Abstract

This manuscript describes the design of a robust, mid-infrared dual-comb spectrometer operating in the 3.1-µm to 4-µm spectral window for future field applications. The design represents an improvement in system size, power consumption, and robustness relative to previous work while also providing a high spectral signal-to-noise ratio. We demonstrate a system quality factor of 2×106 and 30 hours of continuous operation over a 120-meter outdoor air path.

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References

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2020 (1)

N. H. Pinkowski, Y. Ding, C. L. Strand, R. K. Hanson, R. Horvath, and M. Geiser, “Dual-comb spectroscopy for high-temperature reaction kinetics,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 31(5), 055501 (2020).
[Crossref]

2019 (8)

G. Ycas, F. R. Giorgetta, K. C. Cossel, E. M. Waxman, E. Baumann, N. R. Newbury, and I. Coddington, ““Mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy of volatile organic compounds across long open-air paths,” Optica,” Optica 6(2), 165–168 (2019).
[Crossref]

M. A. Abbas, Q. Pan, J. Mandon, S. M. Cristescu, F. J. M. Harren, and A. Khodabakhsh, “Time-resolved mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy,” Sci. Rep. 9(1), 1–9 (2019).
[Crossref]

A. S. Kowligy, H. Timmers, A. J. Lind, U. Elu, F. C. Cruz, P. G. Schunemann, J. Biegert, and S. A. Diddams, “Infrared electric field sampled frequency comb spectroscopy,” Sci. Adv. 5(6), eaaw8794 (2019).
[Crossref]

A. D. Draper, R. K. Cole, A. S. Makowiecki, J. Mohr, A. Zdanowicz, A. Marchese, N. Hoghooghi, and G. B. Rieker, “Broadband dual-frequency comb spectroscopy in a rapid compression machine,” Opt. Express 27(8), 10814–10825 (2019).
[Crossref]

Z. Chen, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Mid-infrared feed-forward dual-comb spectroscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 116(9), 3454–3459 (2019).
[Crossref]

E. M. Waxman, K. C. Cossel, F. Giorgetta, G.-W. Truong, W. C. Swann, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Estimating vehicle carbon dioxide emissions from Boulder, Colorado, using horizontal path-integrated column measurements,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19(7), 4177–4192 (2019).
[Crossref]

L. A. Sterczewski, L. A. Sterczewski, L. A. Sterczewski, J. Westberg, and G. Wysocki, “Computational coherent averaging for free-running dual-comb spectroscopy,” Opt. Express 27(17), 23875–23893 (2019).
[Crossref]

L. A. Sterczewski, J. Westberg, M. Bagheri, C. Frez, I. Vurgaftman, C. L. Canedy, W. W. Bewley, C. D. Merritt, C. S. Kim, M. Kim, J. R. Meyer, and G. Wysocki, ““Mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy with interband cascade lasers,” Opt. Lett. 44(8), 2113–2116 (2019).
[Crossref]

2018 (7)

B. Jerez, P. Martín-Mateos, F. Walla, C. de Dios, and P. Acedo, “Flexible Electro-Optic, Single-Crystal Difference Frequency Generation Architecture for Ultrafast Mid-Infrared Dual-Comb Spectroscopy,” ACS Photonics 5(6), 2348–2353 (2018).
[Crossref]

Z. Zhu, K. Ni, Q. Zhou, and G. Wu, “Digital correction method for realizing a phase-stable dual-comb interferometer,” Opt. Express 26(13), 16813–16823 (2018).
[Crossref]

S. Coburn, C. B. Alden, R. Wright, K. Cossel, E. Baumann, G.-W. Truong, F. Giorgetta, C. Sweeney, N. R. Newbury, K. Prasad, I. Coddington, and G. B. Rieker, “Regional trace-gas source attribution using a field-deployed dual frequency comb spectrometer,” Optica 5(4), 320–327 (2018).
[Crossref]

A. V. Muraviev, V. O. Smolski, Z. E. Loparo, and K. L. Vodopyanov, “Massively parallel sensing of trace molecules and their isotopologues with broadband subharmonic mid-infrared frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 12(4), 209–214 (2018).
[Crossref]

G. Ycas, F. R. Giorgetta, E. Baumann, I. Coddington, D. Herman, S. A. Diddams, and N. R. Newbury, “High-coherence mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy spanning 2.6 to 5.2 µm,” Nat. Photonics 12(4), 202–208 (2018).
[Crossref]

H. Timmers, A. Kowligy, A. Lind, F. C. Cruz, N. Nader, M. Silfies, G. Ycas, T. K. Allison, P. G. Schunemann, S. B. Papp, and S. A. Diddams, “Molecular fingerprinting with bright, broadband infrared frequency combs,” Optica 5(6), 727–732 (2018).
[Crossref]

J. L. Klocke, M. Mangold, P. Allmendinger, A. Hugi, M. Geiser, P. Jouy, J. Faist, and T. Kottke, “Single-Shot Sub-microsecond Mid-infrared Spectroscopy on Protein Reactions with Quantum Cascade Laser Frequency Combs,” Anal. Chem. 90(17), 10494–10500 (2018).
[Crossref]

2017 (10)

O. Kara, Z. Zhang, T. Gardiner, and D. T. Reid, “Dual-comb mid-infrared spectroscopy with free-running oscillators and absolute optical calibration from a radio-frequency reference,” Opt. Express 25(14), 16072 (2017).
[Crossref]

E. M. Waxman, K. C. Cossel, G.-W. Truong, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, S. Coburn, R. J. Wright, G. B. Rieker, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Intercomparison of open-path trace gas measurements with two dual-frequency-comb spectrometers,” Atmos. Meas. Tech. 10(9), 3295–3311 (2017).
[Crossref]

A. Asahara and K. Minoshima, “Development of ultrafast time-resolved dual-comb spectroscopy,” APL Photonics 2(4), 041301 (2017).
[Crossref]

K. C. Cossel, E. M. Waxman, F. R. Giorgetta, M. Cermak, I. R. Coddington, D. Hesselius, S. Ruben, W. C. Swann, G.-W. Truong, G. B. Rieker, and N. R. Newbury, “Open-path dual-comb spectroscopy to an airborne retroreflector,” Optica 4(7), 724–728 (2017).
[Crossref]

P. J. Schroeder, R. J. Wright, S. Coburn, B. Sodergren, K. C. Cossel, S. Droste, G. W. Truong, E. Baumann, F. R. Giorgetta, I. Coddington, N. R. Newbury, and G. B. Rieker, “Dual frequency comb laser absorption spectroscopy in a 16 MW gas turbine exhaust,” Proc. Combust. Inst. 36(3), 4565–4573 (2017).
[Crossref]

I. E. Gordon, L. S. Rothman, C. Hill, R. V. Kochanov, Y. Tan, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, A. Campargue, K. V. Chance, B. J. Drouin, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, J. T. Hodges, D. Jacquemart, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, K. P. Shine, M.-A. H. Smith, J. Tennyson, G. C. Toon, H. Tran, V. G. Tyuterev, A. Barbe, A. G. Császár, V. M. Devi, T. Furtenbacher, J. J. Harrison, J.-M. Hartmann, A. Jolly, T. J. Johnson, T. Karman, I. Kleiner, A. A. Kyuberis, J. Loos, O. M. Lyulin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, H. S. P. Müller, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, O. L. Polyansky, M. Rey, M. Rotger, S. W. Sharpe, K. Sung, E. Starikova, S. A. Tashkun, J. V. Auwera, G. Wagner, J. Wilzewski, P. Wcisło, S. Yu, and E. J. Zak, “The HITRAN2016 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 203, 3–69 (2017).
[Crossref]

L. Consolino, S. Bartalini, and P. De Natale, “Terahertz Frequency Metrology for Spectroscopic Applications: a Review,” J. Infrared Milli. Terahz. Waves 38(11), 1289–1315 (2017).
[Crossref]

M. Yan, P.-L. Luo, K. Iwakuni, G. Millot, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy with electro-optic modulators,” Light: Sci. Appl. 6(10), e17076 (2017).
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J. Westberg, L. A. Sterczewski, and G. Wysocki, “Mid-infrared multiheterodyne spectroscopy with phase-locked quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 110(14), 141108 (2017).
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P. Jouy, J. M. Wolf, Y. Bidaux, P. Allmendinger, M. Mangold, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “Dual comb operation of λ ∼ 8.2 µm quantum cascade laser frequency comb with 1 W optical power,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 111(14), 141102 (2017).
[Crossref]

2016 (7)

2015 (5)

S. Okubo, K. Iwakuni, H. Inaba, K. Hosaka, A. Onae, H. Sasada, and F.-L. Hong, “Ultra-broadband dual-comb spectroscopy across 1.0–1.9 µm,” Appl. Phys. Express 8(8), 082402 (2015).
[Crossref]

F. Zhu, A. Bicer, R. Askar, J. Bounds, A. A. Kolomenskii, V. Kelessides, M. Amani, and H. A. Schuessler, “Mid-infrared dual frequency comb spectroscopy based on fiber lasers for the detection of methane in ambient air,” Laser Phys. Lett. 12(9), 095701 (2015).
[Crossref]

Y. Jin, S. M. Cristescu, F. J. M. Harren, and J. Mandon, “Femtosecond optical parametric oscillators toward real-time dual-comb spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. B 119(1), 65–74 (2015).
[Crossref]

L. C. Sinclair, J.-D. Deschênes, L. Sonderhouse, W. C. Swann, I. H. Khader, E. Baumann, N. R. Newbury, and I. Coddington, “Invited Article: A compact optically coherent fiber frequency comb,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86(8), 081301 (2015).
[Crossref]

F. C. Cruz, D. L. Maser, T. Johnson, G. Ycas, A. Klose, F. R. Giorgetta, I. Coddington, and S. A. Diddams, “Mid-infrared optical frequency combs based on difference frequency generation for molecular spectroscopy,” Opt. Express 23(20), 26814 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (6)

Y. Jin, S. M. Cristescu, F. J. M. Harren, and J. Mandon, “Two-crystal mid-infrared optical parametric oscillator for absorption and dispersion dual-comb spectroscopy,” Opt. Lett. 39(11), 3270–3273 (2014).
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T. Ideguchi, A. Poisson, G. Guelachvili, N. Picqué, and T. W. Hänsch, “Adaptive real-time dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 3375 (2014).
[Crossref]

M. Cassinerio, A. Gambetta, N. Coluccelli, P. Laporta, and G. Galzerano, “Absolute dual-comb spectroscopy at 1.55 µm by free-running Er:fiber lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104(23), 231102 (2014).
[Crossref]

G. B. Rieker, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, J. Kofler, A. M. Zolot, L. C. Sinclair, E. Baumann, C. Cromer, G. Petron, C. Sweeney, P. P. Tans, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Frequency-comb-based remote sensing of greenhouse gases over kilometer air paths,” Optica 1(5), 290–298 (2014).
[Crossref]

G. Villares, A. Hugi, S. Blaser, and J. Faist, “Dual-comb spectroscopy based on quantum-cascade-laser frequency combs,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 5192 (2014).
[Crossref]

A. J. Fleisher, B. J. Bjork, T. Q. Bui, K. C. Cossel, M. Okumura, and J. Ye, “Mid-Infrared Time-Resolved Frequency Comb Spectroscopy of Transient Free Radicals,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5(13), 2241–2246 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (3)

2012 (3)

2011 (1)

E. Baumann, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, A. M. Zolot, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Spectroscopy of the methane ν3 band with an accurate midinfrared coherent dual-comb spectrometer,” Phys. Rev. A 84(6), 062513 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (3)

2009 (1)

2008 (2)

2006 (1)

2005 (1)

2004 (2)

1949 (1)

C. E. Shannon, “Communication in the Presence of Noise,” Proc. IRE 37(1), 10–21 (1949).
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Abbas, M. A.

M. A. Abbas, Q. Pan, J. Mandon, S. M. Cristescu, F. J. M. Harren, and A. Khodabakhsh, “Time-resolved mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy,” Sci. Rep. 9(1), 1–9 (2019).
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Acedo, P.

B. Jerez, P. Martín-Mateos, F. Walla, C. de Dios, and P. Acedo, “Flexible Electro-Optic, Single-Crystal Difference Frequency Generation Architecture for Ultrafast Mid-Infrared Dual-Comb Spectroscopy,” ACS Photonics 5(6), 2348–2353 (2018).
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Adler, F.

Alden, C. B.

Allison, T. K.

Allmendinger, P.

J. L. Klocke, M. Mangold, P. Allmendinger, A. Hugi, M. Geiser, P. Jouy, J. Faist, and T. Kottke, “Single-Shot Sub-microsecond Mid-infrared Spectroscopy on Protein Reactions with Quantum Cascade Laser Frequency Combs,” Anal. Chem. 90(17), 10494–10500 (2018).
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P. Jouy, J. M. Wolf, Y. Bidaux, P. Allmendinger, M. Mangold, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “Dual comb operation of λ ∼ 8.2 µm quantum cascade laser frequency comb with 1 W optical power,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 111(14), 141102 (2017).
[Crossref]

Amani, M.

F. Zhu, A. Bicer, R. Askar, J. Bounds, A. A. Kolomenskii, V. Kelessides, M. Amani, and H. A. Schuessler, “Mid-infrared dual frequency comb spectroscopy based on fiber lasers for the detection of methane in ambient air,” Laser Phys. Lett. 12(9), 095701 (2015).
[Crossref]

Arie, A.

Asahara, A.

Askar, R.

F. Zhu, A. Bicer, R. Askar, J. Bounds, A. A. Kolomenskii, V. Kelessides, M. Amani, and H. A. Schuessler, “Mid-infrared dual frequency comb spectroscopy based on fiber lasers for the detection of methane in ambient air,” Laser Phys. Lett. 12(9), 095701 (2015).
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Auwera, J. V.

I. E. Gordon, L. S. Rothman, C. Hill, R. V. Kochanov, Y. Tan, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, A. Campargue, K. V. Chance, B. J. Drouin, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, J. T. Hodges, D. Jacquemart, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, K. P. Shine, M.-A. H. Smith, J. Tennyson, G. C. Toon, H. Tran, V. G. Tyuterev, A. Barbe, A. G. Császár, V. M. Devi, T. Furtenbacher, J. J. Harrison, J.-M. Hartmann, A. Jolly, T. J. Johnson, T. Karman, I. Kleiner, A. A. Kyuberis, J. Loos, O. M. Lyulin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, H. S. P. Müller, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, O. L. Polyansky, M. Rey, M. Rotger, S. W. Sharpe, K. Sung, E. Starikova, S. A. Tashkun, J. V. Auwera, G. Wagner, J. Wilzewski, P. Wcisło, S. Yu, and E. J. Zak, “The HITRAN2016 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 203, 3–69 (2017).
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Bagheri, M.

Barbe, A.

I. E. Gordon, L. S. Rothman, C. Hill, R. V. Kochanov, Y. Tan, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, A. Campargue, K. V. Chance, B. J. Drouin, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, J. T. Hodges, D. Jacquemart, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, K. P. Shine, M.-A. H. Smith, J. Tennyson, G. C. Toon, H. Tran, V. G. Tyuterev, A. Barbe, A. G. Császár, V. M. Devi, T. Furtenbacher, J. J. Harrison, J.-M. Hartmann, A. Jolly, T. J. Johnson, T. Karman, I. Kleiner, A. A. Kyuberis, J. Loos, O. M. Lyulin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, H. S. P. Müller, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, O. L. Polyansky, M. Rey, M. Rotger, S. W. Sharpe, K. Sung, E. Starikova, S. A. Tashkun, J. V. Auwera, G. Wagner, J. Wilzewski, P. Wcisło, S. Yu, and E. J. Zak, “The HITRAN2016 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 203, 3–69 (2017).
[Crossref]

Bartalini, S.

L. Consolino, S. Bartalini, and P. De Natale, “Terahertz Frequency Metrology for Spectroscopic Applications: a Review,” J. Infrared Milli. Terahz. Waves 38(11), 1289–1315 (2017).
[Crossref]

I. Galli, F. Cappelli, P. Cancio, G. Giusfredi, D. Mazzotti, S. Bartalini, and P. D. Natale, “High-coherence mid-infrared frequency comb,” Opt. Express 21(23), 28877–28885 (2013).
[Crossref]

Baumann, E.

G. Ycas, F. R. Giorgetta, K. C. Cossel, E. M. Waxman, E. Baumann, N. R. Newbury, and I. Coddington, ““Mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy of volatile organic compounds across long open-air paths,” Optica,” Optica 6(2), 165–168 (2019).
[Crossref]

G. Ycas, F. R. Giorgetta, E. Baumann, I. Coddington, D. Herman, S. A. Diddams, and N. R. Newbury, “High-coherence mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy spanning 2.6 to 5.2 µm,” Nat. Photonics 12(4), 202–208 (2018).
[Crossref]

S. Coburn, C. B. Alden, R. Wright, K. Cossel, E. Baumann, G.-W. Truong, F. Giorgetta, C. Sweeney, N. R. Newbury, K. Prasad, I. Coddington, and G. B. Rieker, “Regional trace-gas source attribution using a field-deployed dual frequency comb spectrometer,” Optica 5(4), 320–327 (2018).
[Crossref]

P. J. Schroeder, R. J. Wright, S. Coburn, B. Sodergren, K. C. Cossel, S. Droste, G. W. Truong, E. Baumann, F. R. Giorgetta, I. Coddington, N. R. Newbury, and G. B. Rieker, “Dual frequency comb laser absorption spectroscopy in a 16 MW gas turbine exhaust,” Proc. Combust. Inst. 36(3), 4565–4573 (2017).
[Crossref]

G.-W. Truong, E. M. Waxman, K. C. Cossel, E. Baumann, A. Klose, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, N. R. Newbury, and I. Coddington, “Accurate frequency referencing for fieldable dual-comb spectroscopy,” Opt. Express 24(26), 30495–30504 (2016).
[Crossref]

L. C. Sinclair, J.-D. Deschênes, L. Sonderhouse, W. C. Swann, I. H. Khader, E. Baumann, N. R. Newbury, and I. Coddington, “Invited Article: A compact optically coherent fiber frequency comb,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86(8), 081301 (2015).
[Crossref]

G. B. Rieker, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, J. Kofler, A. M. Zolot, L. C. Sinclair, E. Baumann, C. Cromer, G. Petron, C. Sweeney, P. P. Tans, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Frequency-comb-based remote sensing of greenhouse gases over kilometer air paths,” Optica 1(5), 290–298 (2014).
[Crossref]

E. Baumann, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, A. M. Zolot, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Spectroscopy of the methane ν3 band with an accurate midinfrared coherent dual-comb spectrometer,” Phys. Rev. A 84(6), 062513 (2011).
[Crossref]

Beck, M.

P. Jouy, J. M. Wolf, Y. Bidaux, P. Allmendinger, M. Mangold, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “Dual comb operation of λ ∼ 8.2 µm quantum cascade laser frequency comb with 1 W optical power,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 111(14), 141102 (2017).
[Crossref]

J. Faist, G. Villares, G. Scalari, M. Rösch, C. Bonzon, A. Hugi, and M. Beck, “Quantum Cascade Laser Frequency Combs,” Nanophotonics 5(2), 272–291 (2016).
[Crossref]

Bernath, P. F.

I. E. Gordon, L. S. Rothman, C. Hill, R. V. Kochanov, Y. Tan, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, A. Campargue, K. V. Chance, B. J. Drouin, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, J. T. Hodges, D. Jacquemart, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, K. P. Shine, M.-A. H. Smith, J. Tennyson, G. C. Toon, H. Tran, V. G. Tyuterev, A. Barbe, A. G. Császár, V. M. Devi, T. Furtenbacher, J. J. Harrison, J.-M. Hartmann, A. Jolly, T. J. Johnson, T. Karman, I. Kleiner, A. A. Kyuberis, J. Loos, O. M. Lyulin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, H. S. P. Müller, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, O. L. Polyansky, M. Rey, M. Rotger, S. W. Sharpe, K. Sung, E. Starikova, S. A. Tashkun, J. V. Auwera, G. Wagner, J. Wilzewski, P. Wcisło, S. Yu, and E. J. Zak, “The HITRAN2016 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 203, 3–69 (2017).
[Crossref]

Bewley, W. W.

Bicer, A.

F. Zhu, A. Bicer, R. Askar, J. Bounds, A. A. Kolomenskii, V. Kelessides, M. Amani, and H. A. Schuessler, “Mid-infrared dual frequency comb spectroscopy based on fiber lasers for the detection of methane in ambient air,” Laser Phys. Lett. 12(9), 095701 (2015).
[Crossref]

Bidaux, Y.

P. Jouy, J. M. Wolf, Y. Bidaux, P. Allmendinger, M. Mangold, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “Dual comb operation of λ ∼ 8.2 µm quantum cascade laser frequency comb with 1 W optical power,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 111(14), 141102 (2017).
[Crossref]

Biegert, J.

A. S. Kowligy, H. Timmers, A. J. Lind, U. Elu, F. C. Cruz, P. G. Schunemann, J. Biegert, and S. A. Diddams, “Infrared electric field sampled frequency comb spectroscopy,” Sci. Adv. 5(6), eaaw8794 (2019).
[Crossref]

Birk, M.

I. E. Gordon, L. S. Rothman, C. Hill, R. V. Kochanov, Y. Tan, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, A. Campargue, K. V. Chance, B. J. Drouin, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, J. T. Hodges, D. Jacquemart, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, K. P. Shine, M.-A. H. Smith, J. Tennyson, G. C. Toon, H. Tran, V. G. Tyuterev, A. Barbe, A. G. Császár, V. M. Devi, T. Furtenbacher, J. J. Harrison, J.-M. Hartmann, A. Jolly, T. J. Johnson, T. Karman, I. Kleiner, A. A. Kyuberis, J. Loos, O. M. Lyulin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, H. S. P. Müller, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, O. L. Polyansky, M. Rey, M. Rotger, S. W. Sharpe, K. Sung, E. Starikova, S. A. Tashkun, J. V. Auwera, G. Wagner, J. Wilzewski, P. Wcisło, S. Yu, and E. J. Zak, “The HITRAN2016 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 203, 3–69 (2017).
[Crossref]

Bjork, B. J.

A. J. Fleisher, B. J. Bjork, T. Q. Bui, K. C. Cossel, M. Okumura, and J. Ye, “Mid-Infrared Time-Resolved Frequency Comb Spectroscopy of Transient Free Radicals,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5(13), 2241–2246 (2014).
[Crossref]

A. Foltynowicz, P. Masłowski, A. J. Fleisher, B. J. Bjork, and J. Ye, “Cavity-enhanced optical frequency comb spectroscopy in the mid-infrared application to trace detection of hydrogen peroxide,” Appl. Phys. B 110(2), 163–175 (2013).
[Crossref]

Blaser, S.

G. Villares, A. Hugi, S. Blaser, and J. Faist, “Dual-comb spectroscopy based on quantum-cascade-laser frequency combs,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 5192 (2014).
[Crossref]

Bonzon, C.

J. Faist, G. Villares, G. Scalari, M. Rösch, C. Bonzon, A. Hugi, and M. Beck, “Quantum Cascade Laser Frequency Combs,” Nanophotonics 5(2), 272–291 (2016).
[Crossref]

Boudon, V.

I. E. Gordon, L. S. Rothman, C. Hill, R. V. Kochanov, Y. Tan, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, A. Campargue, K. V. Chance, B. J. Drouin, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, J. T. Hodges, D. Jacquemart, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, K. P. Shine, M.-A. H. Smith, J. Tennyson, G. C. Toon, H. Tran, V. G. Tyuterev, A. Barbe, A. G. Császár, V. M. Devi, T. Furtenbacher, J. J. Harrison, J.-M. Hartmann, A. Jolly, T. J. Johnson, T. Karman, I. Kleiner, A. A. Kyuberis, J. Loos, O. M. Lyulin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, H. S. P. Müller, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, O. L. Polyansky, M. Rey, M. Rotger, S. W. Sharpe, K. Sung, E. Starikova, S. A. Tashkun, J. V. Auwera, G. Wagner, J. Wilzewski, P. Wcisło, S. Yu, and E. J. Zak, “The HITRAN2016 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 203, 3–69 (2017).
[Crossref]

Bounds, J.

F. Zhu, A. Bicer, R. Askar, J. Bounds, A. A. Kolomenskii, V. Kelessides, M. Amani, and H. A. Schuessler, “Mid-infrared dual frequency comb spectroscopy based on fiber lasers for the detection of methane in ambient air,” Laser Phys. Lett. 12(9), 095701 (2015).
[Crossref]

Brehm, M.

Briles, T. C.

Bui, T. Q.

A. J. Fleisher, B. J. Bjork, T. Q. Bui, K. C. Cossel, M. Okumura, and J. Ye, “Mid-Infrared Time-Resolved Frequency Comb Spectroscopy of Transient Free Radicals,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5(13), 2241–2246 (2014).
[Crossref]

Burghoff, D.

Campargue, A.

I. E. Gordon, L. S. Rothman, C. Hill, R. V. Kochanov, Y. Tan, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, A. Campargue, K. V. Chance, B. J. Drouin, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, J. T. Hodges, D. Jacquemart, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, K. P. Shine, M.-A. H. Smith, J. Tennyson, G. C. Toon, H. Tran, V. G. Tyuterev, A. Barbe, A. G. Császár, V. M. Devi, T. Furtenbacher, J. J. Harrison, J.-M. Hartmann, A. Jolly, T. J. Johnson, T. Karman, I. Kleiner, A. A. Kyuberis, J. Loos, O. M. Lyulin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, H. S. P. Müller, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, O. L. Polyansky, M. Rey, M. Rotger, S. W. Sharpe, K. Sung, E. Starikova, S. A. Tashkun, J. V. Auwera, G. Wagner, J. Wilzewski, P. Wcisło, S. Yu, and E. J. Zak, “The HITRAN2016 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 203, 3–69 (2017).
[Crossref]

Cancio, P.

Canedy, C. L.

Cappelli, F.

Cassinerio, M.

M. Cassinerio, A. Gambetta, N. Coluccelli, P. Laporta, and G. Galzerano, “Absolute dual-comb spectroscopy at 1.55 µm by free-running Er:fiber lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104(23), 231102 (2014).
[Crossref]

Cermak, M.

Chance, K. V.

I. E. Gordon, L. S. Rothman, C. Hill, R. V. Kochanov, Y. Tan, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, A. Campargue, K. V. Chance, B. J. Drouin, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, J. T. Hodges, D. Jacquemart, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, K. P. Shine, M.-A. H. Smith, J. Tennyson, G. C. Toon, H. Tran, V. G. Tyuterev, A. Barbe, A. G. Császár, V. M. Devi, T. Furtenbacher, J. J. Harrison, J.-M. Hartmann, A. Jolly, T. J. Johnson, T. Karman, I. Kleiner, A. A. Kyuberis, J. Loos, O. M. Lyulin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, H. S. P. Müller, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, O. L. Polyansky, M. Rey, M. Rotger, S. W. Sharpe, K. Sung, E. Starikova, S. A. Tashkun, J. V. Auwera, G. Wagner, J. Wilzewski, P. Wcisło, S. Yu, and E. J. Zak, “The HITRAN2016 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 203, 3–69 (2017).
[Crossref]

Chen, Z.

Z. Chen, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Mid-infrared feed-forward dual-comb spectroscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 116(9), 3454–3459 (2019).
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Chu, P. M.

Coburn, S.

S. Coburn, C. B. Alden, R. Wright, K. Cossel, E. Baumann, G.-W. Truong, F. Giorgetta, C. Sweeney, N. R. Newbury, K. Prasad, I. Coddington, and G. B. Rieker, “Regional trace-gas source attribution using a field-deployed dual frequency comb spectrometer,” Optica 5(4), 320–327 (2018).
[Crossref]

P. J. Schroeder, R. J. Wright, S. Coburn, B. Sodergren, K. C. Cossel, S. Droste, G. W. Truong, E. Baumann, F. R. Giorgetta, I. Coddington, N. R. Newbury, and G. B. Rieker, “Dual frequency comb laser absorption spectroscopy in a 16 MW gas turbine exhaust,” Proc. Combust. Inst. 36(3), 4565–4573 (2017).
[Crossref]

E. M. Waxman, K. C. Cossel, G.-W. Truong, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, S. Coburn, R. J. Wright, G. B. Rieker, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Intercomparison of open-path trace gas measurements with two dual-frequency-comb spectrometers,” Atmos. Meas. Tech. 10(9), 3295–3311 (2017).
[Crossref]

Coddington, I.

E. M. Waxman, K. C. Cossel, F. Giorgetta, G.-W. Truong, W. C. Swann, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Estimating vehicle carbon dioxide emissions from Boulder, Colorado, using horizontal path-integrated column measurements,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19(7), 4177–4192 (2019).
[Crossref]

G. Ycas, F. R. Giorgetta, K. C. Cossel, E. M. Waxman, E. Baumann, N. R. Newbury, and I. Coddington, ““Mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy of volatile organic compounds across long open-air paths,” Optica,” Optica 6(2), 165–168 (2019).
[Crossref]

S. Coburn, C. B. Alden, R. Wright, K. Cossel, E. Baumann, G.-W. Truong, F. Giorgetta, C. Sweeney, N. R. Newbury, K. Prasad, I. Coddington, and G. B. Rieker, “Regional trace-gas source attribution using a field-deployed dual frequency comb spectrometer,” Optica 5(4), 320–327 (2018).
[Crossref]

G. Ycas, F. R. Giorgetta, E. Baumann, I. Coddington, D. Herman, S. A. Diddams, and N. R. Newbury, “High-coherence mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy spanning 2.6 to 5.2 µm,” Nat. Photonics 12(4), 202–208 (2018).
[Crossref]

E. M. Waxman, K. C. Cossel, G.-W. Truong, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, S. Coburn, R. J. Wright, G. B. Rieker, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Intercomparison of open-path trace gas measurements with two dual-frequency-comb spectrometers,” Atmos. Meas. Tech. 10(9), 3295–3311 (2017).
[Crossref]

P. J. Schroeder, R. J. Wright, S. Coburn, B. Sodergren, K. C. Cossel, S. Droste, G. W. Truong, E. Baumann, F. R. Giorgetta, I. Coddington, N. R. Newbury, and G. B. Rieker, “Dual frequency comb laser absorption spectroscopy in a 16 MW gas turbine exhaust,” Proc. Combust. Inst. 36(3), 4565–4573 (2017).
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E. Baumann, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, A. M. Zolot, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Spectroscopy of the methane ν3 band with an accurate midinfrared coherent dual-comb spectrometer,” Phys. Rev. A 84(6), 062513 (2011).
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Devi, V. M.

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N. H. Pinkowski, Y. Ding, C. L. Strand, R. K. Hanson, R. Horvath, and M. Geiser, “Dual-comb spectroscopy for high-temperature reaction kinetics,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 31(5), 055501 (2020).
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Giorgetta, F.

E. M. Waxman, K. C. Cossel, F. Giorgetta, G.-W. Truong, W. C. Swann, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Estimating vehicle carbon dioxide emissions from Boulder, Colorado, using horizontal path-integrated column measurements,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19(7), 4177–4192 (2019).
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S. Coburn, C. B. Alden, R. Wright, K. Cossel, E. Baumann, G.-W. Truong, F. Giorgetta, C. Sweeney, N. R. Newbury, K. Prasad, I. Coddington, and G. B. Rieker, “Regional trace-gas source attribution using a field-deployed dual frequency comb spectrometer,” Optica 5(4), 320–327 (2018).
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G. Ycas, F. R. Giorgetta, K. C. Cossel, E. M. Waxman, E. Baumann, N. R. Newbury, and I. Coddington, ““Mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy of volatile organic compounds across long open-air paths,” Optica,” Optica 6(2), 165–168 (2019).
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E. Baumann, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, A. M. Zolot, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Spectroscopy of the methane ν3 band with an accurate midinfrared coherent dual-comb spectrometer,” Phys. Rev. A 84(6), 062513 (2011).
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Gohle, C.

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I. E. Gordon, L. S. Rothman, C. Hill, R. V. Kochanov, Y. Tan, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, A. Campargue, K. V. Chance, B. J. Drouin, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, J. T. Hodges, D. Jacquemart, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, K. P. Shine, M.-A. H. Smith, J. Tennyson, G. C. Toon, H. Tran, V. G. Tyuterev, A. Barbe, A. G. Császár, V. M. Devi, T. Furtenbacher, J. J. Harrison, J.-M. Hartmann, A. Jolly, T. J. Johnson, T. Karman, I. Kleiner, A. A. Kyuberis, J. Loos, O. M. Lyulin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, H. S. P. Müller, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, O. L. Polyansky, M. Rey, M. Rotger, S. W. Sharpe, K. Sung, E. Starikova, S. A. Tashkun, J. V. Auwera, G. Wagner, J. Wilzewski, P. Wcisło, S. Yu, and E. J. Zak, “The HITRAN2016 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 203, 3–69 (2017).
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I. E. Gordon, L. S. Rothman, C. Hill, R. V. Kochanov, Y. Tan, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, A. Campargue, K. V. Chance, B. J. Drouin, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, J. T. Hodges, D. Jacquemart, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, K. P. Shine, M.-A. H. Smith, J. Tennyson, G. C. Toon, H. Tran, V. G. Tyuterev, A. Barbe, A. G. Császár, V. M. Devi, T. Furtenbacher, J. J. Harrison, J.-M. Hartmann, A. Jolly, T. J. Johnson, T. Karman, I. Kleiner, A. A. Kyuberis, J. Loos, O. M. Lyulin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, H. S. P. Müller, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, O. L. Polyansky, M. Rey, M. Rotger, S. W. Sharpe, K. Sung, E. Starikova, S. A. Tashkun, J. V. Auwera, G. Wagner, J. Wilzewski, P. Wcisło, S. Yu, and E. J. Zak, “The HITRAN2016 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 203, 3–69 (2017).
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Tremblay, P.

Truong, G. W.

P. J. Schroeder, R. J. Wright, S. Coburn, B. Sodergren, K. C. Cossel, S. Droste, G. W. Truong, E. Baumann, F. R. Giorgetta, I. Coddington, N. R. Newbury, and G. B. Rieker, “Dual frequency comb laser absorption spectroscopy in a 16 MW gas turbine exhaust,” Proc. Combust. Inst. 36(3), 4565–4573 (2017).
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Truong, G.-W.

E. M. Waxman, K. C. Cossel, F. Giorgetta, G.-W. Truong, W. C. Swann, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Estimating vehicle carbon dioxide emissions from Boulder, Colorado, using horizontal path-integrated column measurements,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19(7), 4177–4192 (2019).
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S. Coburn, C. B. Alden, R. Wright, K. Cossel, E. Baumann, G.-W. Truong, F. Giorgetta, C. Sweeney, N. R. Newbury, K. Prasad, I. Coddington, and G. B. Rieker, “Regional trace-gas source attribution using a field-deployed dual frequency comb spectrometer,” Optica 5(4), 320–327 (2018).
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K. C. Cossel, E. M. Waxman, F. R. Giorgetta, M. Cermak, I. R. Coddington, D. Hesselius, S. Ruben, W. C. Swann, G.-W. Truong, G. B. Rieker, and N. R. Newbury, “Open-path dual-comb spectroscopy to an airborne retroreflector,” Optica 4(7), 724–728 (2017).
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G.-W. Truong, E. M. Waxman, K. C. Cossel, E. Baumann, A. Klose, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, N. R. Newbury, and I. Coddington, “Accurate frequency referencing for fieldable dual-comb spectroscopy,” Opt. Express 24(26), 30495–30504 (2016).
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Villares, G.

J. Faist, G. Villares, G. Scalari, M. Rösch, C. Bonzon, A. Hugi, and M. Beck, “Quantum Cascade Laser Frequency Combs,” Nanophotonics 5(2), 272–291 (2016).
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G. Villares, A. Hugi, S. Blaser, and J. Faist, “Dual-comb spectroscopy based on quantum-cascade-laser frequency combs,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 5192 (2014).
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I. E. Gordon, L. S. Rothman, C. Hill, R. V. Kochanov, Y. Tan, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, A. Campargue, K. V. Chance, B. J. Drouin, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, J. T. Hodges, D. Jacquemart, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, K. P. Shine, M.-A. H. Smith, J. Tennyson, G. C. Toon, H. Tran, V. G. Tyuterev, A. Barbe, A. G. Császár, V. M. Devi, T. Furtenbacher, J. J. Harrison, J.-M. Hartmann, A. Jolly, T. J. Johnson, T. Karman, I. Kleiner, A. A. Kyuberis, J. Loos, O. M. Lyulin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, H. S. P. Müller, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, O. L. Polyansky, M. Rey, M. Rotger, S. W. Sharpe, K. Sung, E. Starikova, S. A. Tashkun, J. V. Auwera, G. Wagner, J. Wilzewski, P. Wcisło, S. Yu, and E. J. Zak, “The HITRAN2016 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 203, 3–69 (2017).
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G. Ycas, F. R. Giorgetta, K. C. Cossel, E. M. Waxman, E. Baumann, N. R. Newbury, and I. Coddington, ““Mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy of volatile organic compounds across long open-air paths,” Optica,” Optica 6(2), 165–168 (2019).
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E. M. Waxman, K. C. Cossel, F. Giorgetta, G.-W. Truong, W. C. Swann, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Estimating vehicle carbon dioxide emissions from Boulder, Colorado, using horizontal path-integrated column measurements,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19(7), 4177–4192 (2019).
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E. M. Waxman, K. C. Cossel, G.-W. Truong, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, S. Coburn, R. J. Wright, G. B. Rieker, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Intercomparison of open-path trace gas measurements with two dual-frequency-comb spectrometers,” Atmos. Meas. Tech. 10(9), 3295–3311 (2017).
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K. C. Cossel, E. M. Waxman, F. R. Giorgetta, M. Cermak, I. R. Coddington, D. Hesselius, S. Ruben, W. C. Swann, G.-W. Truong, G. B. Rieker, and N. R. Newbury, “Open-path dual-comb spectroscopy to an airborne retroreflector,” Optica 4(7), 724–728 (2017).
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G.-W. Truong, E. M. Waxman, K. C. Cossel, E. Baumann, A. Klose, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, N. R. Newbury, and I. Coddington, “Accurate frequency referencing for fieldable dual-comb spectroscopy,” Opt. Express 24(26), 30495–30504 (2016).
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P. J. Schroeder, R. J. Wright, S. Coburn, B. Sodergren, K. C. Cossel, S. Droste, G. W. Truong, E. Baumann, F. R. Giorgetta, I. Coddington, N. R. Newbury, and G. B. Rieker, “Dual frequency comb laser absorption spectroscopy in a 16 MW gas turbine exhaust,” Proc. Combust. Inst. 36(3), 4565–4573 (2017).
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E. M. Waxman, K. C. Cossel, G.-W. Truong, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, S. Coburn, R. J. Wright, G. B. Rieker, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Intercomparison of open-path trace gas measurements with two dual-frequency-comb spectrometers,” Atmos. Meas. Tech. 10(9), 3295–3311 (2017).
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Wysocki, G.

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Yang, Y.

Ycas, G.

Ye, J.

A. J. Fleisher, B. J. Bjork, T. Q. Bui, K. C. Cossel, M. Okumura, and J. Ye, “Mid-Infrared Time-Resolved Frequency Comb Spectroscopy of Transient Free Radicals,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5(13), 2241–2246 (2014).
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A. Foltynowicz, P. Masłowski, A. J. Fleisher, B. J. Bjork, and J. Ye, “Cavity-enhanced optical frequency comb spectroscopy in the mid-infrared application to trace detection of hydrogen peroxide,” Appl. Phys. B 110(2), 163–175 (2013).
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F. Adler, P. Masłowski, A. Foltynowicz, K. C. Cossel, T. C. Briles, I. Hartl, and J. Ye, “Mid-infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy with a broadband frequency comb,” Opt. Express 18(21), 21861 (2010).
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I. E. Gordon, L. S. Rothman, C. Hill, R. V. Kochanov, Y. Tan, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, A. Campargue, K. V. Chance, B. J. Drouin, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, J. T. Hodges, D. Jacquemart, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, K. P. Shine, M.-A. H. Smith, J. Tennyson, G. C. Toon, H. Tran, V. G. Tyuterev, A. Barbe, A. G. Császár, V. M. Devi, T. Furtenbacher, J. J. Harrison, J.-M. Hartmann, A. Jolly, T. J. Johnson, T. Karman, I. Kleiner, A. A. Kyuberis, J. Loos, O. M. Lyulin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, H. S. P. Müller, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, O. L. Polyansky, M. Rey, M. Rotger, S. W. Sharpe, K. Sung, E. Starikova, S. A. Tashkun, J. V. Auwera, G. Wagner, J. Wilzewski, P. Wcisło, S. Yu, and E. J. Zak, “The HITRAN2016 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 203, 3–69 (2017).
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G. B. Rieker, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, J. Kofler, A. M. Zolot, L. C. Sinclair, E. Baumann, C. Cromer, G. Petron, C. Sweeney, P. P. Tans, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Frequency-comb-based remote sensing of greenhouse gases over kilometer air paths,” Optica 1(5), 290–298 (2014).
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ACS Photonics (1)

B. Jerez, P. Martín-Mateos, F. Walla, C. de Dios, and P. Acedo, “Flexible Electro-Optic, Single-Crystal Difference Frequency Generation Architecture for Ultrafast Mid-Infrared Dual-Comb Spectroscopy,” ACS Photonics 5(6), 2348–2353 (2018).
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Anal. Chem. (1)

J. L. Klocke, M. Mangold, P. Allmendinger, A. Hugi, M. Geiser, P. Jouy, J. Faist, and T. Kottke, “Single-Shot Sub-microsecond Mid-infrared Spectroscopy on Protein Reactions with Quantum Cascade Laser Frequency Combs,” Anal. Chem. 90(17), 10494–10500 (2018).
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APL Photonics (1)

A. Asahara and K. Minoshima, “Development of ultrafast time-resolved dual-comb spectroscopy,” APL Photonics 2(4), 041301 (2017).
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Appl. Phys. B (2)

A. Foltynowicz, P. Masłowski, A. J. Fleisher, B. J. Bjork, and J. Ye, “Cavity-enhanced optical frequency comb spectroscopy in the mid-infrared application to trace detection of hydrogen peroxide,” Appl. Phys. B 110(2), 163–175 (2013).
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Y. Jin, S. M. Cristescu, F. J. M. Harren, and J. Mandon, “Femtosecond optical parametric oscillators toward real-time dual-comb spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. B 119(1), 65–74 (2015).
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Appl. Phys. Express (1)

S. Okubo, K. Iwakuni, H. Inaba, K. Hosaka, A. Onae, H. Sasada, and F.-L. Hong, “Ultra-broadband dual-comb spectroscopy across 1.0–1.9 µm,” Appl. Phys. Express 8(8), 082402 (2015).
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Appl. Phys. Lett. (3)

J. Westberg, L. A. Sterczewski, and G. Wysocki, “Mid-infrared multiheterodyne spectroscopy with phase-locked quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 110(14), 141108 (2017).
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P. Jouy, J. M. Wolf, Y. Bidaux, P. Allmendinger, M. Mangold, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “Dual comb operation of λ ∼ 8.2 µm quantum cascade laser frequency comb with 1 W optical power,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 111(14), 141102 (2017).
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M. Cassinerio, A. Gambetta, N. Coluccelli, P. Laporta, and G. Galzerano, “Absolute dual-comb spectroscopy at 1.55 µm by free-running Er:fiber lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104(23), 231102 (2014).
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Appl. Spectrosc. (1)

Atmos. Chem. Phys. (1)

E. M. Waxman, K. C. Cossel, F. Giorgetta, G.-W. Truong, W. C. Swann, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Estimating vehicle carbon dioxide emissions from Boulder, Colorado, using horizontal path-integrated column measurements,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19(7), 4177–4192 (2019).
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Atmos. Meas. Tech. (1)

E. M. Waxman, K. C. Cossel, G.-W. Truong, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, S. Coburn, R. J. Wright, G. B. Rieker, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Intercomparison of open-path trace gas measurements with two dual-frequency-comb spectrometers,” Atmos. Meas. Tech. 10(9), 3295–3311 (2017).
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J. Infrared Milli. Terahz. Waves (1)

L. Consolino, S. Bartalini, and P. De Natale, “Terahertz Frequency Metrology for Spectroscopic Applications: a Review,” J. Infrared Milli. Terahz. Waves 38(11), 1289–1315 (2017).
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J. Phys. Chem. Lett. (1)

A. J. Fleisher, B. J. Bjork, T. Q. Bui, K. C. Cossel, M. Okumura, and J. Ye, “Mid-Infrared Time-Resolved Frequency Comb Spectroscopy of Transient Free Radicals,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5(13), 2241–2246 (2014).
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J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer (1)

I. E. Gordon, L. S. Rothman, C. Hill, R. V. Kochanov, Y. Tan, P. F. Bernath, M. Birk, V. Boudon, A. Campargue, K. V. Chance, B. J. Drouin, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, J. T. Hodges, D. Jacquemart, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, K. P. Shine, M.-A. H. Smith, J. Tennyson, G. C. Toon, H. Tran, V. G. Tyuterev, A. Barbe, A. G. Császár, V. M. Devi, T. Furtenbacher, J. J. Harrison, J.-M. Hartmann, A. Jolly, T. J. Johnson, T. Karman, I. Kleiner, A. A. Kyuberis, J. Loos, O. M. Lyulin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, H. S. P. Müller, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, O. L. Polyansky, M. Rey, M. Rotger, S. W. Sharpe, K. Sung, E. Starikova, S. A. Tashkun, J. V. Auwera, G. Wagner, J. Wilzewski, P. Wcisło, S. Yu, and E. J. Zak, “The HITRAN2016 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 203, 3–69 (2017).
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Laser Phys. Lett. (1)

F. Zhu, A. Bicer, R. Askar, J. Bounds, A. A. Kolomenskii, V. Kelessides, M. Amani, and H. A. Schuessler, “Mid-infrared dual frequency comb spectroscopy based on fiber lasers for the detection of methane in ambient air,” Laser Phys. Lett. 12(9), 095701 (2015).
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Light: Sci. Appl. (1)

M. Yan, P.-L. Luo, K. Iwakuni, G. Millot, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy with electro-optic modulators,” Light: Sci. Appl. 6(10), e17076 (2017).
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Meas. Sci. Technol. (1)

N. H. Pinkowski, Y. Ding, C. L. Strand, R. K. Hanson, R. Horvath, and M. Geiser, “Dual-comb spectroscopy for high-temperature reaction kinetics,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 31(5), 055501 (2020).
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Nanophotonics (1)

J. Faist, G. Villares, G. Scalari, M. Rösch, C. Bonzon, A. Hugi, and M. Beck, “Quantum Cascade Laser Frequency Combs,” Nanophotonics 5(2), 272–291 (2016).
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Nat. Commun. (2)

G. Villares, A. Hugi, S. Blaser, and J. Faist, “Dual-comb spectroscopy based on quantum-cascade-laser frequency combs,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 5192 (2014).
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T. Ideguchi, A. Poisson, G. Guelachvili, N. Picqué, and T. W. Hänsch, “Adaptive real-time dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 3375 (2014).
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Nat. Photonics (3)

A. Schliesser, N. Picqué, and T. W. Hänsch, “Mid-infrared frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 6(7), 440–449 (2012).
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A. V. Muraviev, V. O. Smolski, Z. E. Loparo, and K. L. Vodopyanov, “Massively parallel sensing of trace molecules and their isotopologues with broadband subharmonic mid-infrared frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 12(4), 209–214 (2018).
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G. Ycas, F. R. Giorgetta, E. Baumann, I. Coddington, D. Herman, S. A. Diddams, and N. R. Newbury, “High-coherence mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy spanning 2.6 to 5.2 µm,” Nat. Photonics 12(4), 202–208 (2018).
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Opt. Express (15)

G.-W. Truong, E. M. Waxman, K. C. Cossel, E. Baumann, A. Klose, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, N. R. Newbury, and I. Coddington, “Accurate frequency referencing for fieldable dual-comb spectroscopy,” Opt. Express 24(26), 30495–30504 (2016).
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P. Giaccari, J.-D. Deschênes, P. Saucier, J. Genest, and P. Tremblay, “Active Fourier-transform spectroscopy combining the direct RF beating of two fiber-based mode-locked lasers with a novel referencing method,” Opt. Express 16(6), 4347–4365 (2008).
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J.-D. Deschênes, P. Giaccarri, and J. Genest, “Optical referencing technique with CW lasers as intermediate oscillators for continuous full delay range frequency comb interferometry,” Opt. Express 18(22), 23358–23370 (2010).
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J. Roy, J.-D. Deschênes, S. Potvin, and J. Genest, “Continuous real-time correction and averaging for frequency comb interferometry,” Opt. Express 20(20), 21932–21939 (2012).
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M. Brehm, A. Schliesser, and F. Keilmann, “Spectroscopic near-field microscopy using frequency combs in the mid-infrared,” Opt. Express 14(23), 11222–11233 (2006).
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A. Schliesser, M. Brehm, F. Keilmann, and D. van der Weide, “Frequency-comb infrared spectrometer for rapid, remote chemical sensing,” Opt. Express 13(22), 9029–9038 (2005).
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A. D. Draper, R. K. Cole, A. S. Makowiecki, J. Mohr, A. Zdanowicz, A. Marchese, N. Hoghooghi, and G. B. Rieker, “Broadband dual-frequency comb spectroscopy in a rapid compression machine,” Opt. Express 27(8), 10814–10825 (2019).
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H. Suchowski, V. Prabhudesai, D. Oron, A. Arie, and Y. Silberberg, “Robust adiabatic sum frequency conversion,” Opt. Express 17(15), 12731 (2009).
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Z. Zhu, K. Ni, Q. Zhou, and G. Wu, “Digital correction method for realizing a phase-stable dual-comb interferometer,” Opt. Express 26(13), 16813–16823 (2018).
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N. R. Newbury, I. Coddington, and W. C. Swann, “Sensitivity of coherent dual-comb spectroscopy,” Opt. Express 18(8), 7929–7945 (2010).
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L. A. Sterczewski, L. A. Sterczewski, L. A. Sterczewski, J. Westberg, and G. Wysocki, “Computational coherent averaging for free-running dual-comb spectroscopy,” Opt. Express 27(17), 23875–23893 (2019).
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F. Adler, P. Masłowski, A. Foltynowicz, K. C. Cossel, T. C. Briles, I. Hartl, and J. Ye, “Mid-infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy with a broadband frequency comb,” Opt. Express 18(21), 21861 (2010).
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F. C. Cruz, D. L. Maser, T. Johnson, G. Ycas, A. Klose, F. R. Giorgetta, I. Coddington, and S. A. Diddams, “Mid-infrared optical frequency combs based on difference frequency generation for molecular spectroscopy,” Opt. Express 23(20), 26814 (2015).
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I. Galli, F. Cappelli, P. Cancio, G. Giusfredi, D. Mazzotti, S. Bartalini, and P. D. Natale, “High-coherence mid-infrared frequency comb,” Opt. Express 21(23), 28877–28885 (2013).
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Y. Jin, S. M. Cristescu, F. J. M. Harren, and J. Mandon, “Two-crystal mid-infrared optical parametric oscillator for absorption and dispersion dual-comb spectroscopy,” Opt. Lett. 39(11), 3270–3273 (2014).
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Z. Zhang, T. Gardiner, and D. T. Reid, “Mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy with an optical parametric oscillator,” Opt. Lett. 38(16), 3148–3150 (2013).
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A. Khodabakhsh, V. Ramaiah-Badarla, L. Rutkowski, A. C. Johansson, K. F. Lee, J. Jiang, C. Mohr, M. E. Fermann, and A. Foltynowicz, “Fourier transform and Vernier spectroscopy using an optical frequency comb at 3–5.4 um,” Opt. Lett. 41(11), 2541–2544 (2016).
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L. A. Sterczewski, J. Westberg, M. Bagheri, C. Frez, I. Vurgaftman, C. L. Canedy, W. W. Bewley, C. D. Merritt, C. S. Kim, M. Kim, J. R. Meyer, and G. Wysocki, ““Mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy with interband cascade lasers,” Opt. Lett. 44(8), 2113–2116 (2019).
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J. Moses, H. Suchowski, and F. X. Kärtner, “Fully efficient adiabatic frequency conversion of broadband Ti:sapphire oscillator pulses,” Opt. Lett. 37(9), 1589 (2012).
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Optica (7)

G. B. Rieker, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, J. Kofler, A. M. Zolot, L. C. Sinclair, E. Baumann, C. Cromer, G. Petron, C. Sweeney, P. P. Tans, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Frequency-comb-based remote sensing of greenhouse gases over kilometer air paths,” Optica 1(5), 290–298 (2014).
[Crossref]

I. Coddington, N. Newbury, and W. Swann, “Dual-comb spectroscopy,” Optica 3(4), 414–426 (2016).
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H. Timmers, A. Kowligy, A. Lind, F. C. Cruz, N. Nader, M. Silfies, G. Ycas, T. K. Allison, P. G. Schunemann, S. B. Papp, and S. A. Diddams, “Molecular fingerprinting with bright, broadband infrared frequency combs,” Optica 5(6), 727–732 (2018).
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G. Ycas, F. R. Giorgetta, K. C. Cossel, E. M. Waxman, E. Baumann, N. R. Newbury, and I. Coddington, ““Mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy of volatile organic compounds across long open-air paths,” Optica,” Optica 6(2), 165–168 (2019).
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S. Coburn, C. B. Alden, R. Wright, K. Cossel, E. Baumann, G.-W. Truong, F. Giorgetta, C. Sweeney, N. R. Newbury, K. Prasad, I. Coddington, and G. B. Rieker, “Regional trace-gas source attribution using a field-deployed dual frequency comb spectrometer,” Optica 5(4), 320–327 (2018).
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Phys. Rev. A (1)

E. Baumann, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, A. M. Zolot, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Spectroscopy of the methane ν3 band with an accurate midinfrared coherent dual-comb spectrometer,” Phys. Rev. A 84(6), 062513 (2011).
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Proc. Combust. Inst. (1)

P. J. Schroeder, R. J. Wright, S. Coburn, B. Sodergren, K. C. Cossel, S. Droste, G. W. Truong, E. Baumann, F. R. Giorgetta, I. Coddington, N. R. Newbury, and G. B. Rieker, “Dual frequency comb laser absorption spectroscopy in a 16 MW gas turbine exhaust,” Proc. Combust. Inst. 36(3), 4565–4573 (2017).
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Proc. IRE (1)

C. E. Shannon, “Communication in the Presence of Noise,” Proc. IRE 37(1), 10–21 (1949).
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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. (1)

Z. Chen, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Mid-infrared feed-forward dual-comb spectroscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 116(9), 3454–3459 (2019).
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Rev. Sci. Instrum. (1)

L. C. Sinclair, J.-D. Deschênes, L. Sonderhouse, W. C. Swann, I. H. Khader, E. Baumann, N. R. Newbury, and I. Coddington, “Invited Article: A compact optically coherent fiber frequency comb,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86(8), 081301 (2015).
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Sci. Adv. (2)

D. Burghoff, Y. Yang, and Q. Hu, “Computational multiheterodyne spectroscopy,” Sci. Adv. 2(11), e1601227 (2016).
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Sci. Rep. (1)

M. A. Abbas, Q. Pan, J. Mandon, S. M. Cristescu, F. J. M. Harren, and A. Khodabakhsh, “Time-resolved mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy,” Sci. Rep. 9(1), 1–9 (2019).
[Crossref]

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Figures (9)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. System diagram for a single comb showing (a) a block diagram of a single mid-IR frequency comb, (b) a photograph of the system in (a) with beam paths added, and (c) the chirped waveguide PPLN poling design. PM: polarization maintaining, EDFA: erbium doped fiber amplifier, HNLF: highly-nonlinear fiber, PPLN: periodically poled lithium niobate.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. (a) Spectrum of the 1.1 µm signal light measured after the waveguide shown both without pump-signal pulse overlap (black) and with overlap (red). The difference shows depletion of the signal light in the converted band. In this case, incident pump power was ∼70 mW corresponding to ∼50% conversion of the 1.1 µm light. (b) Spectrum of the pump pulse. (c) Spectrum of the generated mid-IR comb idler light from a single comb. (d) Measured mid-IR output power as function of the incident 1.56 µm power (black points) and a fit to the Landau-Zener approximation (red line). At the higher input power levels, there is clear evidence of saturation in the mid-IR output. The fit asymptotically approaches 7.6 mW. The 1.1 µm light is held at a fixed power throughout.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Schematic of comb locking scheme. Frequency control flows roughly left to right. The repetition rate of the system is defined by a phase lock of the comb 1 repetition rate to a 10 MHz time base. Mutual coherence between the combs is established by locking both fceo frequencies and by offset locking of an external cavity diode laser (ECDL) to comb 1 (fopt,1) and then locking comb 2 to the ECDL (fopt,2). PLL: phase-lock loop. (b) Power spectral density (left) and integrated phase noise (right) for the differential phase noise between combs at the fceo and fopt lock points.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. (a) Ten sequential phase-corrected interferogram centerbursts over plotted on each other. (b) Scatter plot of the Fourier transform of a time series with 139 interferograms. Comb tooth peaks are plotted in black and the rest of the points are plotted gray. (c) Line plot of a zoom-in of b) near center showing well resolved comb lines. (d-f) As above, but with no phase correction.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Schematic of open-path dual-comb spectrometer. Mid-infrared light from two combs are combined and launched into a polarization-maintaining ZrF4 fiber. The fiber transports light to the telescope system, which uses a reflective collimator and reflective beam expander to launch a collimated beam. At the end of the 120 m outdoor path a 5-inch-diameter corner-cube retro-reflector returns the light to the telescope. A linear polarizer in combination with the PM ZrF4 fiber suppresses both temporal and spectral variation due to the input polarization. The bottom panels show a measured transmission spectrum averaged for 168 minutes achieved by dividing the signal spectrum with the reference spectrum and applying a piecewise polynomial baseline correction as discussed in ref [16] (black traces). The red traces are a model transmission using Hitran 2008 lineshape parameters for H2O and CH4 [60] and show good agreement with the measurement.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. (a) The raw reference spectrum (red) and signal spectrum (black) as acquired across a 120 m open-air path. Discrepancies between the reference and signal spectra are stable over time and can be removed by four-point normalization. (b) Comparison of normalized spectra for different delays across more than a day (offset for clarity), the variations are below ± 2% as shown in the right panel. A linear baseline was removed from the change spectra. The structure at frequencies above 86 THz is due to changing water concentrations of the outdoor air. Traces are offset for clarity.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Fit of ethane and propane. The black trace is the normalized DCS spectrum averaged over 1 hour (21:00 to 22:00, 3/7/2019) and smoothed to 2 GHz resolution with the cubic baseline polynomial, water and methane removed. The red line is the combined ethane and propane fit using the PNNL database, showing good agreement with the DCS measurement. Also shown are the individual spectra for ethane (green line, 14.2 ppm·m concentration) and propane (blue line, 18.8 ppm·m concentration).
Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Open-path gas retrievals over 30 hours of continuous operation.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. Spectral SNR. a) spectral SNR for the raw signal channel averaged for 1 minute. b) spectral SNR for the 4-way normalized spectrum averaged for 512 minutes after H2O and CH4 removal. The different spectral windows of 1 THz, 6 THz and 12 THz widths used to calculate the different SNR values are indicated by arrows. c) Average SNR versus averaging time over a narrow 1 THz window, (red) a 6 THz window (green) and a 12 THz window (blue). The variations in SNR between spectral windows at short averaging times are due to differing average light power within the windows. The flattening of the 12 THz window SNR for longer averaging time is caused by spikes at spectral frequencies > 86 THz originating from imperfect removal of saturated water and methane lines in the spectral fit. Note that the SNR values in c) are lower than in a) due to the 4-way normalization.

Equations (2)

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η L Z = [ 1 exp ( B I P ) ]
I n o r m ( ν ) = I S i g n a l / I R e f I S i g n a l , 0 / I R e f , 0 ,

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