Abstract

Problems of constructing an adaptive optical system intended for correcting the wavefront of laser radiation that has passed through a turbulent atmosphere are considered. To ensure high-quality wavefront correction, the frequency of the discrete system should be at least 1 kHz or more. This performance can be achieved by using FPGA as the main control element of the system. The results of a laboratory experiments of the laser beam phase fluctuations caused by turbulence, produced by the airflow of a fan heater, correction by means of the FPGA-based adaptive optical system are presented. The system efficiency was evaluated at various correction frequencies up to 1875 Hz.

© 2020 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement

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References

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  • Publication
  1. X. Tan, Z. Wu, and Z. Liang, “Effect of adaptive optical system on the capability of lidar detection in atmosphere,” Proc. SPIE 7284, 72840G (2009).
    [Crossref]
  2. M. Lu, M. Bagheri, A. P. James, and T. Phung, “Wireless charging techniques for UAVs: a review, reconceptualization, and extension,” IEEE Access 6, 29865–29884 (2018).
    [Crossref]
  3. G.A. Landis and H. Westerlund. “Laser beamed power - Satellite demonstration applications,” NASA Contractor Report 18 190793, IAF-92-0600, (1992).
  4. F. Bennet, R. Conan, C. D’Orgeville, M. Dawson, N. Paulin, I. Price, F. Rigaut, I. Ritchie, C. Smith, and K. Uhlendorf, “Adaptive optics for laser space debris removal,” Proc. SPIE 8447, 844744 (2012).
    [Crossref]
  5. Q. Huang, D. Liu, Y. Chen, Y. Wang, J. Tan, W. Chen, J. Liu, and N. Zhu, “Secure free-space optical communication system based on data fragmentation multipath transmission technology,” Opt. Express 26(10), 13536–13542 (2018).
    [Crossref]
  6. M. Vorontsov, T. Weyrauch, G. Carhart, and L. Beresnev, “Adaptive optics for free space laser communications”, Lasers, Sources and Related Photonic Devices, OSA Technical Digest Series (CD), LSMA1 (2010).
  7. L.C. Andrews and R.L. Phillips, “Laser beam propagation through random media”, 2nd ed., (SPIE, 2005), Bellingham, WA.
  8. A. L. Rukosuev, A. V. Kudryashov, A. N. Lylova, V. V. Samarkin, and Y. V. Sheldakova, “Adaptive optical system for real-time wavefront correction,” Atmos. Oceanic Opt. 28(4), 381–386 (2015).
    [Crossref]
  9. S. Lynch, D. Coburn, F. Morgan, and C. Dainty, “FPGA based Adaptive Optics control system,” IET Irish Signals and Systems Conference (ISSC 2008), Galway.192–197 (2008).
  10. S. Mauch and J. Reger, “Real-Time Adaptive Optic System Using FPGAs”. Field - Programmable Gate Array, InTech Open, (2017).
  11. A. V. Kudryashov, V. V. Samarkin, Y. V. Sheldakova, and A. G. Aleksandrov, “Wavefront compensation method using a Shack-Hartmann sensor as an adaptive optical element system,” Optoelectron.Instrument.Proc. 48(2), 153–158 (2012).
    [Crossref]
  12. KAYA Instruments company, https://kayacameras.com/product-category/jetcam-high-speed-cameras/ .
  13. A. Kudryashov, V. Toporovskiy, V. Samarkin, J. Sheldakova, and A. Rukosuev, “Water-cooled stacked-actuator deformable mirror for high CW power laser beam correction,” Proc. SPIE 10772, 107720U (2018).
    [Crossref]
  14. The Imaging Source company, https://www.theimagingsource.com/products/industrial-cameras/gige-monochrome/dmk23gm021/ .

2018 (3)

M. Lu, M. Bagheri, A. P. James, and T. Phung, “Wireless charging techniques for UAVs: a review, reconceptualization, and extension,” IEEE Access 6, 29865–29884 (2018).
[Crossref]

Q. Huang, D. Liu, Y. Chen, Y. Wang, J. Tan, W. Chen, J. Liu, and N. Zhu, “Secure free-space optical communication system based on data fragmentation multipath transmission technology,” Opt. Express 26(10), 13536–13542 (2018).
[Crossref]

A. Kudryashov, V. Toporovskiy, V. Samarkin, J. Sheldakova, and A. Rukosuev, “Water-cooled stacked-actuator deformable mirror for high CW power laser beam correction,” Proc. SPIE 10772, 107720U (2018).
[Crossref]

2015 (1)

A. L. Rukosuev, A. V. Kudryashov, A. N. Lylova, V. V. Samarkin, and Y. V. Sheldakova, “Adaptive optical system for real-time wavefront correction,” Atmos. Oceanic Opt. 28(4), 381–386 (2015).
[Crossref]

2012 (2)

A. V. Kudryashov, V. V. Samarkin, Y. V. Sheldakova, and A. G. Aleksandrov, “Wavefront compensation method using a Shack-Hartmann sensor as an adaptive optical element system,” Optoelectron.Instrument.Proc. 48(2), 153–158 (2012).
[Crossref]

F. Bennet, R. Conan, C. D’Orgeville, M. Dawson, N. Paulin, I. Price, F. Rigaut, I. Ritchie, C. Smith, and K. Uhlendorf, “Adaptive optics for laser space debris removal,” Proc. SPIE 8447, 844744 (2012).
[Crossref]

2009 (1)

X. Tan, Z. Wu, and Z. Liang, “Effect of adaptive optical system on the capability of lidar detection in atmosphere,” Proc. SPIE 7284, 72840G (2009).
[Crossref]

Aleksandrov, A. G.

A. V. Kudryashov, V. V. Samarkin, Y. V. Sheldakova, and A. G. Aleksandrov, “Wavefront compensation method using a Shack-Hartmann sensor as an adaptive optical element system,” Optoelectron.Instrument.Proc. 48(2), 153–158 (2012).
[Crossref]

Andrews, L.C.

L.C. Andrews and R.L. Phillips, “Laser beam propagation through random media”, 2nd ed., (SPIE, 2005), Bellingham, WA.

Bagheri, M.

M. Lu, M. Bagheri, A. P. James, and T. Phung, “Wireless charging techniques for UAVs: a review, reconceptualization, and extension,” IEEE Access 6, 29865–29884 (2018).
[Crossref]

Bennet, F.

F. Bennet, R. Conan, C. D’Orgeville, M. Dawson, N. Paulin, I. Price, F. Rigaut, I. Ritchie, C. Smith, and K. Uhlendorf, “Adaptive optics for laser space debris removal,” Proc. SPIE 8447, 844744 (2012).
[Crossref]

Beresnev, L.

M. Vorontsov, T. Weyrauch, G. Carhart, and L. Beresnev, “Adaptive optics for free space laser communications”, Lasers, Sources and Related Photonic Devices, OSA Technical Digest Series (CD), LSMA1 (2010).

Carhart, G.

M. Vorontsov, T. Weyrauch, G. Carhart, and L. Beresnev, “Adaptive optics for free space laser communications”, Lasers, Sources and Related Photonic Devices, OSA Technical Digest Series (CD), LSMA1 (2010).

Chen, W.

Chen, Y.

Coburn, D.

S. Lynch, D. Coburn, F. Morgan, and C. Dainty, “FPGA based Adaptive Optics control system,” IET Irish Signals and Systems Conference (ISSC 2008), Galway.192–197 (2008).

Conan, R.

F. Bennet, R. Conan, C. D’Orgeville, M. Dawson, N. Paulin, I. Price, F. Rigaut, I. Ritchie, C. Smith, and K. Uhlendorf, “Adaptive optics for laser space debris removal,” Proc. SPIE 8447, 844744 (2012).
[Crossref]

D’Orgeville, C.

F. Bennet, R. Conan, C. D’Orgeville, M. Dawson, N. Paulin, I. Price, F. Rigaut, I. Ritchie, C. Smith, and K. Uhlendorf, “Adaptive optics for laser space debris removal,” Proc. SPIE 8447, 844744 (2012).
[Crossref]

Dainty, C.

S. Lynch, D. Coburn, F. Morgan, and C. Dainty, “FPGA based Adaptive Optics control system,” IET Irish Signals and Systems Conference (ISSC 2008), Galway.192–197 (2008).

Dawson, M.

F. Bennet, R. Conan, C. D’Orgeville, M. Dawson, N. Paulin, I. Price, F. Rigaut, I. Ritchie, C. Smith, and K. Uhlendorf, “Adaptive optics for laser space debris removal,” Proc. SPIE 8447, 844744 (2012).
[Crossref]

Huang, Q.

James, A. P.

M. Lu, M. Bagheri, A. P. James, and T. Phung, “Wireless charging techniques for UAVs: a review, reconceptualization, and extension,” IEEE Access 6, 29865–29884 (2018).
[Crossref]

Kudryashov, A.

A. Kudryashov, V. Toporovskiy, V. Samarkin, J. Sheldakova, and A. Rukosuev, “Water-cooled stacked-actuator deformable mirror for high CW power laser beam correction,” Proc. SPIE 10772, 107720U (2018).
[Crossref]

Kudryashov, A. V.

A. L. Rukosuev, A. V. Kudryashov, A. N. Lylova, V. V. Samarkin, and Y. V. Sheldakova, “Adaptive optical system for real-time wavefront correction,” Atmos. Oceanic Opt. 28(4), 381–386 (2015).
[Crossref]

A. V. Kudryashov, V. V. Samarkin, Y. V. Sheldakova, and A. G. Aleksandrov, “Wavefront compensation method using a Shack-Hartmann sensor as an adaptive optical element system,” Optoelectron.Instrument.Proc. 48(2), 153–158 (2012).
[Crossref]

Landis, G.A.

G.A. Landis and H. Westerlund. “Laser beamed power - Satellite demonstration applications,” NASA Contractor Report 18 190793, IAF-92-0600, (1992).

Liang, Z.

X. Tan, Z. Wu, and Z. Liang, “Effect of adaptive optical system on the capability of lidar detection in atmosphere,” Proc. SPIE 7284, 72840G (2009).
[Crossref]

Liu, D.

Liu, J.

Lu, M.

M. Lu, M. Bagheri, A. P. James, and T. Phung, “Wireless charging techniques for UAVs: a review, reconceptualization, and extension,” IEEE Access 6, 29865–29884 (2018).
[Crossref]

Lylova, A. N.

A. L. Rukosuev, A. V. Kudryashov, A. N. Lylova, V. V. Samarkin, and Y. V. Sheldakova, “Adaptive optical system for real-time wavefront correction,” Atmos. Oceanic Opt. 28(4), 381–386 (2015).
[Crossref]

Lynch, S.

S. Lynch, D. Coburn, F. Morgan, and C. Dainty, “FPGA based Adaptive Optics control system,” IET Irish Signals and Systems Conference (ISSC 2008), Galway.192–197 (2008).

Mauch, S.

S. Mauch and J. Reger, “Real-Time Adaptive Optic System Using FPGAs”. Field - Programmable Gate Array, InTech Open, (2017).

Morgan, F.

S. Lynch, D. Coburn, F. Morgan, and C. Dainty, “FPGA based Adaptive Optics control system,” IET Irish Signals and Systems Conference (ISSC 2008), Galway.192–197 (2008).

Paulin, N.

F. Bennet, R. Conan, C. D’Orgeville, M. Dawson, N. Paulin, I. Price, F. Rigaut, I. Ritchie, C. Smith, and K. Uhlendorf, “Adaptive optics for laser space debris removal,” Proc. SPIE 8447, 844744 (2012).
[Crossref]

Phillips, R.L.

L.C. Andrews and R.L. Phillips, “Laser beam propagation through random media”, 2nd ed., (SPIE, 2005), Bellingham, WA.

Phung, T.

M. Lu, M. Bagheri, A. P. James, and T. Phung, “Wireless charging techniques for UAVs: a review, reconceptualization, and extension,” IEEE Access 6, 29865–29884 (2018).
[Crossref]

Price, I.

F. Bennet, R. Conan, C. D’Orgeville, M. Dawson, N. Paulin, I. Price, F. Rigaut, I. Ritchie, C. Smith, and K. Uhlendorf, “Adaptive optics for laser space debris removal,” Proc. SPIE 8447, 844744 (2012).
[Crossref]

Reger, J.

S. Mauch and J. Reger, “Real-Time Adaptive Optic System Using FPGAs”. Field - Programmable Gate Array, InTech Open, (2017).

Rigaut, F.

F. Bennet, R. Conan, C. D’Orgeville, M. Dawson, N. Paulin, I. Price, F. Rigaut, I. Ritchie, C. Smith, and K. Uhlendorf, “Adaptive optics for laser space debris removal,” Proc. SPIE 8447, 844744 (2012).
[Crossref]

Ritchie, I.

F. Bennet, R. Conan, C. D’Orgeville, M. Dawson, N. Paulin, I. Price, F. Rigaut, I. Ritchie, C. Smith, and K. Uhlendorf, “Adaptive optics for laser space debris removal,” Proc. SPIE 8447, 844744 (2012).
[Crossref]

Rukosuev, A.

A. Kudryashov, V. Toporovskiy, V. Samarkin, J. Sheldakova, and A. Rukosuev, “Water-cooled stacked-actuator deformable mirror for high CW power laser beam correction,” Proc. SPIE 10772, 107720U (2018).
[Crossref]

Rukosuev, A. L.

A. L. Rukosuev, A. V. Kudryashov, A. N. Lylova, V. V. Samarkin, and Y. V. Sheldakova, “Adaptive optical system for real-time wavefront correction,” Atmos. Oceanic Opt. 28(4), 381–386 (2015).
[Crossref]

Samarkin, V.

A. Kudryashov, V. Toporovskiy, V. Samarkin, J. Sheldakova, and A. Rukosuev, “Water-cooled stacked-actuator deformable mirror for high CW power laser beam correction,” Proc. SPIE 10772, 107720U (2018).
[Crossref]

Samarkin, V. V.

A. L. Rukosuev, A. V. Kudryashov, A. N. Lylova, V. V. Samarkin, and Y. V. Sheldakova, “Adaptive optical system for real-time wavefront correction,” Atmos. Oceanic Opt. 28(4), 381–386 (2015).
[Crossref]

A. V. Kudryashov, V. V. Samarkin, Y. V. Sheldakova, and A. G. Aleksandrov, “Wavefront compensation method using a Shack-Hartmann sensor as an adaptive optical element system,” Optoelectron.Instrument.Proc. 48(2), 153–158 (2012).
[Crossref]

Sheldakova, J.

A. Kudryashov, V. Toporovskiy, V. Samarkin, J. Sheldakova, and A. Rukosuev, “Water-cooled stacked-actuator deformable mirror for high CW power laser beam correction,” Proc. SPIE 10772, 107720U (2018).
[Crossref]

Sheldakova, Y. V.

A. L. Rukosuev, A. V. Kudryashov, A. N. Lylova, V. V. Samarkin, and Y. V. Sheldakova, “Adaptive optical system for real-time wavefront correction,” Atmos. Oceanic Opt. 28(4), 381–386 (2015).
[Crossref]

A. V. Kudryashov, V. V. Samarkin, Y. V. Sheldakova, and A. G. Aleksandrov, “Wavefront compensation method using a Shack-Hartmann sensor as an adaptive optical element system,” Optoelectron.Instrument.Proc. 48(2), 153–158 (2012).
[Crossref]

Smith, C.

F. Bennet, R. Conan, C. D’Orgeville, M. Dawson, N. Paulin, I. Price, F. Rigaut, I. Ritchie, C. Smith, and K. Uhlendorf, “Adaptive optics for laser space debris removal,” Proc. SPIE 8447, 844744 (2012).
[Crossref]

Tan, J.

Tan, X.

X. Tan, Z. Wu, and Z. Liang, “Effect of adaptive optical system on the capability of lidar detection in atmosphere,” Proc. SPIE 7284, 72840G (2009).
[Crossref]

Toporovskiy, V.

A. Kudryashov, V. Toporovskiy, V. Samarkin, J. Sheldakova, and A. Rukosuev, “Water-cooled stacked-actuator deformable mirror for high CW power laser beam correction,” Proc. SPIE 10772, 107720U (2018).
[Crossref]

Uhlendorf, K.

F. Bennet, R. Conan, C. D’Orgeville, M. Dawson, N. Paulin, I. Price, F. Rigaut, I. Ritchie, C. Smith, and K. Uhlendorf, “Adaptive optics for laser space debris removal,” Proc. SPIE 8447, 844744 (2012).
[Crossref]

Vorontsov, M.

M. Vorontsov, T. Weyrauch, G. Carhart, and L. Beresnev, “Adaptive optics for free space laser communications”, Lasers, Sources and Related Photonic Devices, OSA Technical Digest Series (CD), LSMA1 (2010).

Wang, Y.

Westerlund, H.

G.A. Landis and H. Westerlund. “Laser beamed power - Satellite demonstration applications,” NASA Contractor Report 18 190793, IAF-92-0600, (1992).

Weyrauch, T.

M. Vorontsov, T. Weyrauch, G. Carhart, and L. Beresnev, “Adaptive optics for free space laser communications”, Lasers, Sources and Related Photonic Devices, OSA Technical Digest Series (CD), LSMA1 (2010).

Wu, Z.

X. Tan, Z. Wu, and Z. Liang, “Effect of adaptive optical system on the capability of lidar detection in atmosphere,” Proc. SPIE 7284, 72840G (2009).
[Crossref]

Zhu, N.

Atmos. Oceanic Opt. (1)

A. L. Rukosuev, A. V. Kudryashov, A. N. Lylova, V. V. Samarkin, and Y. V. Sheldakova, “Adaptive optical system for real-time wavefront correction,” Atmos. Oceanic Opt. 28(4), 381–386 (2015).
[Crossref]

IEEE Access (1)

M. Lu, M. Bagheri, A. P. James, and T. Phung, “Wireless charging techniques for UAVs: a review, reconceptualization, and extension,” IEEE Access 6, 29865–29884 (2018).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (1)

Optoelectron.Instrument.Proc. (1)

A. V. Kudryashov, V. V. Samarkin, Y. V. Sheldakova, and A. G. Aleksandrov, “Wavefront compensation method using a Shack-Hartmann sensor as an adaptive optical element system,” Optoelectron.Instrument.Proc. 48(2), 153–158 (2012).
[Crossref]

Proc. SPIE (3)

A. Kudryashov, V. Toporovskiy, V. Samarkin, J. Sheldakova, and A. Rukosuev, “Water-cooled stacked-actuator deformable mirror for high CW power laser beam correction,” Proc. SPIE 10772, 107720U (2018).
[Crossref]

X. Tan, Z. Wu, and Z. Liang, “Effect of adaptive optical system on the capability of lidar detection in atmosphere,” Proc. SPIE 7284, 72840G (2009).
[Crossref]

F. Bennet, R. Conan, C. D’Orgeville, M. Dawson, N. Paulin, I. Price, F. Rigaut, I. Ritchie, C. Smith, and K. Uhlendorf, “Adaptive optics for laser space debris removal,” Proc. SPIE 8447, 844744 (2012).
[Crossref]

Other (7)

G.A. Landis and H. Westerlund. “Laser beamed power - Satellite demonstration applications,” NASA Contractor Report 18 190793, IAF-92-0600, (1992).

M. Vorontsov, T. Weyrauch, G. Carhart, and L. Beresnev, “Adaptive optics for free space laser communications”, Lasers, Sources and Related Photonic Devices, OSA Technical Digest Series (CD), LSMA1 (2010).

L.C. Andrews and R.L. Phillips, “Laser beam propagation through random media”, 2nd ed., (SPIE, 2005), Bellingham, WA.

S. Lynch, D. Coburn, F. Morgan, and C. Dainty, “FPGA based Adaptive Optics control system,” IET Irish Signals and Systems Conference (ISSC 2008), Galway.192–197 (2008).

S. Mauch and J. Reger, “Real-Time Adaptive Optic System Using FPGAs”. Field - Programmable Gate Array, InTech Open, (2017).

The Imaging Source company, https://www.theimagingsource.com/products/industrial-cameras/gige-monochrome/dmk23gm021/ .

KAYA Instruments company, https://kayacameras.com/product-category/jetcam-high-speed-cameras/ .

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Figures (6)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Test setup for FPGA-based adaptive optical system.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. FPGA functional structure.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Timing diagram of one cycle of FPGA-based closed system (not to scale).

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Stacked-actuator deformable mirror SADM-50-45.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. The spectral energy of Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor focal spot jitter.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Far-field intensity distribution before (a) and after (b) correction.

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