Multi-objective collaborative optimization strategy for efficiency and chromaticity of stratified OLEDs based on an optical simulation method and sensitivity analysis

Xianhua Ke; Honggang Gu; Honggang Gu; Linya Chen; Xuenan Zhao; Jiaojiao Tian; Yating Shi; Xiuguo Chen; Chuanwei Zhang; Hao Jiang; Shiyuan Liu; Shiyuan Liu

doi:10.1364/OE.398998

Optics Express
Vol. 28,
Issue 19,
pp. 27532-27546
(2020)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.398998

Multi-objective collaborative optimization strategy for efficiency and chromaticity of stratified OLEDs based on an optical simulation method and sensitivity analysis

Xianhua Ke, Honggang Gu, Linya Chen, Xuenan Zhao, Jiaojiao Tian, Yating Shi, Xiuguo Chen, Chuanwei Zhang, Hao Jiang, and Shiyuan Liu

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Xianhua Ke, Honggang Gu, Linya Chen, Xuenan Zhao, Jiaojiao Tian, Yating Shi, Xiuguo Chen, Chuanwei Zhang, Hao Jiang, and Shiyuan Liu, "Multi-objective collaborative optimization strategy for efficiency and chromaticity of stratified OLEDs based on an optical simulation method and sensitivity analysis," Opt. Express 28, 27532-27546 (2020)

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Abstract

The low efficiency and dissatisfactory chromaticity remain as important challenges on the road to the OLED commercialization. In this paper, we propose a multi-objective collaborative optimization strategy to simultaneously improve the efficiency and ameliorate the chromaticity of the stratified OLED devices. Based on the formulations derived for the current efficiency and the chromaticity Commission International de L’Eclairage (CIE) of OLEDs, an optical sensitivity model is presented to quantitatively analyze the influence of the layer thickness on the current efficiency and the CIE. Subsequently, an evaluation function is defined to effectively balance the current efficiency as well as the CIE, and a collaborative optimization strategy is further proposed to simultaneously improve both of them. Simulations are comprehensively performed on a typical top-emitting blue OLED to demonstrate the necessity and the effectivity of the proposed strategy. The influences of the layer thickness incorporated in the blue OLED are ranked based on the sensitivity analysis method, and by optimizing the relative sensitive layer thicknesses in the optical views, a 16% improvement can be achieved for the current efficiency of the OLED with desired CIE meantime. Hence, the proposed multi-objective collaborative optimization strategy can be well applied to design high-performance OLED devices by improving the efficiency without chromaticity quality degradation.

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[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
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2020 (1)

S. Jeong, S. Jung, H. Kang, S. Choi, S. Hong, J. Lee, K. Yu, N. Kim, S. Kee, D. Lee, and K. Lee, “Controlling the Chromaticity of White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Using a Microcavity Architecture,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 8(1), 1901365 (2020).
[Crossref]

2019 (7)

S. Tiwari, M. Singh, S. Mishra, and A. Shrivastava, “Recent Progress in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes,” J. Nanoelectron. Optoelectron. 14(9), 1215–1224 (2019).
[Crossref]

D. Luo, Q. Chen, B. Liu, and Y. Qiu, “Emergence of Flexible White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes,” Polymers 11(2), 384 (2019).
[Crossref]

Z. H. Wang and S. J. Su, “Molecular and device design strategies for ideal performance white organic light-emitting diodes,” Chem. Rec. 19(8), 1518–1530 (2019).
[Crossref]

A. Salehi, X. Y. Fu, D. H. Shin, and F. So, “Recent advances in OLED optical design,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(15), 1808803 (2019).
[Crossref]

H. Cho, J. Chung, J. Song, J. Lee, H. Lee, J. Lee, J. Moon, S. Yoo, and N. S. Cho, “Importance of Purcell factor for optimizing structure of organic light-emitting diodes,” Opt. Express 27(8), 11057–11068 (2019).
[Crossref]

Y. D. Zheng, F. A. Xiao, W. J. Liu, and X. L. Hu, “Purcell effect and light extraction of Tamm-plasmon-cavity green light-emitting diodes,” Opt. Express 27(21), 30852–30863 (2019).
[Crossref]

X. Ke, H. Gu, X. Zhao, X. Chen, Y. Shi, C. Zhang, H. Jiang, and S. Liu, “Simulation method for study on outcoupling characteristics of stratified anisotropic OLEDs,” Opt. Express 27(16), A1014–A1029 (2019).
[Crossref]

2018 (3)

K. Kang, K. Y. Kim, and J. Kim, “Theoretical comparison of the excitation efficiency of waveguide and surface plasmon modes between quantum-mechanical and electromagnetic optical models of organic light-emitting diodes,” Opt. Express 26(22), A955–A973 (2018).
[Crossref]

S. Lee, T. Hoang, J. Lee, and Y. Kim, “Investigation of light out-coupling efficiency of blue OLED using microcavity effects,” Phys. B 550, 122–126 (2018).
[Crossref]

X. Li, J. Zhang, Z. Zhao, L. Wang, H. Yang, Q. Chang, N. Jiang, Z. Liu, Z. Bian, W. Liu, Z. Lu, and C. Huang, “Deep Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with CIEy Value of 0.11 and External Quantum Efficiency up to 22.5%,” Adv. Mater. 30(12), 1705005 (2018).
[Crossref]

2017 (4)

T. Hoang, S. Lee, J. Lee, Y. Kim, and J. Lee, “Optimum thickness of epsilon negative tri-metal layer electrodes for maximizing OLED outcoupling efficiency,” Opt. Express 25(25), 31006–31016 (2017).
[Crossref]

Y. S. Shim, K. N. Kim, J. H. Hwang, C. H. Park, S. Jung, Y. W. Park, and B. Ju, “Spectral-distortion-free light extraction from organic light-emitting diodes using nanoscale photonic crystal,” Nanotechnology 28(4), 045301 (2017).
[Crossref]

S. Kwon, E. Lee, K. Kim, H. Choi, M. Park, S. Kim, R. Pode, and J. Kwon, “Efficient micro-cavity top emission OLED with optimized Mg:Ag ratio cathode,” Opt. Express 25(24), 29906–29915 (2017).
[Crossref]

Q. Ge and M. Menendez, “Extending Morris method for qualitative global sensitivity analysis of models with dependent inputs,” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Safe. 162, 28–39 (2017).
[Crossref]

2016 (3)

H. Gu, X. Chen, H. Jiang, C. Zhang, and S. Liu, “Optimal broadband Mueller matrix ellipsometer using multi-waveplates with flexibly oriented axes,” J. Opt. 18(2), 025702 (2016).
[Crossref]

H. Moon, B. Donderici, and F. Texeira, “Stable evaluation of Green's functions in cylindrically stratified regions with uniaxial anisotropic layers,” J. Comput. Phys. 325, 174–200 (2016).
[Crossref]

K. Lee, J. Lee, E. Kim, J. Lee, D. Cho, J. Lim, D. Cho, J. Lim, C. Joo, J. Kim, S. Yoo, B. Ju, and J. Moon, “Simultaneously enhanced device efficiency, stabilized chromaticity of organic light emitting diodes with lambertian emission characteristic by random convex lenses,” Nanotechnology 27(7), 075202 (2016).
[Crossref]

2015 (8)

L. Deng, H. Zhou, S. Chen, H. Shi, B. Liu, L. Wang, and W. Huang, “Influence of wide-angle and multi-beam interference on the chromaticity and efficiency of top-emitting white organic light-emitting diodes,” J. Appl. Phys. 117(8), 083113 (2015).
[Crossref]

M. K. Callens, D. Yokoyama, and K. Neyts, “Anisotropic materials in OLEDs for high outcoupling efficiency,” Opt. Express 23(16), 21128–21148 (2015).
[Crossref]

H. Fujimoto, M. Yahiro, T. Kawashima, K. Konno, Q. Chen, K. Sawaya, S. Kawakami, and C. Adachi, “Improvement in the light outcoupling efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes using a hemispherical lens and a multipatterned one-dimensional photonic crystal fabricated by autocloning,” Appl. Phys. Express 8(8), 082102 (2015).
[Crossref]

C. Moon, S. Kim, J. Lee, and J. Kim, “Luminescence from oriented emitting dipoles in a birefringent medium,” Opt. Express 23(7), A279–A291 (2015).
[Crossref]

H. Jeon, B. Pyo, H. Park, S. Park, and M. Suh, “Improved out-coupling efficiency of organic light emitting diodes by manipulation of optical cavity length,” Org. Electron. 20, 49–54 (2015).
[Crossref]

M. Park, Y. Son, G. Kim, R. Lampande, H. Bae, R. Pode, Y. Lee, W. Song, and J. Kwon, “Device performances of third order micro-cavity green top-emitting organic light emitting diodes,” Org. Electron. 26, 458–463 (2015).
[Crossref]

S. Liu, X. Chen, and C. Zhang, “Development of a broadband Mueller matrix ellipsometer as a powerful tool for nanostructure metrology,” Thin Solid Films 584, 176–185 (2015).
[Crossref]

X. Zhang, M. Trame, L. Lesko, and S. Schmidt, “Sobol Sensitivity Analysis: A Tool to Guide the Development and Evaluation of Systems Pharmacology Models,” CPT: Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. 4(2), 69–79 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (3)

S. Yue, R. Guo, Y. Wu, P. Yan, S. Zhang, Z. Zhang, D. Qu, and Y. Zhao, “Optical simulation and optimization of weak-microcavity tandem white organic light-emitting diodes,” J. Appl. Phys. 116(15), 153102 (2014).
[Crossref]

S. Choi, S. Baek, D. Im, H. Kahng, and H. Kim, “Quantitative modal analysis of optical power flow and energy loss in photonic structures with a dipole emission source,” Opt. Express 22(15), 18499–18512 (2014).
[Crossref]

D. Hwang, O. Kwon, W. Lee, J. Hong, and T. Kim, “Outcoupling efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes depending on the fill factor and size of the microlens array,” Phys. Status Solidi A 211(8), 1773–1777 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (4)

W. Brutting, J. Frischeisen, T. D. Schmidt, B. J. Scholz, and C. Mayr, “Device efficiency of organic light- emitting diodes: progress by improved light outcoupling,” Phys. Status Solidi A 210(1), 44–65 (2013).
[Crossref]

M. Zhang, Z. Chen, L. Xiao, B. Qu, and Q. Gong, “Optical design for improving optical properties of top-emitting organic light emitting diodes,” J. Appl. Phys. 113(11), 113105 (2013).
[Crossref]

H. Sasabe and J. Kido, “Development of high performance OLEDs for general lighting,” J. Mater. Chem. C 1(9), 1699–1707 (2013).
[Crossref]

S. Reineke, M. Thomschke, B. Lussem, and K. Leo, “White organic light-emitting diodes: status and perspective,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 85(3), 1245–1293 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (1)

Y. Bi, J. Feng, Y. Li, Y. Jin, Y. Liu, Q. Chen, and H. Sun, “Enhanced efficiency of organic light-emitting devices with metallic electrodes by integrating periodically corrugated structure,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(5), 053304 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (6)

C. Gather, A. Kohnen, and K. Meerholz, “White organic light-emitting diodes,” Adv. Mater. 23(2), 233–248 (2011).
[Crossref]

A. A. Shcherbakov, A. V. Tishchenko, D. S. Setz, and B. C. Krummacher, “Rigorous S-matrix approach to the modeling of the optical properties of OLEDs,” Org. Electron. 12(4), 654–659 (2011).
[Crossref]

J. Frischeisen, Q. Niu, A. Abdellah, J. Kinzel, R. Gehlhaar, G. Scarpa, C. Adachi, P. Lugli, and W. Brutting, “Light extraction from surface plasmons and waveguide modes in an organic light-emitting layer by nanoimprinted gratings,” Opt. Express 19(S1), A7–A19 (2011).
[Crossref]

D. Yokoyama, “Molecular orientation in small-molecule organic light-emitting diodes,” J. Mater. Chem. 21(48), 19187–19202 (2011).
[Crossref]

M. Flämmich, D. Michaelis, and N. Danz, “Accessing OLED emitter properties by radiation pattern analyses,” Org. Electron. 12(1), 83–91 (2011).
[Crossref]

L. Penninck, P. Visschere, J. Beeckman, and K. Neyts, “Dipole radiation within one-dimensional anisotropic microcavities: a simulation method,” Opt. Express 19(19), 18558–18576 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (3)

P. Freitag, S. Reineke, S. Olthof, M. Furno, B. Lussem, and K. Leo, “White top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes with forward directed emission and high color quality,” Org. Electron. 11(10), 1676–1682 (2010).
[Crossref]

S. Kim and J. Kim, “Outcoupling efficiency of organic light emitting diodes and the effect of ITO thickness,” Org. Electron. 11(6), 1010–1015 (2010).
[Crossref]

R. Meerheim, M. Furno, S. Hofmann, B. Lussem, and K. Leo, “Quantification of energy loss mechanisms in organic light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(25), 253305 (2010).
[Crossref]

2008 (2)

R. Meerheim, R. Nitsche, and K. Leo, “High-efficiency monochrome organic light emitting diodes employing enhanced microcavities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93(4), 043310 (2008).
[Crossref]

D. Poitras, C. C. Kuo, and C. Py, “Design of high-contrast OLEDs with microcavity effect,” Opt. Express 16(11), 8003–8015 (2008).
[Crossref]

2007 (1)

K. Celebi, T. Heidel, and M. Baldo, “Simplified calculation of dipole energy transport in a multilayer stack using dyadic Green's functions,” Opt. Express 15(4), 1762–1772 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

A. Adawi, R. Kullock, J. Turner, C. Vasilev, D. Lidzey, A. Tahraoui, P. Fry, D. Gibson, E. Smith, C. Foden, M. Roberts, F. Qureshi, and N. Athanassopoulou, “Improving the light extraction efficiency of polymeric light emitting diodes using two-dimensional photonic crystals,” Org. Electron. 7(4), 222–228 (2006).
[Crossref]

2004 (1)

Y. Do, Y. Kim, Y. Song, and Y. Lee, “Enhanced light extraction efficiency from organic light emitting diodes by insertion of a two-dimensional photonic crystal structure,” J. Appl. Phys. 96(12), 7629–7636 (2004).
[Crossref]

2001 (1)

J. Feng, F. Li, W. Gao, S. Liu, Y. Liu, and Y. Wang, “White light emission from exciplex using tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum as chromaticity-tuning layer,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 78(25), 3947–3949 (2001).
[Crossref]

1987 (1)

J. L. Schnapf, T. W. Kraft, and D. A. Baylor, “Spectral sensitivity of human cone photoreceptors,” Nature 325(6103), 439–441 (1987).
[Crossref]

1981 (1)

J. Dobrowolski, “Versatile computer program for absorbing optical thin film systems,” Appl. Opt. 20(1), 74–81 (1981).
[Crossref]

1978 (1)

R. Chance, A. Prock, and R. Silbey, “Molecular fluorescence and energy transfer near interfaces,” Adv. Chem. Phys. 37, 1–65 (1978).
[Crossref]

Abdellah, A.

Adachi, C.

Adawi, A.

Athanassopoulou, N.

Bae, H.

Baek, S.

Baldo, M.

K. Celebi, T. Heidel, and M. Baldo, “Simplified calculation of dipole energy transport in a multilayer stack using dyadic Green's functions,” Opt. Express 15(4), 1762–1772 (2007).
[Crossref]

Baylor, D. A.

J. L. Schnapf, T. W. Kraft, and D. A. Baylor, “Spectral sensitivity of human cone photoreceptors,” Nature 325(6103), 439–441 (1987).
[Crossref]

Beeckman, J.

Bi, Y.

Bian, Z.

Brutting, W.

Callens, M. K.

M. K. Callens, D. Yokoyama, and K. Neyts, “Anisotropic materials in OLEDs for high outcoupling efficiency,” Opt. Express 23(16), 21128–21148 (2015).
[Crossref]

Celebi, K.

K. Celebi, T. Heidel, and M. Baldo, “Simplified calculation of dipole energy transport in a multilayer stack using dyadic Green's functions,” Opt. Express 15(4), 1762–1772 (2007).
[Crossref]

Chance, R.

R. Chance, A. Prock, and R. Silbey, “Molecular fluorescence and energy transfer near interfaces,” Adv. Chem. Phys. 37, 1–65 (1978).
[Crossref]

Chang, Q.

Chen, Q.

D. Luo, Q. Chen, B. Liu, and Y. Qiu, “Emergence of Flexible White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes,” Polymers 11(2), 384 (2019).
[Crossref]

Chen, S.

Chen, X.

H. Gu, X. Chen, H. Jiang, C. Zhang, and S. Liu, “Optimal broadband Mueller matrix ellipsometer using multi-waveplates with flexibly oriented axes,” J. Opt. 18(2), 025702 (2016).
[Crossref]

S. Liu, X. Chen, and C. Zhang, “Development of a broadband Mueller matrix ellipsometer as a powerful tool for nanostructure metrology,” Thin Solid Films 584, 176–185 (2015).
[Crossref]

Chen, Z.

M. Zhang, Z. Chen, L. Xiao, B. Qu, and Q. Gong, “Optical design for improving optical properties of top-emitting organic light emitting diodes,” J. Appl. Phys. 113(11), 113105 (2013).
[Crossref]

Cho, D.

Cho, H.

Cho, N. S.

Choi, H.

Choi, S.

Chung, J.

Danz, N.

M. Flämmich, D. Michaelis, and N. Danz, “Accessing OLED emitter properties by radiation pattern analyses,” Org. Electron. 12(1), 83–91 (2011).
[Crossref]

Deng, L.

Do, Y.

Dobrowolski, J.

J. Dobrowolski, “Versatile computer program for absorbing optical thin film systems,” Appl. Opt. 20(1), 74–81 (1981).
[Crossref]

Donderici, B.

Feng, J.

Flämmich, M.

M. Flämmich, D. Michaelis, and N. Danz, “Accessing OLED emitter properties by radiation pattern analyses,” Org. Electron. 12(1), 83–91 (2011).
[Crossref]

Fluxim, AG

AG Fluxim, “Semiconducting emissive thin film optics simulator SETFOS,” http://www.fluxim.com .

Foden, C.

Freitag, P.

Frischeisen, J.

Fry, P.

Fu, X. Y.

A. Salehi, X. Y. Fu, D. H. Shin, and F. So, “Recent advances in OLED optical design,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(15), 1808803 (2019).
[Crossref]

Fujimoto, H.

Furno, M.

R. Meerheim, M. Furno, S. Hofmann, B. Lussem, and K. Leo, “Quantification of energy loss mechanisms in organic light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(25), 253305 (2010).
[Crossref]

Gao, W.

Gather, C.

C. Gather, A. Kohnen, and K. Meerholz, “White organic light-emitting diodes,” Adv. Mater. 23(2), 233–248 (2011).
[Crossref]

Ge, Q.

Q. Ge and M. Menendez, “Extending Morris method for qualitative global sensitivity analysis of models with dependent inputs,” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Safe. 162, 28–39 (2017).
[Crossref]

Gehlhaar, R.

Gibson, D.

Gong, Q.

M. Zhang, Z. Chen, L. Xiao, B. Qu, and Q. Gong, “Optical design for improving optical properties of top-emitting organic light emitting diodes,” J. Appl. Phys. 113(11), 113105 (2013).
[Crossref]

Gu, H.

H. Gu, X. Chen, H. Jiang, C. Zhang, and S. Liu, “Optimal broadband Mueller matrix ellipsometer using multi-waveplates with flexibly oriented axes,” J. Opt. 18(2), 025702 (2016).
[Crossref]

Guo, R.

Heidel, T.

K. Celebi, T. Heidel, and M. Baldo, “Simplified calculation of dipole energy transport in a multilayer stack using dyadic Green's functions,” Opt. Express 15(4), 1762–1772 (2007).
[Crossref]

Hoang, T.

S. Lee, T. Hoang, J. Lee, and Y. Kim, “Investigation of light out-coupling efficiency of blue OLED using microcavity effects,” Phys. B 550, 122–126 (2018).
[Crossref]

Hofmann, S.

R. Meerheim, M. Furno, S. Hofmann, B. Lussem, and K. Leo, “Quantification of energy loss mechanisms in organic light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(25), 253305 (2010).
[Crossref]

Hong, J.

Hong, S.

Hu, X. L.

Y. D. Zheng, F. A. Xiao, W. J. Liu, and X. L. Hu, “Purcell effect and light extraction of Tamm-plasmon-cavity green light-emitting diodes,” Opt. Express 27(21), 30852–30863 (2019).
[Crossref]

Huang, C.

Huang, W.

Hwang, D.

Hwang, J. H.

Im, D.

Jeon, H.

Jeong, S.

Jiang, H.

H. Gu, X. Chen, H. Jiang, C. Zhang, and S. Liu, “Optimal broadband Mueller matrix ellipsometer using multi-waveplates with flexibly oriented axes,” J. Opt. 18(2), 025702 (2016).
[Crossref]

Jiang, N.

Jin, Y.

Joo, C.

Ju, B.

Jung, S.

Kahng, H.

Kang, H.

Kang, K.

Kawakami, S.

Kawashima, T.

Ke, X.

Kee, S.

Kelley, C.

C. Kelley, Iterative Method for Minimization (Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 1999).

Kido, J.

H. Sasabe and J. Kido, “Development of high performance OLEDs for general lighting,” J. Mater. Chem. C 1(9), 1699–1707 (2013).
[Crossref]

Kim, E.

Kim, G.

Kim, H.

Kim, J.

C. Moon, S. Kim, J. Lee, and J. Kim, “Luminescence from oriented emitting dipoles in a birefringent medium,” Opt. Express 23(7), A279–A291 (2015).
[Crossref]

S. Kim and J. Kim, “Outcoupling efficiency of organic light emitting diodes and the effect of ITO thickness,” Org. Electron. 11(6), 1010–1015 (2010).
[Crossref]

Kim, K.

Kim, K. N.

Kim, K. Y.

Kim, N.

Kim, S.

C. Moon, S. Kim, J. Lee, and J. Kim, “Luminescence from oriented emitting dipoles in a birefringent medium,” Opt. Express 23(7), A279–A291 (2015).
[Crossref]

S. Kim and J. Kim, “Outcoupling efficiency of organic light emitting diodes and the effect of ITO thickness,” Org. Electron. 11(6), 1010–1015 (2010).
[Crossref]

Kim, T.

Kim, Y.

S. Lee, T. Hoang, J. Lee, and Y. Kim, “Investigation of light out-coupling efficiency of blue OLED using microcavity effects,” Phys. B 550, 122–126 (2018).
[Crossref]

Kinzel, J.

Kohnen, A.

C. Gather, A. Kohnen, and K. Meerholz, “White organic light-emitting diodes,” Adv. Mater. 23(2), 233–248 (2011).
[Crossref]

Konno, K.

Kraft, T. W.

J. L. Schnapf, T. W. Kraft, and D. A. Baylor, “Spectral sensitivity of human cone photoreceptors,” Nature 325(6103), 439–441 (1987).
[Crossref]

Krummacher, B. C.

Kullock, R.

Kuo, C. C.

D. Poitras, C. C. Kuo, and C. Py, “Design of high-contrast OLEDs with microcavity effect,” Opt. Express 16(11), 8003–8015 (2008).
[Crossref]

Kwon, J.

Kwon, O.

Kwon, S.

Lampande, R.

Lee, D.

Lee, E.

Lee, H.

Lee, J.

S. Lee, T. Hoang, J. Lee, and Y. Kim, “Investigation of light out-coupling efficiency of blue OLED using microcavity effects,” Phys. B 550, 122–126 (2018).
[Crossref]

C. Moon, S. Kim, J. Lee, and J. Kim, “Luminescence from oriented emitting dipoles in a birefringent medium,” Opt. Express 23(7), A279–A291 (2015).
[Crossref]

Lee, K.

Lee, S.

S. Lee, T. Hoang, J. Lee, and Y. Kim, “Investigation of light out-coupling efficiency of blue OLED using microcavity effects,” Phys. B 550, 122–126 (2018).
[Crossref]

Lee, W.

Lee, Y.

Leo, K.

S. Reineke, M. Thomschke, B. Lussem, and K. Leo, “White organic light-emitting diodes: status and perspective,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 85(3), 1245–1293 (2013).
[Crossref]

R. Meerheim, M. Furno, S. Hofmann, B. Lussem, and K. Leo, “Quantification of energy loss mechanisms in organic light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(25), 253305 (2010).
[Crossref]

R. Meerheim, R. Nitsche, and K. Leo, “High-efficiency monochrome organic light emitting diodes employing enhanced microcavities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93(4), 043310 (2008).
[Crossref]

Lesko, L.

Li, F.

Li, X.

Li, Y.

Lidzey, D.

Lim, J.

Liu, B.

D. Luo, Q. Chen, B. Liu, and Y. Qiu, “Emergence of Flexible White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes,” Polymers 11(2), 384 (2019).
[Crossref]

Liu, S.

H. Gu, X. Chen, H. Jiang, C. Zhang, and S. Liu, “Optimal broadband Mueller matrix ellipsometer using multi-waveplates with flexibly oriented axes,” J. Opt. 18(2), 025702 (2016).
[Crossref]

S. Liu, X. Chen, and C. Zhang, “Development of a broadband Mueller matrix ellipsometer as a powerful tool for nanostructure metrology,” Thin Solid Films 584, 176–185 (2015).
[Crossref]

Liu, W.

Liu, W. J.

Y. D. Zheng, F. A. Xiao, W. J. Liu, and X. L. Hu, “Purcell effect and light extraction of Tamm-plasmon-cavity green light-emitting diodes,” Opt. Express 27(21), 30852–30863 (2019).
[Crossref]

Liu, Y.

Liu, Z.

Lu, Z.

Lugli, P.

Luo, D.

D. Luo, Q. Chen, B. Liu, and Y. Qiu, “Emergence of Flexible White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes,” Polymers 11(2), 384 (2019).
[Crossref]

Lussem, B.

S. Reineke, M. Thomschke, B. Lussem, and K. Leo, “White organic light-emitting diodes: status and perspective,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 85(3), 1245–1293 (2013).
[Crossref]

R. Meerheim, M. Furno, S. Hofmann, B. Lussem, and K. Leo, “Quantification of energy loss mechanisms in organic light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(25), 253305 (2010).
[Crossref]

Mayr, C.

Meerheim, R.

R. Meerheim, M. Furno, S. Hofmann, B. Lussem, and K. Leo, “Quantification of energy loss mechanisms in organic light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(25), 253305 (2010).
[Crossref]

R. Meerheim, R. Nitsche, and K. Leo, “High-efficiency monochrome organic light emitting diodes employing enhanced microcavities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93(4), 043310 (2008).
[Crossref]

Meerholz, K.

C. Gather, A. Kohnen, and K. Meerholz, “White organic light-emitting diodes,” Adv. Mater. 23(2), 233–248 (2011).
[Crossref]

Menendez, M.

Q. Ge and M. Menendez, “Extending Morris method for qualitative global sensitivity analysis of models with dependent inputs,” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Safe. 162, 28–39 (2017).
[Crossref]

Michaelis, D.

M. Flämmich, D. Michaelis, and N. Danz, “Accessing OLED emitter properties by radiation pattern analyses,” Org. Electron. 12(1), 83–91 (2011).
[Crossref]

Mishra, S.

S. Tiwari, M. Singh, S. Mishra, and A. Shrivastava, “Recent Progress in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes,” J. Nanoelectron. Optoelectron. 14(9), 1215–1224 (2019).
[Crossref]

Moon, C.

C. Moon, S. Kim, J. Lee, and J. Kim, “Luminescence from oriented emitting dipoles in a birefringent medium,” Opt. Express 23(7), A279–A291 (2015).
[Crossref]

Moon, H.

Moon, J.

Neyts, K.

M. K. Callens, D. Yokoyama, and K. Neyts, “Anisotropic materials in OLEDs for high outcoupling efficiency,” Opt. Express 23(16), 21128–21148 (2015).
[Crossref]

Nitsche, R.

R. Meerheim, R. Nitsche, and K. Leo, “High-efficiency monochrome organic light emitting diodes employing enhanced microcavities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93(4), 043310 (2008).
[Crossref]

Niu, Q.

Olthof, S.

Park, C. H.

Park, H.

Park, M.

Park, S.

Park, Y. W.

Penninck, L.

Pode, R.

Poitras, D.

D. Poitras, C. C. Kuo, and C. Py, “Design of high-contrast OLEDs with microcavity effect,” Opt. Express 16(11), 8003–8015 (2008).
[Crossref]

Prock, A.

R. Chance, A. Prock, and R. Silbey, “Molecular fluorescence and energy transfer near interfaces,” Adv. Chem. Phys. 37, 1–65 (1978).
[Crossref]

Py, C.

D. Poitras, C. C. Kuo, and C. Py, “Design of high-contrast OLEDs with microcavity effect,” Opt. Express 16(11), 8003–8015 (2008).
[Crossref]

Pyo, B.

Qiu, Y.

D. Luo, Q. Chen, B. Liu, and Y. Qiu, “Emergence of Flexible White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes,” Polymers 11(2), 384 (2019).
[Crossref]

Qu, B.

M. Zhang, Z. Chen, L. Xiao, B. Qu, and Q. Gong, “Optical design for improving optical properties of top-emitting organic light emitting diodes,” J. Appl. Phys. 113(11), 113105 (2013).
[Crossref]

Qu, D.

Qureshi, F.

Reineke, S.

S. Reineke, M. Thomschke, B. Lussem, and K. Leo, “White organic light-emitting diodes: status and perspective,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 85(3), 1245–1293 (2013).
[Crossref]

Roberts, M.

Salehi, A.

A. Salehi, X. Y. Fu, D. H. Shin, and F. So, “Recent advances in OLED optical design,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(15), 1808803 (2019).
[Crossref]

Sasabe, H.

H. Sasabe and J. Kido, “Development of high performance OLEDs for general lighting,” J. Mater. Chem. C 1(9), 1699–1707 (2013).
[Crossref]

Sawaya, K.

Scarpa, G.

Schmidt, S.

Schmidt, T. D.

Schnapf, J. L.

J. L. Schnapf, T. W. Kraft, and D. A. Baylor, “Spectral sensitivity of human cone photoreceptors,” Nature 325(6103), 439–441 (1987).
[Crossref]

Scholz, B. J.

Setz, D. S.

Shcherbakov, A. A.

Shi, H.

Shi, Y.

Shim, Y. S.

Shin, D. H.

A. Salehi, X. Y. Fu, D. H. Shin, and F. So, “Recent advances in OLED optical design,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(15), 1808803 (2019).
[Crossref]

Shrivastava, A.

S. Tiwari, M. Singh, S. Mishra, and A. Shrivastava, “Recent Progress in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes,” J. Nanoelectron. Optoelectron. 14(9), 1215–1224 (2019).
[Crossref]

Silbey, R.

R. Chance, A. Prock, and R. Silbey, “Molecular fluorescence and energy transfer near interfaces,” Adv. Chem. Phys. 37, 1–65 (1978).
[Crossref]

Singh, M.

S. Tiwari, M. Singh, S. Mishra, and A. Shrivastava, “Recent Progress in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes,” J. Nanoelectron. Optoelectron. 14(9), 1215–1224 (2019).
[Crossref]

Smith, E.

So, F.

A. Salehi, X. Y. Fu, D. H. Shin, and F. So, “Recent advances in OLED optical design,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(15), 1808803 (2019).
[Crossref]

Son, Y.

Song, J.

Song, W.

Song, Y.

Su, S. J.

Z. H. Wang and S. J. Su, “Molecular and device design strategies for ideal performance white organic light-emitting diodes,” Chem. Rec. 19(8), 1518–1530 (2019).
[Crossref]

Suh, M.

Sun, H.

Tahraoui, A.

Texeira, F.

Thomschke, M.

S. Reineke, M. Thomschke, B. Lussem, and K. Leo, “White organic light-emitting diodes: status and perspective,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 85(3), 1245–1293 (2013).
[Crossref]

Tishchenko, A. V.

Tiwari, S.

S. Tiwari, M. Singh, S. Mishra, and A. Shrivastava, “Recent Progress in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes,” J. Nanoelectron. Optoelectron. 14(9), 1215–1224 (2019).
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Turner, J.

Vasilev, C.

Visschere, P.

Wang, L.

Wang, Y.

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Z. H. Wang and S. J. Su, “Molecular and device design strategies for ideal performance white organic light-emitting diodes,” Chem. Rec. 19(8), 1518–1530 (2019).
[Crossref]

Wu, Y.

Xiao, F. A.

Y. D. Zheng, F. A. Xiao, W. J. Liu, and X. L. Hu, “Purcell effect and light extraction of Tamm-plasmon-cavity green light-emitting diodes,” Opt. Express 27(21), 30852–30863 (2019).
[Crossref]

Xiao, L.

M. Zhang, Z. Chen, L. Xiao, B. Qu, and Q. Gong, “Optical design for improving optical properties of top-emitting organic light emitting diodes,” J. Appl. Phys. 113(11), 113105 (2013).
[Crossref]

Yahiro, M.

Yan, P.

Yang, H.

Yokoyama, D.

M. K. Callens, D. Yokoyama, and K. Neyts, “Anisotropic materials in OLEDs for high outcoupling efficiency,” Opt. Express 23(16), 21128–21148 (2015).
[Crossref]

D. Yokoyama, “Molecular orientation in small-molecule organic light-emitting diodes,” J. Mater. Chem. 21(48), 19187–19202 (2011).
[Crossref]

Yoo, S.

Yu, K.

Yue, S.

Zhang, C.

H. Gu, X. Chen, H. Jiang, C. Zhang, and S. Liu, “Optimal broadband Mueller matrix ellipsometer using multi-waveplates with flexibly oriented axes,” J. Opt. 18(2), 025702 (2016).
[Crossref]

S. Liu, X. Chen, and C. Zhang, “Development of a broadband Mueller matrix ellipsometer as a powerful tool for nanostructure metrology,” Thin Solid Films 584, 176–185 (2015).
[Crossref]

Zhang, J.

Zhang, M.

M. Zhang, Z. Chen, L. Xiao, B. Qu, and Q. Gong, “Optical design for improving optical properties of top-emitting organic light emitting diodes,” J. Appl. Phys. 113(11), 113105 (2013).
[Crossref]

Zhang, S.

Zhang, X.

Zhang, Z.

Zhao, X.

Zhao, Y.

Zhao, Z.

Zheng, Y. D.

Y. D. Zheng, F. A. Xiao, W. J. Liu, and X. L. Hu, “Purcell effect and light extraction of Tamm-plasmon-cavity green light-emitting diodes,” Opt. Express 27(21), 30852–30863 (2019).
[Crossref]

Zhou, H.

Adv. Chem. Phys. (1)

R. Chance, A. Prock, and R. Silbey, “Molecular fluorescence and energy transfer near interfaces,” Adv. Chem. Phys. 37, 1–65 (1978).
[Crossref]

Adv. Funct. Mater. (1)

A. Salehi, X. Y. Fu, D. H. Shin, and F. So, “Recent advances in OLED optical design,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(15), 1808803 (2019).
[Crossref]

Adv. Mater. (2)

C. Gather, A. Kohnen, and K. Meerholz, “White organic light-emitting diodes,” Adv. Mater. 23(2), 233–248 (2011).
[Crossref]

Adv. Opt. Mater. (1)

Appl. Opt. (1)

J. Dobrowolski, “Versatile computer program for absorbing optical thin film systems,” Appl. Opt. 20(1), 74–81 (1981).
[Crossref]

Appl. Phys. Express (1)

Appl. Phys. Lett. (4)

R. Meerheim, M. Furno, S. Hofmann, B. Lussem, and K. Leo, “Quantification of energy loss mechanisms in organic light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(25), 253305 (2010).
[Crossref]

R. Meerheim, R. Nitsche, and K. Leo, “High-efficiency monochrome organic light emitting diodes employing enhanced microcavities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93(4), 043310 (2008).
[Crossref]

Chem. Rec. (1)

Z. H. Wang and S. J. Su, “Molecular and device design strategies for ideal performance white organic light-emitting diodes,” Chem. Rec. 19(8), 1518–1530 (2019).
[Crossref]

CPT: Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (1)

J. Appl. Phys. (4)

M. Zhang, Z. Chen, L. Xiao, B. Qu, and Q. Gong, “Optical design for improving optical properties of top-emitting organic light emitting diodes,” J. Appl. Phys. 113(11), 113105 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. Comput. Phys. (1)

J. Mater. Chem. (1)

D. Yokoyama, “Molecular orientation in small-molecule organic light-emitting diodes,” J. Mater. Chem. 21(48), 19187–19202 (2011).
[Crossref]

J. Mater. Chem. C (1)

H. Sasabe and J. Kido, “Development of high performance OLEDs for general lighting,” J. Mater. Chem. C 1(9), 1699–1707 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. Nanoelectron. Optoelectron. (1)

S. Tiwari, M. Singh, S. Mishra, and A. Shrivastava, “Recent Progress in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes,” J. Nanoelectron. Optoelectron. 14(9), 1215–1224 (2019).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. (1)

H. Gu, X. Chen, H. Jiang, C. Zhang, and S. Liu, “Optimal broadband Mueller matrix ellipsometer using multi-waveplates with flexibly oriented axes,” J. Opt. 18(2), 025702 (2016).
[Crossref]

Nanotechnology (2)

Nature (1)

J. L. Schnapf, T. W. Kraft, and D. A. Baylor, “Spectral sensitivity of human cone photoreceptors,” Nature 325(6103), 439–441 (1987).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (13)

C. Moon, S. Kim, J. Lee, and J. Kim, “Luminescence from oriented emitting dipoles in a birefringent medium,” Opt. Express 23(7), A279–A291 (2015).
[Crossref]

K. Celebi, T. Heidel, and M. Baldo, “Simplified calculation of dipole energy transport in a multilayer stack using dyadic Green's functions,” Opt. Express 15(4), 1762–1772 (2007).
[Crossref]

Y. D. Zheng, F. A. Xiao, W. J. Liu, and X. L. Hu, “Purcell effect and light extraction of Tamm-plasmon-cavity green light-emitting diodes,” Opt. Express 27(21), 30852–30863 (2019).
[Crossref]

M. K. Callens, D. Yokoyama, and K. Neyts, “Anisotropic materials in OLEDs for high outcoupling efficiency,” Opt. Express 23(16), 21128–21148 (2015).
[Crossref]

D. Poitras, C. C. Kuo, and C. Py, “Design of high-contrast OLEDs with microcavity effect,” Opt. Express 16(11), 8003–8015 (2008).
[Crossref]

Org. Electron. (7)

S. Kim and J. Kim, “Outcoupling efficiency of organic light emitting diodes and the effect of ITO thickness,” Org. Electron. 11(6), 1010–1015 (2010).
[Crossref]

M. Flämmich, D. Michaelis, and N. Danz, “Accessing OLED emitter properties by radiation pattern analyses,” Org. Electron. 12(1), 83–91 (2011).
[Crossref]

Phys. B (1)

S. Lee, T. Hoang, J. Lee, and Y. Kim, “Investigation of light out-coupling efficiency of blue OLED using microcavity effects,” Phys. B 550, 122–126 (2018).
[Crossref]

Phys. Status Solidi A (2)

Polymers (1)

D. Luo, Q. Chen, B. Liu, and Y. Qiu, “Emergence of Flexible White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes,” Polymers 11(2), 384 (2019).
[Crossref]

Reliab. Eng. Syst. Safe. (1)

Q. Ge and M. Menendez, “Extending Morris method for qualitative global sensitivity analysis of models with dependent inputs,” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Safe. 162, 28–39 (2017).
[Crossref]

Rev. Mod. Phys. (1)

S. Reineke, M. Thomschke, B. Lussem, and K. Leo, “White organic light-emitting diodes: status and perspective,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 85(3), 1245–1293 (2013).
[Crossref]

Thin Solid Films (1)

S. Liu, X. Chen, and C. Zhang, “Development of a broadband Mueller matrix ellipsometer as a powerful tool for nanostructure metrology,” Thin Solid Films 584, 176–185 (2015).
[Crossref]

Other (3)

AG Fluxim, “Semiconducting emissive thin film optics simulator SETFOS,” http://www.fluxim.com .

C. Kelley, Iterative Method for Minimization (Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 1999).

International Commission on Illumination, “CIE 1931 color space,” http://www.cie.co.at/ .

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Fig. 1. Simplified formulation model for the stratified anisotropic OLED structure with dipole in the s-th layer (dipole layer). Each layer is characterized by thickness d and dielectric tensor ε.

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Fig. 2. An example curve of the function f₂ to constrain the CIE.

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Fig. 3. (a). Structures of a top-emitting blue OLED. The distribution of the dipoles is assumed to be g(z) = δ(0.9), which means that all dipoles are located in the EML layer with 2 nm away from the FLB layer interface; (b) Intrinsic luminescence spectrum of the emitting material with a peak wavelength 460 nm and 40 nm half peak width.

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Fig. 4. Optical constants of the materials incorporated in the OLED in the visible band: (a) anisotropic layer CPL; (b) metal layers; (c) organic layers. It can be observed that the CPL layer shows strong negative optical anisotropic since n_o > n_e.

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Fig. 5. Performance curves of the top-emitting blue OLED device versus the layer thicknesses: (a) current efficiency η_CE vs thickness; (b) CIE X₂ vs thickness. Results by our model denoted by solid lines are compared with results by the commercial software Fluxim SETFOS denoted by open circles.

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Fig. 6. Global sensitivity analysis results of the layer incorporated in the blue OLED stack: (a) layer thicknesses are within Ω = [0, 50]; (b) layer thicknesses are within Ω = [d₀−5, d₀+5].

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Fig. 7. Simulation results of objective function vs concerned layer thickness independently.

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Fig. 8. Optimization results of the layer thicknesses for target Δf = 14% of the blue OLED.

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Fig. 9. Spectrum of the original and optimal OLED structure. Results by our model denoted by solid lines are compared with results by the software SETFOS denoted by open circles

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Tables (2)

Table 1. Analysis results of the independent layer

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Table 2. Collaborative optimization results of the top emitting blue OLED.

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Equations (24)

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ε_{h} = (n_{o} + j k_{o})^{2},

ε_{v} = (n_{e} + j k_{e})^{2},

F = \frac{Γ_{r}^{*}}{Γ_{r}} = \frac{P}{P_{0}} .

F = \int_{0}^{\infty} K (u) d u = \int_{0}^{\infty} [Θ \cdot K_{s}^{TM, v} + (1 - Θ) \cdot (K_{s}^{TE, h} + K_{s}^{TM, h})] d u,

K_{s}^{TM, v} = \frac{3}{4} Re [\frac{u^{3}}{\sqrt{1 - u^{2}}} ({A^{'}}_{s} - A_{s}) {(A_{s} + {A^{'}}_{s})}^{*}],

K_{s}^{TE, v} = 0

K_{s}^{TE, h} = \frac{1}{2} (\frac{3 \sqrt{ε_{s, h}}}{3 ε_{s, h} + ε_{s, v}}) Re [\frac{u \sqrt{ε_{s, v}}}{\sqrt{ε_{s, h} / ε_{s, v} - u^{2}}} (C_{s} + {C^{'}}_{s}) {({C^{'}}_{s} - C_{s})}^{*}],

K_{s}^{TM, h} = \frac{1}{2} Re [\frac{3 u ε_{s, v} \sqrt{1 - u^{2}}}{3 ε_{s, h} + ε_{s, v}} ({B^{'}}_{s} - B_{s}) {(B_{s} + {B^{'}}_{s})}^{*}] .

\frac{P_{out}}{P_{0}} = F_{out} = \int_{0}^{k_{0} / k_{s}} K_{out} (u) d u = \int_{0}^{k_{0} / k_{s}} [Θ \cdot K_{out}^{TM, z} + (1 - Θ) \cdot (K_{out}^{TE, x} + K_{out}^{TM, x})] d u .

P_{out} (λ) = (I_{inj} / e) \cdot γ \cdot η_{S / T} \cdot q_{eff} \cdot S (λ) \int_{z} g (z) \frac{F_{out}}{F} d z .

q_{eff} = \frac{Γ_{r}^{*}}{Γ_{r}^{*} + Γ_{n r}} = \frac{F Γ_{r}}{F Γ_{r} + Γ_{n r}} = \frac{q}{1 - q + q F} .

η_{CE} = 683 \frac{1}{I_{inj}} \int_{380}^{780} P_{out} (λ) Y (λ) d λ,

X_{i} = \frac{\int_{380}^{780} P_{out} (λ) x_{i} (λ) d λ}{\sum_{i = 1}^{3} \int_{380}^{780} P_{out} (λ) x_{i} (λ) d λ} .

η_{CE} (d) = η_{CE} (Θ, g (z), q, d, ε),

X_{i} (d) = X_{i} (Θ, g (z), q, d, ε) .

y_{1} (d) = \frac{η_{CE} (d) - η_{CE} (d_{0})}{η_{CE} (d_{0})},

y_{2} (d) = \frac{X_{i} (d) - X_{i, 0}}{X_{i, 0}},

L_{i} = [y (d_{1}, d_{2}, \dots, d_{i - 1}, d_{i} + δ d_{i}, d_{i + 1}, d_{N}) - y (d)] / δ d_{i} .

μ_{i} = \sum_{j = 1}^{r} \frac{L_{i, j}}{r},

\begin{array}{l} d^{*} = \arg max_{d \in Ω} η_{CE} (d) \\ s . t . X_{i} (d) \in Δ_{i} . \end{array}

d^{*} = \arg max_{d \in Ω} f (d),

f (d) = f_{1} (d) \cdot f_{2} (d),

f_{1} (d) = \frac{η_{CE} (d)}{η_{CE} (d_{0})},

f_{2} (d) = \prod_{i = 1}^{2} \exp (- ‖ \frac{X_{i} (d) - X_{i, 0}}{δ Δ_{i}} ‖) .

Cases	Layer thickness [nm]				Performance
Cases	ITO	HIL	FLB	Cathode	η_CE [cd/A]	X₂
C0	15	10	5	13	4.43	0.046
C1	17	10	5	13	4.96	0.053
C2	15	13	5	13	5.11	0.054
C3	15	10	7	13	4.93	0.053
C4	15	10	5	7	4.43	0.054

Cases	Layer thickness [nm]				Performance
Cases	ITO	HIL	FLB	Cathode	η_CE [cd/A]	X₂	Δf
C5	3	30	3	19	5.160	0.055	16.3%
C6	5	24	6	17	5.152	0.055	16.3%
C7	15	17	2	16	5.176	0.055	16.8%

Cases	Layer thickness [nm]				Performance
Cases	ITO	HIL	FLB	Cathode	η_CE [cd/A]	X₂
C0	15	10	5	13	4.43	0.046
C1	17	10	5	13	4.96	0.053
C2	15	13	5	13	5.11	0.054
C3	15	10	7	13	4.93	0.053
C4	15	10	5	7	4.43	0.054

Cases	Layer thickness [nm]				Performance
Cases	ITO	HIL	FLB	Cathode	η_CE [cd/A]	X₂	Δf
C5	3	30	3	19	5.160	0.055	16.3%
C6	5	24	6	17	5.152	0.055	16.3%
C7	15	17	2	16	5.176	0.055	16.8%