{k_{I} σ_{I} (π)} \cdot e^{τ_{I} (z) - τ_{N} (z)} \\ - f_{A E} \frac{1}{Δ Z_{C B}} \times \int_{Z_{C B} - Δ Z_{C B}}^{Z_{C B}} \frac{P_{I} (z^{'}) - D_{I L} P_{L} (z^{'})}{P_{N} (z^{'})} e^{τ_{I} (z^{'}) - τ_{N} (z^{'})} d z^{'} \end{aligned}

{\begin{cases} P_{I} (z) = k_{I} \cdot [P_{I}^{^{'}} (z) + D_{I L} \times P_{L}^{^{'}} (z) + D_{I W} \times P_{W}^{^{'}} (z)] \\ P_{L} (z) = k_{L} \cdot [D_{L I} \times P_{I}^{^{'}} (z) + P_{L}^{^{'}} (z) + D_{L W} \times P_{W}^{^{'}} (z)] \\ P_{W} (z) = k_{W} \cdot [D_{W I} \times P_{I}^{^{'}} (z) + D_{W L} \times P_{L}^{^{'}} (z) + P_{W}^{^{'}} (z)] \end{cases}

D_{x x^{^{'}}} (λ_{0}, Δ λ) = \frac{\int_{- \infty}^{\infty} R_{x^{^{'}}} (τ) \cdot F_{x} (λ_{0}, Δ λ, τ) d τ}{\int_{- \infty}^{\infty} R_{x^{^{'}}} (τ) \cdot F_{x^{^{'}}} (λ_{0}, Δ λ, τ) d τ}

F (λ_{0}, Δ λ, λ) = A_{0} \cdot \exp (\frac{- 4 \times \ln 2 \cdot {(λ - λ_{0})}^{2}}{Δ λ^{2}})

Beam Splitter (BS1-2)	Reflectance R : Transmittance T = 5:5
Dichroic Mirrors (DMs)	Incident angle, Reflectance R, Transmittance T, Out-of-band rejection
DM1	45°, R > 99% at λ=350-365 nm, >10³ 45°, T > 98% at λ=380-430 nm, >10³
DM2	45°, R > 99% at λ=360-395 nm, >10³ 45°, T > 98% at λ=400-430 nm, >10³
Interference Filters (IFs)	Central WL, Bandwidth, Peak T, Out-of-band rejection
IF1	354.7 nm, 1.0 nm, 70%, >10⁴
IF2	386.7 nm, 1.0 nm, 80%, >10⁴
IF3	399.0 nm, 3.1 nm, 40%, >10⁴
IF4	403.0 nm, 5.0 nm, 40%, >10³
IF5	407.6 nm, 0.6 nm, 65%, >10⁴