Abstract

We demonstrate a dual-comb spectrometer based on electro-optic modulation of a continuous-wave laser at 10 GHz. The system simultaneously offers fast acquisition speed and ultrabroad spectral coverage, spanning 120 THz across the near infrared. Our spectrometer is highly adaptable, and we demonstrate absorption spectroscopy of atmospheric gases and a dual-comb configuration that captures nonlinear Raman spectra of semiconductor materials via coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. The ability to rapidly and simultaneously acquire broadband spectra with high frequency resolution and high sensitivity points to new possibilities for hyperspectral sensing in fields such as remote sensing, biological detection and imaging, and machine vision.

© 2020 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement

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References

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    [Crossref]
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  4. S. Okubo, K. Iwakuni, H. Inaba, K. Hosaka, A. Onae, H. Sasada, and F.-L. Hong, “Ultra-broadband dual-comb spectroscopy across 1.0–1.9 µm,” Appl. Phys. Express 8(8), 082402 (2015).
    [Crossref]
  5. A. Parriaux, K. Hammani, and G. Millot, “Electro-optic frequency combs,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 12(1), 223 (2020).
    [Crossref]
  6. G. Millot, S. Pitois, M. Yan, T. Hovhannisyan, A. Bendahmane, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Frequency-agile dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Photonics 10(1), 27–30 (2016).
    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]
  8. A. J. Fleisher, D. A. Long, Z. D. Reed, J. T. Hodges, and D. F. Plusquellic, “Coherent cavity-enhanced dual-comb spectroscopy,” Opt. Express 24(10), 10424 (2016).
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    [Crossref]
  10. V. Durán, S. Tainta, and V. Torres-Company, “Ultrafast electrooptic dual-comb interferometry,” Opt. Express 23(23), 30557 (2015).
    [Crossref]
  11. K. Beha, D. C. Cole, P. Del’Haye, A. Coillet, S. A. Diddams, and S. B. Papp, “Electronic synthesis of light,” Optica 4(4), 406 (2017).
    [Crossref]
  12. D. R. Carlson, D. D. Hickstein, W. Zhang, A. J. Metcalf, F. Quinlan, S. A. Diddams, and S. B. Papp, “Ultrafast electro-optic light with subcycle control,” Science 361(6409), 1358–1363 (2018).
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  13. E. Baumann, E. V. Hoenig, E. F. Perez, G. M. Colacion, F. R. Giorgetta, K. C. Cossel, G. Ycas, D. R. Carlson, D. D. Hickstein, K. Srinivasan, S. B. Papp, N. R. Newbury, and I. Coddington, “Dual-comb spectroscopy with tailored spectral broadening in Si3N4 nanophotonics,” Opt. Express 27(8), 11869 (2019).
    [Crossref]
  14. H. Guo, W. Weng, J. Liu, F. Yang, W. Hansel, C. S. Bres, L. Thevenaz, R. Holzwarth, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Nanophotonic supercontinuum based mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy,” arXiv:1908.00871 (2019).
  15. D. R. Carlson, P. Hutchison, D. D. Hickstein, and S. B. Papp, “Generating few-cycle pulses with integrated nonlinear photonics,” Opt. Express 27(26), 37374 (2019).
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    [Crossref]
  17. K. J. Mohler, B. J. Bohn, M. Yan, G. Mélen, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Dual-comb coherent Raman spectroscopy with lasers of 1-GHz pulse repetition frequency,” Opt. Lett. 42(2), 318 (2017).
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  18. N. Coluccelli, C. R. Howle, K. McEwan, Y. Wang, T. T. Fernandez, A. Gambetta, P. Laporta, and G. Galzerano, “Fiber-format dual-comb coherent Raman spectrometer,” Opt. Lett. 42(22), 4683 (2017).
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  19. T. Ideguchi, T. Nakamura, S. Takizawa, M. Tamamitsu, S. Lee, K. Hiramatsu, V. Ramaiah-Badarla, J.-w. Park, Y. Kasai, T. Hayakawa, S. Sakuma, F. Arai, and K. Goda, “Microfluidic single-particle chemical analyzer with dual-comb coherent Raman spectroscopy,” Opt. Lett. 43(16), 4057 (2018).
    [Crossref]
  20. B. Lafuente, R. T. Downs, H. Yang, and N. Stone, “The power of databases: the RRUFF project,” in Highlights in Mineralogical Crystallography, (De Gruyter, Berlin, Germany, 2016), pp. 1–30.
  21. C. H. Camp and M. T. Cicerone, “Chemically sensitive bioimaging with coherent Raman scattering,” Nat. Photonics 9(5), 295–305 (2015).
    [Crossref]

2020 (1)

A. Parriaux, K. Hammani, and G. Millot, “Electro-optic frequency combs,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 12(1), 223 (2020).
[Crossref]

2019 (2)

2018 (4)

A. Parriaux, K. Hammani, and G. Millot, “Two-micron all-fibered dual-comb spectrometer based on electro-optic modulators and wavelength conversion,” Commun. Phys. 1(1), 17 (2018).
[Crossref]

D. R. Carlson, D. D. Hickstein, W. Zhang, A. J. Metcalf, F. Quinlan, S. A. Diddams, and S. B. Papp, “Ultrafast electro-optic light with subcycle control,” Science 361(6409), 1358–1363 (2018).
[Crossref]

B. Jerez, P. Martín-Mateos, F. Walla, C. de Dios, and P. Acedo, “Flexible Electro-Optic, Single-Crystal Difference Frequency Generation Architecture for Ultrafast Mid-Infrared Dual-Comb Spectroscopy,” ACS Photonics 5(6), 2348–2353 (2018).
[Crossref]

T. Ideguchi, T. Nakamura, S. Takizawa, M. Tamamitsu, S. Lee, K. Hiramatsu, V. Ramaiah-Badarla, J.-w. Park, Y. Kasai, T. Hayakawa, S. Sakuma, F. Arai, and K. Goda, “Microfluidic single-particle chemical analyzer with dual-comb coherent Raman spectroscopy,” Opt. Lett. 43(16), 4057 (2018).
[Crossref]

2017 (3)

2016 (3)

2015 (3)

S. Okubo, K. Iwakuni, H. Inaba, K. Hosaka, A. Onae, H. Sasada, and F.-L. Hong, “Ultra-broadband dual-comb spectroscopy across 1.0–1.9 µm,” Appl. Phys. Express 8(8), 082402 (2015).
[Crossref]

V. Durán, S. Tainta, and V. Torres-Company, “Ultrafast electrooptic dual-comb interferometry,” Opt. Express 23(23), 30557 (2015).
[Crossref]

C. H. Camp and M. T. Cicerone, “Chemically sensitive bioimaging with coherent Raman scattering,” Nat. Photonics 9(5), 295–305 (2015).
[Crossref]

2013 (1)

T. Ideguchi, S. Holzner, B. Bernhardt, G. Guelachvili, N. Picqué, and T. W. Hänsch, “Coherent Raman spectro-imaging with laser frequency combs,” Nature 502(7471), 355–358 (2013).
[Crossref]

2008 (1)

I. Coddington, W. Swann, and N. Newbury, “Coherent Multiheterodyne Spectroscopy Using Stabilized Optical Frequency Combs,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(1), 013902 (2008).
[Crossref]

2002 (1)

Acedo, P.

B. Jerez, P. Martín-Mateos, F. Walla, C. de Dios, and P. Acedo, “Flexible Electro-Optic, Single-Crystal Difference Frequency Generation Architecture for Ultrafast Mid-Infrared Dual-Comb Spectroscopy,” ACS Photonics 5(6), 2348–2353 (2018).
[Crossref]

Arai, F.

Baumann, E.

Beha, K.

Bendahmane, A.

G. Millot, S. Pitois, M. Yan, T. Hovhannisyan, A. Bendahmane, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Frequency-agile dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Photonics 10(1), 27–30 (2016).
[Crossref]

Bernhardt, B.

T. Ideguchi, S. Holzner, B. Bernhardt, G. Guelachvili, N. Picqué, and T. W. Hänsch, “Coherent Raman spectro-imaging with laser frequency combs,” Nature 502(7471), 355–358 (2013).
[Crossref]

Bohn, B. J.

Bres, C. S.

H. Guo, W. Weng, J. Liu, F. Yang, W. Hansel, C. S. Bres, L. Thevenaz, R. Holzwarth, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Nanophotonic supercontinuum based mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy,” arXiv:1908.00871 (2019).

Camp, C. H.

C. H. Camp and M. T. Cicerone, “Chemically sensitive bioimaging with coherent Raman scattering,” Nat. Photonics 9(5), 295–305 (2015).
[Crossref]

Carlson, D. R.

Cicerone, M. T.

C. H. Camp and M. T. Cicerone, “Chemically sensitive bioimaging with coherent Raman scattering,” Nat. Photonics 9(5), 295–305 (2015).
[Crossref]

Coddington, I.

Coillet, A.

Colacion, G. M.

Cole, D. C.

Coluccelli, N.

Cossel, K. C.

de Dios, C.

B. Jerez, P. Martín-Mateos, F. Walla, C. de Dios, and P. Acedo, “Flexible Electro-Optic, Single-Crystal Difference Frequency Generation Architecture for Ultrafast Mid-Infrared Dual-Comb Spectroscopy,” ACS Photonics 5(6), 2348–2353 (2018).
[Crossref]

Del’Haye, P.

Diddams, S. A.

D. R. Carlson, D. D. Hickstein, W. Zhang, A. J. Metcalf, F. Quinlan, S. A. Diddams, and S. B. Papp, “Ultrafast electro-optic light with subcycle control,” Science 361(6409), 1358–1363 (2018).
[Crossref]

K. Beha, D. C. Cole, P. Del’Haye, A. Coillet, S. A. Diddams, and S. B. Papp, “Electronic synthesis of light,” Optica 4(4), 406 (2017).
[Crossref]

Downs, R. T.

B. Lafuente, R. T. Downs, H. Yang, and N. Stone, “The power of databases: the RRUFF project,” in Highlights in Mineralogical Crystallography, (De Gruyter, Berlin, Germany, 2016), pp. 1–30.

Durán, V.

Fernandez, T. T.

Fleisher, A. J.

Galzerano, G.

Gambetta, A.

Giorgetta, F. R.

Goda, K.

Guelachvili, G.

T. Ideguchi, S. Holzner, B. Bernhardt, G. Guelachvili, N. Picqué, and T. W. Hänsch, “Coherent Raman spectro-imaging with laser frequency combs,” Nature 502(7471), 355–358 (2013).
[Crossref]

Guo, H.

H. Guo, W. Weng, J. Liu, F. Yang, W. Hansel, C. S. Bres, L. Thevenaz, R. Holzwarth, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Nanophotonic supercontinuum based mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy,” arXiv:1908.00871 (2019).

Hammani, K.

A. Parriaux, K. Hammani, and G. Millot, “Electro-optic frequency combs,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 12(1), 223 (2020).
[Crossref]

A. Parriaux, K. Hammani, and G. Millot, “Two-micron all-fibered dual-comb spectrometer based on electro-optic modulators and wavelength conversion,” Commun. Phys. 1(1), 17 (2018).
[Crossref]

Hänsch, T. W.

K. J. Mohler, B. J. Bohn, M. Yan, G. Mélen, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Dual-comb coherent Raman spectroscopy with lasers of 1-GHz pulse repetition frequency,” Opt. Lett. 42(2), 318 (2017).
[Crossref]

G. Millot, S. Pitois, M. Yan, T. Hovhannisyan, A. Bendahmane, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Frequency-agile dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Photonics 10(1), 27–30 (2016).
[Crossref]

T. Ideguchi, S. Holzner, B. Bernhardt, G. Guelachvili, N. Picqué, and T. W. Hänsch, “Coherent Raman spectro-imaging with laser frequency combs,” Nature 502(7471), 355–358 (2013).
[Crossref]

Hansel, W.

H. Guo, W. Weng, J. Liu, F. Yang, W. Hansel, C. S. Bres, L. Thevenaz, R. Holzwarth, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Nanophotonic supercontinuum based mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy,” arXiv:1908.00871 (2019).

Hayakawa, T.

Hickstein, D. D.

Hiramatsu, K.

Hodges, J. T.

Hoenig, E. V.

Holzner, S.

T. Ideguchi, S. Holzner, B. Bernhardt, G. Guelachvili, N. Picqué, and T. W. Hänsch, “Coherent Raman spectro-imaging with laser frequency combs,” Nature 502(7471), 355–358 (2013).
[Crossref]

Holzwarth, R.

H. Guo, W. Weng, J. Liu, F. Yang, W. Hansel, C. S. Bres, L. Thevenaz, R. Holzwarth, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Nanophotonic supercontinuum based mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy,” arXiv:1908.00871 (2019).

Hong, F.-L.

S. Okubo, K. Iwakuni, H. Inaba, K. Hosaka, A. Onae, H. Sasada, and F.-L. Hong, “Ultra-broadband dual-comb spectroscopy across 1.0–1.9 µm,” Appl. Phys. Express 8(8), 082402 (2015).
[Crossref]

Hosaka, K.

S. Okubo, K. Iwakuni, H. Inaba, K. Hosaka, A. Onae, H. Sasada, and F.-L. Hong, “Ultra-broadband dual-comb spectroscopy across 1.0–1.9 µm,” Appl. Phys. Express 8(8), 082402 (2015).
[Crossref]

Hovhannisyan, T.

G. Millot, S. Pitois, M. Yan, T. Hovhannisyan, A. Bendahmane, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Frequency-agile dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Photonics 10(1), 27–30 (2016).
[Crossref]

Howle, C. R.

Hutchison, P.

Ideguchi, T.

Inaba, H.

S. Okubo, K. Iwakuni, H. Inaba, K. Hosaka, A. Onae, H. Sasada, and F.-L. Hong, “Ultra-broadband dual-comb spectroscopy across 1.0–1.9 µm,” Appl. Phys. Express 8(8), 082402 (2015).
[Crossref]

Iwakuni, K.

S. Okubo, K. Iwakuni, H. Inaba, K. Hosaka, A. Onae, H. Sasada, and F.-L. Hong, “Ultra-broadband dual-comb spectroscopy across 1.0–1.9 µm,” Appl. Phys. Express 8(8), 082402 (2015).
[Crossref]

Jerez, B.

B. Jerez, P. Martín-Mateos, F. Walla, C. de Dios, and P. Acedo, “Flexible Electro-Optic, Single-Crystal Difference Frequency Generation Architecture for Ultrafast Mid-Infrared Dual-Comb Spectroscopy,” ACS Photonics 5(6), 2348–2353 (2018).
[Crossref]

Kasai, Y.

Kippenberg, T. J.

H. Guo, W. Weng, J. Liu, F. Yang, W. Hansel, C. S. Bres, L. Thevenaz, R. Holzwarth, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Nanophotonic supercontinuum based mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy,” arXiv:1908.00871 (2019).

Lafuente, B.

B. Lafuente, R. T. Downs, H. Yang, and N. Stone, “The power of databases: the RRUFF project,” in Highlights in Mineralogical Crystallography, (De Gruyter, Berlin, Germany, 2016), pp. 1–30.

Laporta, P.

Lee, S.

Liu, J.

H. Guo, W. Weng, J. Liu, F. Yang, W. Hansel, C. S. Bres, L. Thevenaz, R. Holzwarth, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Nanophotonic supercontinuum based mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy,” arXiv:1908.00871 (2019).

Long, D. A.

Martín-Mateos, P.

B. Jerez, P. Martín-Mateos, F. Walla, C. de Dios, and P. Acedo, “Flexible Electro-Optic, Single-Crystal Difference Frequency Generation Architecture for Ultrafast Mid-Infrared Dual-Comb Spectroscopy,” ACS Photonics 5(6), 2348–2353 (2018).
[Crossref]

McEwan, K.

Mélen, G.

Metcalf, A. J.

D. R. Carlson, D. D. Hickstein, W. Zhang, A. J. Metcalf, F. Quinlan, S. A. Diddams, and S. B. Papp, “Ultrafast electro-optic light with subcycle control,” Science 361(6409), 1358–1363 (2018).
[Crossref]

Millot, G.

A. Parriaux, K. Hammani, and G. Millot, “Electro-optic frequency combs,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 12(1), 223 (2020).
[Crossref]

A. Parriaux, K. Hammani, and G. Millot, “Two-micron all-fibered dual-comb spectrometer based on electro-optic modulators and wavelength conversion,” Commun. Phys. 1(1), 17 (2018).
[Crossref]

G. Millot, S. Pitois, M. Yan, T. Hovhannisyan, A. Bendahmane, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Frequency-agile dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Photonics 10(1), 27–30 (2016).
[Crossref]

Mohler, K. J.

Nakamura, T.

Newbury, N.

I. Coddington, N. Newbury, and W. Swann, “Dual-comb spectroscopy,” Optica 3(4), 414 (2016).
[Crossref]

I. Coddington, W. Swann, and N. Newbury, “Coherent Multiheterodyne Spectroscopy Using Stabilized Optical Frequency Combs,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(1), 013902 (2008).
[Crossref]

Newbury, N. R.

Okubo, S.

S. Okubo, K. Iwakuni, H. Inaba, K. Hosaka, A. Onae, H. Sasada, and F.-L. Hong, “Ultra-broadband dual-comb spectroscopy across 1.0–1.9 µm,” Appl. Phys. Express 8(8), 082402 (2015).
[Crossref]

Onae, A.

S. Okubo, K. Iwakuni, H. Inaba, K. Hosaka, A. Onae, H. Sasada, and F.-L. Hong, “Ultra-broadband dual-comb spectroscopy across 1.0–1.9 µm,” Appl. Phys. Express 8(8), 082402 (2015).
[Crossref]

Papp, S. B.

Park, J.-w.

Parriaux, A.

A. Parriaux, K. Hammani, and G. Millot, “Electro-optic frequency combs,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 12(1), 223 (2020).
[Crossref]

A. Parriaux, K. Hammani, and G. Millot, “Two-micron all-fibered dual-comb spectrometer based on electro-optic modulators and wavelength conversion,” Commun. Phys. 1(1), 17 (2018).
[Crossref]

Perez, E. F.

Picqué, N.

K. J. Mohler, B. J. Bohn, M. Yan, G. Mélen, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Dual-comb coherent Raman spectroscopy with lasers of 1-GHz pulse repetition frequency,” Opt. Lett. 42(2), 318 (2017).
[Crossref]

G. Millot, S. Pitois, M. Yan, T. Hovhannisyan, A. Bendahmane, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Frequency-agile dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Photonics 10(1), 27–30 (2016).
[Crossref]

T. Ideguchi, S. Holzner, B. Bernhardt, G. Guelachvili, N. Picqué, and T. W. Hänsch, “Coherent Raman spectro-imaging with laser frequency combs,” Nature 502(7471), 355–358 (2013).
[Crossref]

Pitois, S.

G. Millot, S. Pitois, M. Yan, T. Hovhannisyan, A. Bendahmane, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Frequency-agile dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Photonics 10(1), 27–30 (2016).
[Crossref]

Plusquellic, D. F.

Quinlan, F.

D. R. Carlson, D. D. Hickstein, W. Zhang, A. J. Metcalf, F. Quinlan, S. A. Diddams, and S. B. Papp, “Ultrafast electro-optic light with subcycle control,” Science 361(6409), 1358–1363 (2018).
[Crossref]

Ramaiah-Badarla, V.

Reed, Z. D.

Sakuma, S.

Sasada, H.

S. Okubo, K. Iwakuni, H. Inaba, K. Hosaka, A. Onae, H. Sasada, and F.-L. Hong, “Ultra-broadband dual-comb spectroscopy across 1.0–1.9 µm,” Appl. Phys. Express 8(8), 082402 (2015).
[Crossref]

Schiller, S.

Srinivasan, K.

Stone, N.

B. Lafuente, R. T. Downs, H. Yang, and N. Stone, “The power of databases: the RRUFF project,” in Highlights in Mineralogical Crystallography, (De Gruyter, Berlin, Germany, 2016), pp. 1–30.

Swann, W.

I. Coddington, N. Newbury, and W. Swann, “Dual-comb spectroscopy,” Optica 3(4), 414 (2016).
[Crossref]

I. Coddington, W. Swann, and N. Newbury, “Coherent Multiheterodyne Spectroscopy Using Stabilized Optical Frequency Combs,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(1), 013902 (2008).
[Crossref]

Tainta, S.

Takizawa, S.

Tamamitsu, M.

Thevenaz, L.

H. Guo, W. Weng, J. Liu, F. Yang, W. Hansel, C. S. Bres, L. Thevenaz, R. Holzwarth, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Nanophotonic supercontinuum based mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy,” arXiv:1908.00871 (2019).

Torres-Company, V.

Walla, F.

B. Jerez, P. Martín-Mateos, F. Walla, C. de Dios, and P. Acedo, “Flexible Electro-Optic, Single-Crystal Difference Frequency Generation Architecture for Ultrafast Mid-Infrared Dual-Comb Spectroscopy,” ACS Photonics 5(6), 2348–2353 (2018).
[Crossref]

Wang, Y.

Weng, W.

H. Guo, W. Weng, J. Liu, F. Yang, W. Hansel, C. S. Bres, L. Thevenaz, R. Holzwarth, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Nanophotonic supercontinuum based mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy,” arXiv:1908.00871 (2019).

Yan, M.

K. J. Mohler, B. J. Bohn, M. Yan, G. Mélen, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Dual-comb coherent Raman spectroscopy with lasers of 1-GHz pulse repetition frequency,” Opt. Lett. 42(2), 318 (2017).
[Crossref]

G. Millot, S. Pitois, M. Yan, T. Hovhannisyan, A. Bendahmane, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Frequency-agile dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Photonics 10(1), 27–30 (2016).
[Crossref]

Yang, F.

H. Guo, W. Weng, J. Liu, F. Yang, W. Hansel, C. S. Bres, L. Thevenaz, R. Holzwarth, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Nanophotonic supercontinuum based mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy,” arXiv:1908.00871 (2019).

Yang, H.

B. Lafuente, R. T. Downs, H. Yang, and N. Stone, “The power of databases: the RRUFF project,” in Highlights in Mineralogical Crystallography, (De Gruyter, Berlin, Germany, 2016), pp. 1–30.

Ycas, G.

Zhang, W.

D. R. Carlson, D. D. Hickstein, W. Zhang, A. J. Metcalf, F. Quinlan, S. A. Diddams, and S. B. Papp, “Ultrafast electro-optic light with subcycle control,” Science 361(6409), 1358–1363 (2018).
[Crossref]

ACS Photonics (1)

B. Jerez, P. Martín-Mateos, F. Walla, C. de Dios, and P. Acedo, “Flexible Electro-Optic, Single-Crystal Difference Frequency Generation Architecture for Ultrafast Mid-Infrared Dual-Comb Spectroscopy,” ACS Photonics 5(6), 2348–2353 (2018).
[Crossref]

Adv. Opt. Photonics (1)

A. Parriaux, K. Hammani, and G. Millot, “Electro-optic frequency combs,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 12(1), 223 (2020).
[Crossref]

Appl. Phys. Express (1)

S. Okubo, K. Iwakuni, H. Inaba, K. Hosaka, A. Onae, H. Sasada, and F.-L. Hong, “Ultra-broadband dual-comb spectroscopy across 1.0–1.9 µm,” Appl. Phys. Express 8(8), 082402 (2015).
[Crossref]

Commun. Phys. (1)

A. Parriaux, K. Hammani, and G. Millot, “Two-micron all-fibered dual-comb spectrometer based on electro-optic modulators and wavelength conversion,” Commun. Phys. 1(1), 17 (2018).
[Crossref]

Nat. Photonics (2)

G. Millot, S. Pitois, M. Yan, T. Hovhannisyan, A. Bendahmane, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Frequency-agile dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Photonics 10(1), 27–30 (2016).
[Crossref]

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Figures (5)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Optical and electrical schematic of the EOM frequency comb system, including supercontinuum generation. A dielectric-resonator oscillator (DRO) produces a 10 GHz microwave signal, which drives the phase-modulators (PMs) and intensity modulator (IM) to convert the continuous-wave (CW) laser into a pulse train. A filter cavity removes high-frequency phase noise from the pulse train. Normal dispersion highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF) increases the bandwidth of the pulses, which are then compressed in a grating-based compressor before entering the silicon nitride (SiN) waveguide for supercontinuum generation. The wavelength of the CW laser is locked to a ultra-low expansion glass cavity, and the DRO is locked to a microwave reference.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. a) Schematic for ultra-broadband linear dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS). Inset shows a sample DCS interferogram. b) Retrieved DCS spectrum showing gas-phase absorption features from H$_2$O and CO$_2$ molecules. Spectrum obtained from a coherent average of 2000 interferograms at $\Delta f_{\textrm {rep}} = 10$ kHz. c) Time-domain trace of multiple sequential interferograms. d) Frequency-domain spectrum of the interferogram sequence from c) showing fully resolved comb modes near a wavelength of 1270 nm.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. a) Normalized transmittance spectrum in the 1800-2100 nm spectral range after transmission through the gas cell filled with 2 atm of CO$_2$. b) Comb-resolved DCS spectrum (blue) of the CO$_2$ absorption bands near 1970 nm, with a fitted reference spectrum (red) overlayed for comparison.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. a) Schematic for nonlinear dual-EOM-comb CARS. b) Optical spectrum near the longpass-filter band edge showing the CARS signal obtained after propagation through a 500 µm thick silicon window. c) Time-domain interferogram sequence after optically isolating the CARS signal with a shortpass filter having a cutoff wavelength of 1400 nm. d) Fourier transform of the interferogram trace showing a comb-resolved Raman vibrational mode in silicon at 520 cm$^{-1}$. e) Zoom of a single interferogram trace showing the Raman ringdown signal in the time domain. f) Comparison between reference data and a CARS spectrum obtained with the 10 GHz EOM comb.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Example Raman spectra acquired from various solid-state material samples with the 10 GHz dual-comb spectrometer. For GaAs, we observe both the longitudinal (LO) and transverse (TO) phonons.

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Equations (1)

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Δ ν ≤ f rep 2 2 Δ f rep .

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