Abstract

The identification of plastic type is important for environmental applications ranging from recycling to understanding the fate of plastics in marine, atmospheric, and terrestrial environments. Infrared reflectance spectroscopy is a powerful approach for plastics identification, requiring only optical access to a sample. The use of visible and near-infrared wavelengths for plastics identification are limiting as dark colored plastics absorb at these wavelengths, producing no reflectance spectra. The use of mid-infrared wavelengths instead enables dark plastics to be identified. Here we demonstrate the capability to utilize a pulsed, widely-tunable (5.59 - 7.41 µm) mid-infrared quantum cascade laser, as the source for reflectance spectroscopy, for the rapid and robust identification of plastics. Through the application of linear discriminant analysis to the resulting spectral data set, we demonstrate that we can correctly classify five plastic types: polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS), with a 97% accuracy rate.

© 2020 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement

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References

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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]

2018 (1)

M. R. Jung, F. D. Horgen, S. V. Orski, V. Rodriguez C, K. L. Beers, G. H. Balazs, T. T. Jones, T. M. Work, K. C. Brignac, S.-J. Royer, K. D. Hyrenbach, B. A. Jensen, and J. M. Lynch, “Validation of ATR FT-IR to identify polymers of plastic marine debris, including those ingested by marine organisms,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 127, 704–716 (2018).
[Crossref]

2017 (4)

W. J. Shim, S. H. Hong, and S. E. Eo, “Identification methods in microplastic analysis: a review,” Anal. Methods 9(9), 1384–1391 (2017).
[Crossref]

K. M. M. Shameem, K. S. Choudhari, A. Bankapur, S. D. Kulkarni, V. K. Unnikrishnan, S. D. George, V. B. Kartha, and C. Santhosh, “A hybrid LIBS–Raman system combined with chemometrics: an efficient tool for plastic identification and sorting,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 409(13), 3299–3308 (2017).
[Crossref]

W. Becker, K. Sachsenheimer, and M. Klemenz, “Detection of Black Plastics in the Middle Infrared Spectrum (MIR) Using Photon Up-Conversion Technique for Polymer Recycling Purposes,” Polymers 9(12), 435 (2017).
[Crossref]

O. Rozenstein, E. Puckrin, and J. Adamowski, “Development of a new approach based on midwave infrared spectroscopy for post-consumer black plastic waste sorting in the recycling industry,” Waste Manage. (Oxford, U. K.) 68, 38–44 (2017).
[Crossref]

2016 (3)

D. Saviello, L. Toniolo, S. Goidanich, and F. Casadio, “Non-invasive identification of plastic materials in museum collections with portable FTIR reflectance spectroscopy: Reference database and practical applications,” Microchem. J. 124, 868–877 (2016).
[Crossref]

Z. Li, C. Shi, and W. Ren, “Mid-infrared multimode fiber-coupled quantum cascade laser for off-beam quartz-enhanced photoacoustic detection,” Opt. Lett. 41(17), 4095–4098 (2016).
[Crossref]

J. Brandon, M. Goldstein, and M. D. Ohman, “Long-term aging and degradation of microplastic particles: Comparing in situ oceanic and experimental weathering patterns,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 110(1), 299–308 (2016).
[Crossref]

2015 (1)

K. A. Whittaker, J. Keaveney, I. G. Hughes, and C. S. Adams, “Hilbert transform: Applications to atomic spectra,” Phys. Rev. A 91(3), 032513 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (4)

2013 (2)

V. Spagnolo, P. Patimisco, S. Borri, G. Scamarcio, B. E. Bernacki, and J. Kriesel, “Mid-infrared fiber-coupled QCL-QEPAS sensor,” Appl. Phys. B 112(1), 25–33 (2013).
[Crossref]

M. Brandstetter, L. Volgger, A. Genner, C. Jungbauer, and B. Lendl, “Direct determination of glucose, lactate and triglycerides in blood serum by a tunable quantum cascade laser-based mid-IR sensor,” Appl. Phys. B 110(2), 233–239 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (2)

C. C. Harb, T. K. Boyson, A. G. Kallapur, I. R. Petersen, M. E. Calzada, T. G. Spence, K. P. Kirkbride, and D. S. Moore, “Pulsed quantum cascade laser-based CRDS substance detection: real-time detection of TNT,” Opt. Express 20(14), 15489–15502 (2012).
[Crossref]

H. Masoumi, S. Mohsen Safavi, and Z. Khani, “Identification and Classification of Plastic Resins using Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy,” World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol. Int. J. Mech. Mechatron. Eng. 6, 877–884 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (2)

J. Anzano, B. Bonilla, B. Montull-Ibor, and J. Casas-González, “Plastic identification and comparison by multivariate techniques with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 121(5), 2710–2716 (2011).
[Crossref]

L. Dong, V. Spagnolo, R. Lewicki, and F. K. Tittel, “Ppb-level detection of nitric oxide using an external cavity quantum cascade laser based QEPAS sensor,” Opt. Express 19(24), 24037–24045 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (2)

R. F. Curl, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, A. A. Kosterev, B. McManus, R. Lewicki, M. Pusharsky, G. Wysocki, and F. K. Tittel, “Quantum cascade lasers in chemical physics,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 487(1-3), 1–18 (2010).
[Crossref]

M. Boulet-Audet, T. Buffeteau, S. Boudreault, N. Daugey, and M. Pézolet, “Quantitative Determination of Band Distortions in Diamond Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared Spectra,” J. Phys. Chem. B 114(24), 8255–8261 (2010).
[Crossref]

2008 (1)

A. Kosterev, G. Wysocki, Y. Bakhirkin, S. So, R. Lewicki, M. Fraser, F. Tittel, and R. F. Curl, “Application of quantum cascade lasers to trace gas analysis,” Appl. Phys. B 90(2), 165–176 (2008).
[Crossref]

2007 (2)

M. A. Gondal and M. N. Siddiqui, “Identification of different kinds of plastics using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for waste management,” J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. 42(13), 1989–1997 (2007).
[Crossref]

B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflügl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Höfler, and J. Faist, “Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(23), 231101 (2007).
[Crossref]

2005 (2)

G. Wysocki, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, R. Maulini, J. M. Bulliard, and J. Faist, “Widely tunable mode-hop free external cavity quantum cascade laser for high resolution spectroscopic applications,” Appl. Phys. B 81(6), 769–777 (2005).
[Crossref]

H. von Lilienfeld-Toal, M. Weidenmüller, A. Xhelaj, and W. Mäntele, “A novel approach to non-invasive glucose measurement by mid-infrared spectroscopy: The combination of quantum cascade lasers (QCL) and photoacoustic detection,” Vib. Spectrosc. 38(1-2), 209–215 (2005).
[Crossref]

2000 (1)

J. M. Anzano, I. B. Gornushkin, B. W. Smith, and J. D. Winefordner, “Laser-induced plasma spectroscopy for plastic identification,” Polym. Eng. Sci. 40(11), 2423–2429 (2000).
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

Adamowski, J.

O. Rozenstein, E. Puckrin, and J. Adamowski, “Development of a new approach based on midwave infrared spectroscopy for post-consumer black plastic waste sorting in the recycling industry,” Waste Manage. (Oxford, U. K.) 68, 38–44 (2017).
[Crossref]

Adams, C. S.

K. A. Whittaker, J. Keaveney, I. G. Hughes, and C. S. Adams, “Hilbert transform: Applications to atomic spectra,” Phys. Rev. A 91(3), 032513 (2015).
[Crossref]

Allen, V.

Anzano, J.

J. Anzano, B. Bonilla, B. Montull-Ibor, and J. Casas-González, “Plastic identification and comparison by multivariate techniques with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 121(5), 2710–2716 (2011).
[Crossref]

Anzano, J. M.

J. M. Anzano, I. B. Gornushkin, B. W. Smith, and J. D. Winefordner, “Laser-induced plasma spectroscopy for plastic identification,” Polym. Eng. Sci. 40(11), 2423–2429 (2000).
[Crossref]

Audet, R.

B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflügl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Höfler, and J. Faist, “Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(23), 231101 (2007).
[Crossref]

Bakhirkin, Y.

A. Kosterev, G. Wysocki, Y. Bakhirkin, S. So, R. Lewicki, M. Fraser, F. Tittel, and R. F. Curl, “Application of quantum cascade lasers to trace gas analysis,” Appl. Phys. B 90(2), 165–176 (2008).
[Crossref]

Balazs, G. H.

M. R. Jung, F. D. Horgen, S. V. Orski, V. Rodriguez C, K. L. Beers, G. H. Balazs, T. T. Jones, T. M. Work, K. C. Brignac, S.-J. Royer, K. D. Hyrenbach, B. A. Jensen, and J. M. Lynch, “Validation of ATR FT-IR to identify polymers of plastic marine debris, including those ingested by marine organisms,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 127, 704–716 (2018).
[Crossref]

Bankapur, A.

K. M. M. Shameem, K. S. Choudhari, A. Bankapur, S. D. Kulkarni, V. K. Unnikrishnan, S. D. George, V. B. Kartha, and C. Santhosh, “A hybrid LIBS–Raman system combined with chemometrics: an efficient tool for plastic identification and sorting,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 409(13), 3299–3308 (2017).
[Crossref]

Bartolozzi, G.

Becker, W.

W. Becker, K. Sachsenheimer, and M. Klemenz, “Detection of Black Plastics in the Middle Infrared Spectrum (MIR) Using Photon Up-Conversion Technique for Polymer Recycling Purposes,” Polymers 9(12), 435 (2017).
[Crossref]

Beers, K. L.

M. R. Jung, F. D. Horgen, S. V. Orski, V. Rodriguez C, K. L. Beers, G. H. Balazs, T. T. Jones, T. M. Work, K. C. Brignac, S.-J. Royer, K. D. Hyrenbach, B. A. Jensen, and J. M. Lynch, “Validation of ATR FT-IR to identify polymers of plastic marine debris, including those ingested by marine organisms,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 127, 704–716 (2018).
[Crossref]

Belkin, M. A.

B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflügl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Höfler, and J. Faist, “Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(23), 231101 (2007).
[Crossref]

Bernacki, B. E.

V. Spagnolo, P. Patimisco, S. Borri, G. Scamarcio, B. E. Bernacki, and J. Kriesel, “Mid-infrared fiber-coupled QCL-QEPAS sensor,” Appl. Phys. B 112(1), 25–33 (2013).
[Crossref]

Bonilla, B.

J. Anzano, B. Bonilla, B. Montull-Ibor, and J. Casas-González, “Plastic identification and comparison by multivariate techniques with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 121(5), 2710–2716 (2011).
[Crossref]

Borri, S.

V. Spagnolo, P. Patimisco, S. Borri, G. Scamarcio, B. E. Bernacki, and J. Kriesel, “Mid-infrared fiber-coupled QCL-QEPAS sensor,” Appl. Phys. B 112(1), 25–33 (2013).
[Crossref]

Bors, K. A.

Boudreault, S.

M. Boulet-Audet, T. Buffeteau, S. Boudreault, N. Daugey, and M. Pézolet, “Quantitative Determination of Band Distortions in Diamond Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared Spectra,” J. Phys. Chem. B 114(24), 8255–8261 (2010).
[Crossref]

Boulet-Audet, M.

M. Boulet-Audet, T. Buffeteau, S. Boudreault, N. Daugey, and M. Pézolet, “Quantitative Determination of Band Distortions in Diamond Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared Spectra,” J. Phys. Chem. B 114(24), 8255–8261 (2010).
[Crossref]

Bour, D.

B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflügl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Höfler, and J. Faist, “Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(23), 231101 (2007).
[Crossref]

Boyson, T. K.

Brandon, J.

J. Brandon, M. Goldstein, and M. D. Ohman, “Long-term aging and degradation of microplastic particles: Comparing in situ oceanic and experimental weathering patterns,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 110(1), 299–308 (2016).
[Crossref]

Brandstetter, M.

M. Brandstetter, L. Volgger, A. Genner, C. Jungbauer, and B. Lendl, “Direct determination of glucose, lactate and triglycerides in blood serum by a tunable quantum cascade laser-based mid-IR sensor,” Appl. Phys. B 110(2), 233–239 (2013).
[Crossref]

Brignac, K. C.

M. R. Jung, F. D. Horgen, S. V. Orski, V. Rodriguez C, K. L. Beers, G. H. Balazs, T. T. Jones, T. M. Work, K. C. Brignac, S.-J. Royer, K. D. Hyrenbach, B. A. Jensen, and J. M. Lynch, “Validation of ATR FT-IR to identify polymers of plastic marine debris, including those ingested by marine organisms,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 127, 704–716 (2018).
[Crossref]

Buffeteau, T.

M. Boulet-Audet, T. Buffeteau, S. Boudreault, N. Daugey, and M. Pézolet, “Quantitative Determination of Band Distortions in Diamond Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared Spectra,” J. Phys. Chem. B 114(24), 8255–8261 (2010).
[Crossref]

Bulliard, J. M.

G. Wysocki, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, R. Maulini, J. M. Bulliard, and J. Faist, “Widely tunable mode-hop free external cavity quantum cascade laser for high resolution spectroscopic applications,” Appl. Phys. B 81(6), 769–777 (2005).
[Crossref]

Calzada, M. E.

Capasso, F.

R. F. Curl, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, A. A. Kosterev, B. McManus, R. Lewicki, M. Pusharsky, G. Wysocki, and F. K. Tittel, “Quantum cascade lasers in chemical physics,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 487(1-3), 1–18 (2010).
[Crossref]

B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflügl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Höfler, and J. Faist, “Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(23), 231101 (2007).
[Crossref]

Casadio, F.

D. Saviello, L. Toniolo, S. Goidanich, and F. Casadio, “Non-invasive identification of plastic materials in museum collections with portable FTIR reflectance spectroscopy: Reference database and practical applications,” Microchem. J. 124, 868–877 (2016).
[Crossref]

Casas-González, J.

J. Anzano, B. Bonilla, B. Montull-Ibor, and J. Casas-González, “Plastic identification and comparison by multivariate techniques with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 121(5), 2710–2716 (2011).
[Crossref]

Chapman, D.

B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflügl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Höfler, and J. Faist, “Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(23), 231101 (2007).
[Crossref]

Chebib, H.

A. Kassouf, J. Maalouly, D. N. Rutledge, H. Chebib, and V. Ducruet, “Rapid discrimination of plastic packaging materials using MIR spectroscopy coupled with independent components analysis (ICA),” Waste Manage. (Oxford, U. K.) 34(11), 2131–2138 (2014).
[Crossref]

Choudhari, K. S.

K. M. M. Shameem, K. S. Choudhari, A. Bankapur, S. D. Kulkarni, V. K. Unnikrishnan, S. D. George, V. B. Kartha, and C. Santhosh, “A hybrid LIBS–Raman system combined with chemometrics: an efficient tool for plastic identification and sorting,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 409(13), 3299–3308 (2017).
[Crossref]

Corzine, S.

B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflügl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Höfler, and J. Faist, “Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(23), 231101 (2007).
[Crossref]

Cucci, C.

Curl, R. F.

R. F. Curl, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, A. A. Kosterev, B. McManus, R. Lewicki, M. Pusharsky, G. Wysocki, and F. K. Tittel, “Quantum cascade lasers in chemical physics,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 487(1-3), 1–18 (2010).
[Crossref]

A. Kosterev, G. Wysocki, Y. Bakhirkin, S. So, R. Lewicki, M. Fraser, F. Tittel, and R. F. Curl, “Application of quantum cascade lasers to trace gas analysis,” Appl. Phys. B 90(2), 165–176 (2008).
[Crossref]

G. Wysocki, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, R. Maulini, J. M. Bulliard, and J. Faist, “Widely tunable mode-hop free external cavity quantum cascade laser for high resolution spectroscopic applications,” Appl. Phys. B 81(6), 769–777 (2005).
[Crossref]

Daugey, N.

M. Boulet-Audet, T. Buffeteau, S. Boudreault, N. Daugey, and M. Pézolet, “Quantitative Determination of Band Distortions in Diamond Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared Spectra,” J. Phys. Chem. B 114(24), 8255–8261 (2010).
[Crossref]

Diehl, L.

B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflügl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Höfler, and J. Faist, “Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(23), 231101 (2007).
[Crossref]

Dong, L.

Doyle, J.

Ducruet, V.

A. Kassouf, J. Maalouly, D. N. Rutledge, H. Chebib, and V. Ducruet, “Rapid discrimination of plastic packaging materials using MIR spectroscopy coupled with independent components analysis (ICA),” Waste Manage. (Oxford, U. K.) 34(11), 2131–2138 (2014).
[Crossref]

Eo, S. E.

W. J. Shim, S. H. Hong, and S. E. Eo, “Identification methods in microplastic analysis: a review,” Anal. Methods 9(9), 1384–1391 (2017).
[Crossref]

Faist, J.

B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflügl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Höfler, and J. Faist, “Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(23), 231101 (2007).
[Crossref]

G. Wysocki, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, R. Maulini, J. M. Bulliard, and J. Faist, “Widely tunable mode-hop free external cavity quantum cascade laser for high resolution spectroscopic applications,” Appl. Phys. B 81(6), 769–777 (2005).
[Crossref]

Fraser, M.

A. Kosterev, G. Wysocki, Y. Bakhirkin, S. So, R. Lewicki, M. Fraser, F. Tittel, and R. F. Curl, “Application of quantum cascade lasers to trace gas analysis,” Appl. Phys. B 90(2), 165–176 (2008).
[Crossref]

Galeotti, M.

Genner, A.

M. Brandstetter, L. Volgger, A. Genner, C. Jungbauer, and B. Lendl, “Direct determination of glucose, lactate and triglycerides in blood serum by a tunable quantum cascade laser-based mid-IR sensor,” Appl. Phys. B 110(2), 233–239 (2013).
[Crossref]

George, S. D.

K. M. M. Shameem, K. S. Choudhari, A. Bankapur, S. D. Kulkarni, V. K. Unnikrishnan, S. D. George, V. B. Kartha, and C. Santhosh, “A hybrid LIBS–Raman system combined with chemometrics: an efficient tool for plastic identification and sorting,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 409(13), 3299–3308 (2017).
[Crossref]

Gmachl, C.

R. F. Curl, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, A. A. Kosterev, B. McManus, R. Lewicki, M. Pusharsky, G. Wysocki, and F. K. Tittel, “Quantum cascade lasers in chemical physics,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 487(1-3), 1–18 (2010).
[Crossref]

Gmachl, C. F.

Goidanich, S.

D. Saviello, L. Toniolo, S. Goidanich, and F. Casadio, “Non-invasive identification of plastic materials in museum collections with portable FTIR reflectance spectroscopy: Reference database and practical applications,” Microchem. J. 124, 868–877 (2016).
[Crossref]

Goldstein, M.

J. Brandon, M. Goldstein, and M. D. Ohman, “Long-term aging and degradation of microplastic particles: Comparing in situ oceanic and experimental weathering patterns,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 110(1), 299–308 (2016).
[Crossref]

Gondal, M. A.

M. A. Gondal and M. N. Siddiqui, “Identification of different kinds of plastics using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for waste management,” J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. 42(13), 1989–1997 (2007).
[Crossref]

Gornushkin, I. B.

J. M. Anzano, I. B. Gornushkin, B. W. Smith, and J. D. Winefordner, “Laser-induced plasma spectroscopy for plastic identification,” Polym. Eng. Sci. 40(11), 2423–2429 (2000).
[Crossref]

Harb, C. C.

Höfler, G.

B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflügl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Höfler, and J. Faist, “Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(23), 231101 (2007).
[Crossref]

Hong, S. H.

W. J. Shim, S. H. Hong, and S. E. Eo, “Identification methods in microplastic analysis: a review,” Anal. Methods 9(9), 1384–1391 (2017).
[Crossref]

Horgen, F. D.

M. R. Jung, F. D. Horgen, S. V. Orski, V. Rodriguez C, K. L. Beers, G. H. Balazs, T. T. Jones, T. M. Work, K. C. Brignac, S.-J. Royer, K. D. Hyrenbach, B. A. Jensen, and J. M. Lynch, “Validation of ATR FT-IR to identify polymers of plastic marine debris, including those ingested by marine organisms,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 127, 704–716 (2018).
[Crossref]

Hughes, I. G.

K. A. Whittaker, J. Keaveney, I. G. Hughes, and C. S. Adams, “Hilbert transform: Applications to atomic spectra,” Phys. Rev. A 91(3), 032513 (2015).
[Crossref]

Hyrenbach, K. D.

M. R. Jung, F. D. Horgen, S. V. Orski, V. Rodriguez C, K. L. Beers, G. H. Balazs, T. T. Jones, T. M. Work, K. C. Brignac, S.-J. Royer, K. D. Hyrenbach, B. A. Jensen, and J. M. Lynch, “Validation of ATR FT-IR to identify polymers of plastic marine debris, including those ingested by marine organisms,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 127, 704–716 (2018).
[Crossref]

Jensen, B. A.

M. R. Jung, F. D. Horgen, S. V. Orski, V. Rodriguez C, K. L. Beers, G. H. Balazs, T. T. Jones, T. M. Work, K. C. Brignac, S.-J. Royer, K. D. Hyrenbach, B. A. Jensen, and J. M. Lynch, “Validation of ATR FT-IR to identify polymers of plastic marine debris, including those ingested by marine organisms,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 127, 704–716 (2018).
[Crossref]

Jones, T. T.

M. R. Jung, F. D. Horgen, S. V. Orski, V. Rodriguez C, K. L. Beers, G. H. Balazs, T. T. Jones, T. M. Work, K. C. Brignac, S.-J. Royer, K. D. Hyrenbach, B. A. Jensen, and J. M. Lynch, “Validation of ATR FT-IR to identify polymers of plastic marine debris, including those ingested by marine organisms,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 127, 704–716 (2018).
[Crossref]

Jung, M. R.

M. R. Jung, F. D. Horgen, S. V. Orski, V. Rodriguez C, K. L. Beers, G. H. Balazs, T. T. Jones, T. M. Work, K. C. Brignac, S.-J. Royer, K. D. Hyrenbach, B. A. Jensen, and J. M. Lynch, “Validation of ATR FT-IR to identify polymers of plastic marine debris, including those ingested by marine organisms,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 127, 704–716 (2018).
[Crossref]

Jungbauer, C.

M. Brandstetter, L. Volgger, A. Genner, C. Jungbauer, and B. Lendl, “Direct determination of glucose, lactate and triglycerides in blood serum by a tunable quantum cascade laser-based mid-IR sensor,” Appl. Phys. B 110(2), 233–239 (2013).
[Crossref]

Kalivas, J. H.

Kallapur, A. G.

Kartha, V. B.

K. M. M. Shameem, K. S. Choudhari, A. Bankapur, S. D. Kulkarni, V. K. Unnikrishnan, S. D. George, V. B. Kartha, and C. Santhosh, “A hybrid LIBS–Raman system combined with chemometrics: an efficient tool for plastic identification and sorting,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 409(13), 3299–3308 (2017).
[Crossref]

Kassouf, A.

A. Kassouf, J. Maalouly, D. N. Rutledge, H. Chebib, and V. Ducruet, “Rapid discrimination of plastic packaging materials using MIR spectroscopy coupled with independent components analysis (ICA),” Waste Manage. (Oxford, U. K.) 34(11), 2131–2138 (2014).
[Crossref]

Keaveney, J.

K. A. Whittaker, J. Keaveney, I. G. Hughes, and C. S. Adams, “Hilbert transform: Applications to atomic spectra,” Phys. Rev. A 91(3), 032513 (2015).
[Crossref]

Khani, Z.

H. Masoumi, S. Mohsen Safavi, and Z. Khani, “Identification and Classification of Plastic Resins using Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy,” World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol. Int. J. Mech. Mechatron. Eng. 6, 877–884 (2012).
[Crossref]

Kirkbride, K. P.

Klemenz, M.

W. Becker, K. Sachsenheimer, and M. Klemenz, “Detection of Black Plastics in the Middle Infrared Spectrum (MIR) Using Photon Up-Conversion Technique for Polymer Recycling Purposes,” Polymers 9(12), 435 (2017).
[Crossref]

Kosterev, A.

A. Kosterev, G. Wysocki, Y. Bakhirkin, S. So, R. Lewicki, M. Fraser, F. Tittel, and R. F. Curl, “Application of quantum cascade lasers to trace gas analysis,” Appl. Phys. B 90(2), 165–176 (2008).
[Crossref]

Kosterev, A. A.

R. F. Curl, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, A. A. Kosterev, B. McManus, R. Lewicki, M. Pusharsky, G. Wysocki, and F. K. Tittel, “Quantum cascade lasers in chemical physics,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 487(1-3), 1–18 (2010).
[Crossref]

Kriesel, J.

V. Spagnolo, P. Patimisco, S. Borri, G. Scamarcio, B. E. Bernacki, and J. Kriesel, “Mid-infrared fiber-coupled QCL-QEPAS sensor,” Appl. Phys. B 112(1), 25–33 (2013).
[Crossref]

Krimm, S.

S. Krimm, Infrared Spectra of High Polymers. In Fortschritte Der Hochpolymeren-Forschung (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1960).

Kulkarni, S. D.

K. M. M. Shameem, K. S. Choudhari, A. Bankapur, S. D. Kulkarni, V. K. Unnikrishnan, S. D. George, V. B. Kartha, and C. Santhosh, “A hybrid LIBS–Raman system combined with chemometrics: an efficient tool for plastic identification and sorting,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 409(13), 3299–3308 (2017).
[Crossref]

Lee, B. G.

B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflügl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Höfler, and J. Faist, “Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(23), 231101 (2007).
[Crossref]

Lendl, B.

M. Brandstetter, L. Volgger, A. Genner, C. Jungbauer, and B. Lendl, “Direct determination of glucose, lactate and triglycerides in blood serum by a tunable quantum cascade laser-based mid-IR sensor,” Appl. Phys. B 110(2), 233–239 (2013).
[Crossref]

Lewicki, R.

L. Dong, V. Spagnolo, R. Lewicki, and F. K. Tittel, “Ppb-level detection of nitric oxide using an external cavity quantum cascade laser based QEPAS sensor,” Opt. Express 19(24), 24037–24045 (2011).
[Crossref]

R. F. Curl, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, A. A. Kosterev, B. McManus, R. Lewicki, M. Pusharsky, G. Wysocki, and F. K. Tittel, “Quantum cascade lasers in chemical physics,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 487(1-3), 1–18 (2010).
[Crossref]

A. Kosterev, G. Wysocki, Y. Bakhirkin, S. So, R. Lewicki, M. Fraser, F. Tittel, and R. F. Curl, “Application of quantum cascade lasers to trace gas analysis,” Appl. Phys. B 90(2), 165–176 (2008).
[Crossref]

Li, Z.

Liakat, S.

Lynch, J. M.

M. R. Jung, F. D. Horgen, S. V. Orski, V. Rodriguez C, K. L. Beers, G. H. Balazs, T. T. Jones, T. M. Work, K. C. Brignac, S.-J. Royer, K. D. Hyrenbach, B. A. Jensen, and J. M. Lynch, “Validation of ATR FT-IR to identify polymers of plastic marine debris, including those ingested by marine organisms,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 127, 704–716 (2018).
[Crossref]

Maalouly, J.

A. Kassouf, J. Maalouly, D. N. Rutledge, H. Chebib, and V. Ducruet, “Rapid discrimination of plastic packaging materials using MIR spectroscopy coupled with independent components analysis (ICA),” Waste Manage. (Oxford, U. K.) 34(11), 2131–2138 (2014).
[Crossref]

MacArthur, J.

B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflügl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Höfler, and J. Faist, “Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(23), 231101 (2007).
[Crossref]

Mäntele, W.

H. von Lilienfeld-Toal, M. Weidenmüller, A. Xhelaj, and W. Mäntele, “A novel approach to non-invasive glucose measurement by mid-infrared spectroscopy: The combination of quantum cascade lasers (QCL) and photoacoustic detection,” Vib. Spectrosc. 38(1-2), 209–215 (2005).
[Crossref]

Marchiafava, V.

Masoumi, H.

H. Masoumi, S. Mohsen Safavi, and Z. Khani, “Identification and Classification of Plastic Resins using Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy,” World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol. Int. J. Mech. Mechatron. Eng. 6, 877–884 (2012).
[Crossref]

Maulini, R.

G. Wysocki, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, R. Maulini, J. M. Bulliard, and J. Faist, “Widely tunable mode-hop free external cavity quantum cascade laser for high resolution spectroscopic applications,” Appl. Phys. B 81(6), 769–777 (2005).
[Crossref]

McManus, B.

R. F. Curl, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, A. A. Kosterev, B. McManus, R. Lewicki, M. Pusharsky, G. Wysocki, and F. K. Tittel, “Quantum cascade lasers in chemical physics,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 487(1-3), 1–18 (2010).
[Crossref]

Mohsen Safavi, S.

H. Masoumi, S. Mohsen Safavi, and Z. Khani, “Identification and Classification of Plastic Resins using Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy,” World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol. Int. J. Mech. Mechatron. Eng. 6, 877–884 (2012).
[Crossref]

Montull-Ibor, B.

J. Anzano, B. Bonilla, B. Montull-Ibor, and J. Casas-González, “Plastic identification and comparison by multivariate techniques with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 121(5), 2710–2716 (2011).
[Crossref]

Moore, D. S.

Napoleone, A.

B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflügl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Höfler, and J. Faist, “Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(23), 231101 (2007).
[Crossref]

Oakley, D. C.

B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflügl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Höfler, and J. Faist, “Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(23), 231101 (2007).
[Crossref]

Ohman, M. D.

J. Brandon, M. Goldstein, and M. D. Ohman, “Long-term aging and degradation of microplastic particles: Comparing in situ oceanic and experimental weathering patterns,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 110(1), 299–308 (2016).
[Crossref]

Orski, S. V.

M. R. Jung, F. D. Horgen, S. V. Orski, V. Rodriguez C, K. L. Beers, G. H. Balazs, T. T. Jones, T. M. Work, K. C. Brignac, S.-J. Royer, K. D. Hyrenbach, B. A. Jensen, and J. M. Lynch, “Validation of ATR FT-IR to identify polymers of plastic marine debris, including those ingested by marine organisms,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 127, 704–716 (2018).
[Crossref]

Patimisco, P.

V. Spagnolo, P. Patimisco, S. Borri, G. Scamarcio, B. E. Bernacki, and J. Kriesel, “Mid-infrared fiber-coupled QCL-QEPAS sensor,” Appl. Phys. B 112(1), 25–33 (2013).
[Crossref]

Paul Kirkbride, K.

Petersen, I. R.

Pézolet, M.

M. Boulet-Audet, T. Buffeteau, S. Boudreault, N. Daugey, and M. Pézolet, “Quantitative Determination of Band Distortions in Diamond Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared Spectra,” J. Phys. Chem. B 114(24), 8255–8261 (2010).
[Crossref]

Pflügl, C.

B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflügl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Höfler, and J. Faist, “Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(23), 231101 (2007).
[Crossref]

Picollo, M.

Pizzo, B.

Puckrin, E.

O. Rozenstein, E. Puckrin, and J. Adamowski, “Development of a new approach based on midwave infrared spectroscopy for post-consumer black plastic waste sorting in the recycling industry,” Waste Manage. (Oxford, U. K.) 68, 38–44 (2017).
[Crossref]

Pusharsky, M.

R. F. Curl, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, A. A. Kosterev, B. McManus, R. Lewicki, M. Pusharsky, G. Wysocki, and F. K. Tittel, “Quantum cascade lasers in chemical physics,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 487(1-3), 1–18 (2010).
[Crossref]

Ren, W.

Rittman, D. R.

Rodriguez, R. G.

Rodriguez C, V.

M. R. Jung, F. D. Horgen, S. V. Orski, V. Rodriguez C, K. L. Beers, G. H. Balazs, T. T. Jones, T. M. Work, K. C. Brignac, S.-J. Royer, K. D. Hyrenbach, B. A. Jensen, and J. M. Lynch, “Validation of ATR FT-IR to identify polymers of plastic marine debris, including those ingested by marine organisms,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 127, 704–716 (2018).
[Crossref]

Royer, S.-J.

M. R. Jung, F. D. Horgen, S. V. Orski, V. Rodriguez C, K. L. Beers, G. H. Balazs, T. T. Jones, T. M. Work, K. C. Brignac, S.-J. Royer, K. D. Hyrenbach, B. A. Jensen, and J. M. Lynch, “Validation of ATR FT-IR to identify polymers of plastic marine debris, including those ingested by marine organisms,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 127, 704–716 (2018).
[Crossref]

Rozenstein, O.

O. Rozenstein, E. Puckrin, and J. Adamowski, “Development of a new approach based on midwave infrared spectroscopy for post-consumer black plastic waste sorting in the recycling industry,” Waste Manage. (Oxford, U. K.) 68, 38–44 (2017).
[Crossref]

Rutledge, D. N.

A. Kassouf, J. Maalouly, D. N. Rutledge, H. Chebib, and V. Ducruet, “Rapid discrimination of plastic packaging materials using MIR spectroscopy coupled with independent components analysis (ICA),” Waste Manage. (Oxford, U. K.) 34(11), 2131–2138 (2014).
[Crossref]

Sachsenheimer, K.

W. Becker, K. Sachsenheimer, and M. Klemenz, “Detection of Black Plastics in the Middle Infrared Spectrum (MIR) Using Photon Up-Conversion Technique for Polymer Recycling Purposes,” Polymers 9(12), 435 (2017).
[Crossref]

Santhosh, C.

K. M. M. Shameem, K. S. Choudhari, A. Bankapur, S. D. Kulkarni, V. K. Unnikrishnan, S. D. George, V. B. Kartha, and C. Santhosh, “A hybrid LIBS–Raman system combined with chemometrics: an efficient tool for plastic identification and sorting,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 409(13), 3299–3308 (2017).
[Crossref]

Saviello, D.

D. Saviello, L. Toniolo, S. Goidanich, and F. Casadio, “Non-invasive identification of plastic materials in museum collections with portable FTIR reflectance spectroscopy: Reference database and practical applications,” Microchem. J. 124, 868–877 (2016).
[Crossref]

Scamarcio, G.

V. Spagnolo, P. Patimisco, S. Borri, G. Scamarcio, B. E. Bernacki, and J. Kriesel, “Mid-infrared fiber-coupled QCL-QEPAS sensor,” Appl. Phys. B 112(1), 25–33 (2013).
[Crossref]

Shameem, K. M. M.

K. M. M. Shameem, K. S. Choudhari, A. Bankapur, S. D. Kulkarni, V. K. Unnikrishnan, S. D. George, V. B. Kartha, and C. Santhosh, “A hybrid LIBS–Raman system combined with chemometrics: an efficient tool for plastic identification and sorting,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 409(13), 3299–3308 (2017).
[Crossref]

Shi, C.

Shim, W. J.

W. J. Shim, S. H. Hong, and S. E. Eo, “Identification methods in microplastic analysis: a review,” Anal. Methods 9(9), 1384–1391 (2017).
[Crossref]

Siddiqui, M. N.

M. A. Gondal and M. N. Siddiqui, “Identification of different kinds of plastics using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for waste management,” J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. 42(13), 1989–1997 (2007).
[Crossref]

Smith, B. W.

J. M. Anzano, I. B. Gornushkin, B. W. Smith, and J. D. Winefordner, “Laser-induced plasma spectroscopy for plastic identification,” Polym. Eng. Sci. 40(11), 2423–2429 (2000).
[Crossref]

So, S.

A. Kosterev, G. Wysocki, Y. Bakhirkin, S. So, R. Lewicki, M. Fraser, F. Tittel, and R. F. Curl, “Application of quantum cascade lasers to trace gas analysis,” Appl. Phys. B 90(2), 165–176 (2008).
[Crossref]

Spagnolo, V.

V. Spagnolo, P. Patimisco, S. Borri, G. Scamarcio, B. E. Bernacki, and J. Kriesel, “Mid-infrared fiber-coupled QCL-QEPAS sensor,” Appl. Phys. B 112(1), 25–33 (2013).
[Crossref]

L. Dong, V. Spagnolo, R. Lewicki, and F. K. Tittel, “Ppb-level detection of nitric oxide using an external cavity quantum cascade laser based QEPAS sensor,” Opt. Express 19(24), 24037–24045 (2011).
[Crossref]

Spence, T. G.

Tittel, F.

A. Kosterev, G. Wysocki, Y. Bakhirkin, S. So, R. Lewicki, M. Fraser, F. Tittel, and R. F. Curl, “Application of quantum cascade lasers to trace gas analysis,” Appl. Phys. B 90(2), 165–176 (2008).
[Crossref]

Tittel, F. K.

L. Dong, V. Spagnolo, R. Lewicki, and F. K. Tittel, “Ppb-level detection of nitric oxide using an external cavity quantum cascade laser based QEPAS sensor,” Opt. Express 19(24), 24037–24045 (2011).
[Crossref]

R. F. Curl, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, A. A. Kosterev, B. McManus, R. Lewicki, M. Pusharsky, G. Wysocki, and F. K. Tittel, “Quantum cascade lasers in chemical physics,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 487(1-3), 1–18 (2010).
[Crossref]

G. Wysocki, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, R. Maulini, J. M. Bulliard, and J. Faist, “Widely tunable mode-hop free external cavity quantum cascade laser for high resolution spectroscopic applications,” Appl. Phys. B 81(6), 769–777 (2005).
[Crossref]

Toniolo, L.

D. Saviello, L. Toniolo, S. Goidanich, and F. Casadio, “Non-invasive identification of plastic materials in museum collections with portable FTIR reflectance spectroscopy: Reference database and practical applications,” Microchem. J. 124, 868–877 (2016).
[Crossref]

Unnikrishnan, V. K.

K. M. M. Shameem, K. S. Choudhari, A. Bankapur, S. D. Kulkarni, V. K. Unnikrishnan, S. D. George, V. B. Kartha, and C. Santhosh, “A hybrid LIBS–Raman system combined with chemometrics: an efficient tool for plastic identification and sorting,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 409(13), 3299–3308 (2017).
[Crossref]

Volgger, L.

M. Brandstetter, L. Volgger, A. Genner, C. Jungbauer, and B. Lendl, “Direct determination of glucose, lactate and triglycerides in blood serum by a tunable quantum cascade laser-based mid-IR sensor,” Appl. Phys. B 110(2), 233–239 (2013).
[Crossref]

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Figures (6)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Optical layout. A widely-tunable quantum cascade laser was used as the source. Samples were placed onto a PIKE reflectance accessory (45°) along with a mirror and a weighted block. Two polarizers were used to limit the amount of light reaching the detector to avoid saturation. Specularly reflected light was collected by a detector and the signals recorded using a lock-in amplifier and a laptop running MATLAB (R2018a).

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. QCL representative spectra (smoothed with a moving average of 150 data points and shown normalized on a 0 to 1 scale) of (a) PET (sample PET02) (b) HDPE (sample HDPE28) (c) PP (sample PP22) (d) LDPE (sample LDPE17) (e) PS (sample PS05). Peaks corresponding to plastic type are labeled. Peaks are shown in cm−1.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Variability between spectra of 5 different PET samples (shown normalized on a 0 to 1 scale). (Front to back: PET19, PET01, PET13, PET21, PET07). The characteristic PET peaks at 1736 cm−1 and 1411 cm−1 remain in each sample, and increased variability in the 1697-1550 cm−1 region is not indicative of plastic type and not used for analysis.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Comparison of spectra of a black and a white HDPE plastic sample. (a) Photo of a black HDPE sample. (b) Photo of a white HDPE sample. (c) HDPE characteristic spectral peaks at 1473 cm−1 and 1463 cm−1. Spectra smoothed by 150 point moving average and shown normalized on a 0 to 1 scale. Black spectrum = black HDPE sample. Blue spectrum = white HDPE sample.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. ATR-FTIR representative spectra (shown normalized on a 0 to 1 scale) of (a) PET (sample PET02) (b) HDPE (sample HDPE28) (c) PP (sample PP22) (d) LDPE (sample LDPE17) (e) PS (sample PS05). Characteristic peaks corresponding to each plastic type are labeled. Peaks are shown in cm−1.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Reflectance FTIR representative spectra (smoothed with a moving average of 10 data points and shown normalized) of (a) PET (sample PET02) (b) HDPE (sample HDPE28) (c) PP (sample PP22) (d) LDPE (sample LDPE17) (e) PS (sample PS05). Characteristic peaks corresponding to plastic type are labeled. Peaks are shown in cm−1.

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Tables (6)

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Table 1. Thirty consumer plastic samples from five different types of plastics were selecteda.

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Table 2. Spectral peaksa

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Table 3. Confusion matrix of linear discriminant analysis for the five plastics. Values on the diagonal (shaded and bolded) are correctly identified samplesa.

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Table 4. Confusion matrix of linear discriminant analysis for HDPE and LDPE using full spectral regiona.

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Table 5. Confusion matrix of linear discriminant analysis for HDPE and LDPE using the spectral region covering the peaks only (1477-1458 cm−1)a.

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Table 6. Sample name, recycling codes, plastic type, color, opaqueness, and thickness for each consumer plastic sample selected for this study.

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