Evaluating imaging quality of optical dome affected by aero-optical transmission effect and aero-thermal radiation effect

Wang Hui; Shouqian Chen; Wang Zhang; Fanyang Dang; Lin Ju; Xianmei Xu; Zhigang Fan

doi:10.1364/OE.373020

Optics Express
Vol. 28,
Issue 5,
pp. 6172-6187
(2020)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.373020

Evaluating imaging quality of optical dome affected by aero-optical transmission effect and aero-thermal radiation effect

Wang Hui, Shouqian Chen, Wang Zhang, Fanyang Dang, Lin Ju, Xianmei Xu, and Zhigang Fan

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Wang Hui, Shouqian Chen, Wang Zhang, Fanyang Dang, Lin Ju, Xianmei Xu, and Zhigang Fan, "Evaluating imaging quality of optical dome affected by aero-optical transmission effect and aero-thermal radiation effect," Opt. Express 28, 6172-6187 (2020)

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- Imaging Systems, Microscopy, and Displays
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: August 1, 2019
- Revised Manuscript: February 9, 2020
- Manuscript Accepted: February 13, 2020
- Published: February 19, 2020

Abstract

The imaging quality of the aerodynamically heated optical dome was evaluated under the comprehensive influence of aero-optical transmission effect and aero-thermal radiation effect. The ray propagating algorithm based on the fourth order Runge-Kutta method was used to trace the target ray and the thermal radiation ray of the optical dome. Three imaging quality evaluation parameters were proposed to evaluate aero-optical effect: Modulation transfer function (MTF), irradiance, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of distorted images. The results show that: as the flight speed increased, the MTF decreased observably compared with the diffraction-limit MTF, the irradiance on the photosensitive surface of the detector increased gradually, and the distorted imaging quality under the influence of the comprehensive aero-optical effect gradually deteriorated. However, as the thickness of the optical dome increased, the MTF decreased sharply and the irradiance decreased gradually, that indicated the aero-optical transmission effect was reinforced and the aero-thermal radiation effect was weakened. The imaging quality improved with thickness increasing. The influence of aero-thermal radiation effect on the PSNR of the image was more serious than that of the aero-optical transmission effect.

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References

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Year
Author
Publication

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[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
G. Guo, H. Liu, and B. Zhang, “Aero-optical effects of an optical seeker with a supersonic jet for hypersonic vehicles in near space,” Appl. Opt. 55(17), 4741–4751 (2016).
[Crossref]
L. Xu, D. Xue, and X. Lv, “Computation and analysis of backward ray-tracing in aero-optics flow fields,” Opt. Express 26(1), 567–576 (2018).
[Crossref]
H. Xiao and Z. Fan, “Imaging quality evaluation of aerodynamically heated optical dome using ray tracing,” Appl. Opt. 49(27), 5049–5058 (2010).
[Crossref]
H. Xiao, Z. Wang, and Z. Fan, “Optical distortion evaluation of an aerodynamically heated window using the interfacial fluid thickness concept,” Appl. Opt. 50(19), 3135–3144 (2011).
[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
L. Y. Wei, H. Qi, Z. T. Niu, Y. T. Ren, and L. M. Ruan, “Reverse Monte Carlo coupled with Runge-Kutta ray tracing method for radiative heat transfer in graded-index media,” Infrared Phys. Technol. 99, 5–13 (2019).
[Crossref]
D. Shitao, Image Evaluation of the Optical transmission through Inhomogeneous Medium, (Zhejiang University, 2008).
H. Wang, S. Chen, H. Du, F. Dang, L. Ju, Y. Ming, R. Zhang, X. Shi, J. Yu, and Z. Fan, “Influence of altitude on aero-optic imaging quality degradation of the hemispherical optical dome,” Appl. Opt. 58(2), 274–282 (2019).
[Crossref]
Z. Chen, “Thermal radiation properties of plate made of approximate transparent medium,” J. East Chin. Jiaotong Univ. 13(1), 62–67 (1996).(in Chinese)
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[Crossref]

2019 (3)

Q. L. Niu, P. Gao, Z. C. Yuan, Z. H. He, and S. K. Dong, “Numerical analysis of thermal radiation noise of shock layer over an infrared optical dome at near-ground altitudes,” Infrared Phys. Technol. 97, 74–84 (2019).
[Crossref]

L. Y. Wei, H. Qi, Z. T. Niu, Y. T. Ren, and L. M. Ruan, “Reverse Monte Carlo coupled with Runge-Kutta ray tracing method for radiative heat transfer in graded-index media,” Infrared Phys. Technol. 99, 5–13 (2019).
[Crossref]

H. Wang, S. Chen, H. Du, F. Dang, L. Ju, Y. Ming, R. Zhang, X. Shi, J. Yu, and Z. Fan, “Influence of altitude on aero-optic imaging quality degradation of the hemispherical optical dome,” Appl. Opt. 58(2), 274–282 (2019).
[Crossref]

2018 (1)

L. Xu, D. Xue, and X. Lv, “Computation and analysis of backward ray-tracing in aero-optics flow fields,” Opt. Express 26(1), 567–576 (2018).
[Crossref]

2016 (3)

G. Guo, H. Liu, and B. Zhang, “Aero-optical effects of an optical seeker with a supersonic jet for hypersonic vehicles in near space,” Appl. Opt. 55(17), 4741–4751 (2016).
[Crossref]

Y. Huang, G. D. Shi, and K. Y. Zhu, “Runge-Kutta ray tracing technique for solving radiative heat transfer in a two-dimensional graded-index medium,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 176, 24–33 (2016).
[Crossref]

F. Dang, W. Zhang, S. Chen, H. Wang, J. Yu, and Z. Fan, “Basic geometry and aberration characteristics of conicoidal conformal domes,” Appl. Opt. 55(31), 8713–8721 (2016).
[Crossref]

2013 (1)

C. Hao, S. Chen, W. Zhang, J. Ren, C. Li, H. Pang, H. Wang, Q. Liu, C. Wang, and H. Zou, “Comprehensive analysis of imaging quality degradation of an airborne optical system for aerodynamic flow field around the optical window,” Appl. Opt. 52(33), 7889–7898 (2013).
[Crossref]

2011 (3)

H. Xiao, Z. Wang, and Z. Fan, “Optical distortion evaluation of an aerodynamically heated window using the interfacial fluid thickness concept,” Appl. Opt. 50(19), 3135–3144 (2011).
[Crossref]

Z. J. Zhang, Z. G. Cao, and W. W. Wang, “Effects of hypersonic vehicle's optical dome on infrared imaging,” Opt. Eng. 50(9), 093201 (2011).
[Crossref]

L. Xu and Y. Cai, “Influence of altitude on aero-optic imaging deviation,” Appl. Opt. 50(18), 2949–2957 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (1)

H. Xiao and Z. Fan, “Imaging quality evaluation of aerodynamically heated optical dome using ray tracing,” Appl. Opt. 49(27), 5049–5058 (2010).
[Crossref]

2007 (1)

T. Wang, Y. Zhao, D. Xu, and Q. Yang, “Numerical study of evaluating the optical quality of supersonic flow fields,” Appl. Opt. 46(23), 5545–5551 (2007).
[Crossref]

1996 (1)

Z. Chen, “Thermal radiation properties of plate made of approximate transparent medium,” J. East Chin. Jiaotong Univ. 13(1), 62–67 (1996).(in Chinese)

Cai, Y.

L. Xu and Y. Cai, “Influence of altitude on aero-optic imaging deviation,” Appl. Opt. 50(18), 2949–2957 (2011).
[Crossref]

Cao, Z. G.

Z. J. Zhang, Z. G. Cao, and W. W. Wang, “Effects of hypersonic vehicle's optical dome on infrared imaging,” Opt. Eng. 50(9), 093201 (2011).
[Crossref]

Chen, S.

F. Dang, W. Zhang, S. Chen, H. Wang, J. Yu, and Z. Fan, “Basic geometry and aberration characteristics of conicoidal conformal domes,” Appl. Opt. 55(31), 8713–8721 (2016).
[Crossref]

Chen, Z.

Z. Chen, “Thermal radiation properties of plate made of approximate transparent medium,” J. East Chin. Jiaotong Univ. 13(1), 62–67 (1996).(in Chinese)

Dang, F.

F. Dang, W. Zhang, S. Chen, H. Wang, J. Yu, and Z. Fan, “Basic geometry and aberration characteristics of conicoidal conformal domes,” Appl. Opt. 55(31), 8713–8721 (2016).
[Crossref]

Dong, S. K.

Du, H.

Fan, Z.

F. Dang, W. Zhang, S. Chen, H. Wang, J. Yu, and Z. Fan, “Basic geometry and aberration characteristics of conicoidal conformal domes,” Appl. Opt. 55(31), 8713–8721 (2016).
[Crossref]

H. Xiao, Z. Wang, and Z. Fan, “Optical distortion evaluation of an aerodynamically heated window using the interfacial fluid thickness concept,” Appl. Opt. 50(19), 3135–3144 (2011).
[Crossref]

H. Xiao and Z. Fan, “Imaging quality evaluation of aerodynamically heated optical dome using ray tracing,” Appl. Opt. 49(27), 5049–5058 (2010).
[Crossref]

Z. Wang, H. Xiao, Z. Fan, C. Qian, and C. Liu, “Radiation effect of aerodynamically heated optical dome on airborne infrared system,” in Eighth International Symposium on Precision Engineering Measurement and Instrumentation (International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2013), p. 87593A.

Gao, P.

Gentilman, R. L.

C. A. Klein and R. L. Gentilman, “Thermal shock resistance of convectively heated infrared windows and domes,” in Window and Dome Technologies and Materials V (International Society for Optics and Photonics, 1997), pp. 115–130.

Guo, G.

G. Guo, H. Liu, and B. Zhang, “Aero-optical effects of an optical seeker with a supersonic jet for hypersonic vehicles in near space,” Appl. Opt. 55(17), 4741–4751 (2016).
[Crossref]

Hao, C.

He, Z. H.

Hore, A.

A. Hore and D. Ziou, “Image quality metrics: PSNR vs. SSIM,” in 2010 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (IEEE, 2010), pp. 2366–2369.

Huang, Y.

Ju, L.

Klein, C. A.

Li, C.

Liu, C.

Liu, H.

G. Guo, H. Liu, and B. Zhang, “Aero-optical effects of an optical seeker with a supersonic jet for hypersonic vehicles in near space,” Appl. Opt. 55(17), 4741–4751 (2016).
[Crossref]

Liu, Q.

Lv, X.

L. Xu, D. Xue, and X. Lv, “Computation and analysis of backward ray-tracing in aero-optics flow fields,” Opt. Express 26(1), 567–576 (2018).
[Crossref]

Ming, Y.

Niu, Q. L.

Niu, Z. T.

Pang, H.

Qi, H.

Qian, C.

Ren, J.

Ren, Y. T.

Ruan, L. M.

Shi, G. D.

Shi, X.

Shitao, D.

D. Shitao, Image Evaluation of the Optical transmission through Inhomogeneous Medium, (Zhejiang University, 2008).

Sutton, G. W.

G. W. Sutton, “Parametric study of optical distortion due to window heating,” in High Heat Flux and Synchrotron Radiation Beamlines (International Society for Optics and Photonics, 1997), pp. 131–138.

Wang, C.

Wang, H.

F. Dang, W. Zhang, S. Chen, H. Wang, J. Yu, and Z. Fan, “Basic geometry and aberration characteristics of conicoidal conformal domes,” Appl. Opt. 55(31), 8713–8721 (2016).
[Crossref]

Wang, T.

T. Wang, Y. Zhao, D. Xu, and Q. Yang, “Numerical study of evaluating the optical quality of supersonic flow fields,” Appl. Opt. 46(23), 5545–5551 (2007).
[Crossref]

Wang, W. W.

Z. J. Zhang, Z. G. Cao, and W. W. Wang, “Effects of hypersonic vehicle's optical dome on infrared imaging,” Opt. Eng. 50(9), 093201 (2011).
[Crossref]

Wang, Z.

H. Xiao, Z. Wang, and Z. Fan, “Optical distortion evaluation of an aerodynamically heated window using the interfacial fluid thickness concept,” Appl. Opt. 50(19), 3135–3144 (2011).
[Crossref]

Wei, L. Y.

Wenhui, X.

X. Wenhui, Research on the Thermal Radiation Characteristics of Conformal Dome in the Aero-dynamic Environment, (Harbin Institute of Technology University, 2016).

Yin, X.

X. Yin, Principle of Aero-optics, (China Astronautics Publishing House, 2003).

Yu, J.

F. Dang, W. Zhang, S. Chen, H. Wang, J. Yu, and Z. Fan, “Basic geometry and aberration characteristics of conicoidal conformal domes,” Appl. Opt. 55(31), 8713–8721 (2016).
[Crossref]

Yuan, Z. C.

Zhang, B.

G. Guo, H. Liu, and B. Zhang, “Aero-optical effects of an optical seeker with a supersonic jet for hypersonic vehicles in near space,” Appl. Opt. 55(17), 4741–4751 (2016).
[Crossref]

Zhang, R.

Zhang, W.

F. Dang, W. Zhang, S. Chen, H. Wang, J. Yu, and Z. Fan, “Basic geometry and aberration characteristics of conicoidal conformal domes,” Appl. Opt. 55(31), 8713–8721 (2016).
[Crossref]

Zhang, Z. J.

Z. J. Zhang, Z. G. Cao, and W. W. Wang, “Effects of hypersonic vehicle's optical dome on infrared imaging,” Opt. Eng. 50(9), 093201 (2011).
[Crossref]

Zhao, Y.

T. Wang, Y. Zhao, D. Xu, and Q. Yang, “Numerical study of evaluating the optical quality of supersonic flow fields,” Appl. Opt. 46(23), 5545–5551 (2007).
[Crossref]

Zhu, K. Y.

Ziou, D.

A. Hore and D. Ziou, “Image quality metrics: PSNR vs. SSIM,” in 2010 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (IEEE, 2010), pp. 2366–2369.

Zou, H.

Appl. Opt. (8)

T. Wang, Y. Zhao, D. Xu, and Q. Yang, “Numerical study of evaluating the optical quality of supersonic flow fields,” Appl. Opt. 46(23), 5545–5551 (2007).
[Crossref]

L. Xu and Y. Cai, “Influence of altitude on aero-optic imaging deviation,” Appl. Opt. 50(18), 2949–2957 (2011).
[Crossref]

G. Guo, H. Liu, and B. Zhang, “Aero-optical effects of an optical seeker with a supersonic jet for hypersonic vehicles in near space,” Appl. Opt. 55(17), 4741–4751 (2016).
[Crossref]

H. Xiao and Z. Fan, “Imaging quality evaluation of aerodynamically heated optical dome using ray tracing,” Appl. Opt. 49(27), 5049–5058 (2010).
[Crossref]

H. Xiao, Z. Wang, and Z. Fan, “Optical distortion evaluation of an aerodynamically heated window using the interfacial fluid thickness concept,” Appl. Opt. 50(19), 3135–3144 (2011).
[Crossref]

F. Dang, W. Zhang, S. Chen, H. Wang, J. Yu, and Z. Fan, “Basic geometry and aberration characteristics of conicoidal conformal domes,” Appl. Opt. 55(31), 8713–8721 (2016).
[Crossref]

Infrared Phys. Technol. (2)

J. East Chin. Jiaotong Univ. (1)

Z. Chen, “Thermal radiation properties of plate made of approximate transparent medium,” J. East Chin. Jiaotong Univ. 13(1), 62–67 (1996).(in Chinese)

J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer (1)

Opt. Eng. (1)

Z. J. Zhang, Z. G. Cao, and W. W. Wang, “Effects of hypersonic vehicle's optical dome on infrared imaging,” Opt. Eng. 50(9), 093201 (2011).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (1)

L. Xu, D. Xue, and X. Lv, “Computation and analysis of backward ray-tracing in aero-optics flow fields,” Opt. Express 26(1), 567–576 (2018).
[Crossref]

Other (7)

X. Yin, Principle of Aero-optics, (China Astronautics Publishing House, 2003).

X. Wenhui, Research on the Thermal Radiation Characteristics of Conformal Dome in the Aero-dynamic Environment, (Harbin Institute of Technology University, 2016).

A. Hore and D. Ziou, “Image quality metrics: PSNR vs. SSIM,” in 2010 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (IEEE, 2010), pp. 2366–2369.

D. Shitao, Image Evaluation of the Optical transmission through Inhomogeneous Medium, (Zhejiang University, 2008).

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Figures (20)

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Fig. 19.
Fig. 20.

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of optical dome’s structural parameters:D was 200mm; L was 100mm.

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Fig. 2. Thermal-structural coupling calculation results: (a) Temperature distribution of the optical dome. The maximum temperature was 348.543K; (b) The deformation distribution of the dome. The maximum deformation is 26.3µm.

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Fig. 3. Refractive index distribution of the optical dome.

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Fig. 4. Definitions for azimuth and elevation incident angles.

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Fig. 5. Wave aberration results: The PV values of the wave aberration was 1.125λ.

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Fig. 6. Distortion image under the influence of the aero-optical transmission effect of the optical dome: (a) original image; (b) distorted image.

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Fig. 7. Irradiance distributions on photosensitive plane of the detector.

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Fig. 8. Distortion image under the influence of the aero-thermal radiation effect of the optical dome: (a) original image; (b) distorted image.

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Fig. 9. The maximum temperature and maximum deformation of the optical dome varies with flight speed (the thickness of optical dome was 6mm).

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Fig. 10. The MTF results varied with flight speed.

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Fig. 11. The MTF results varied with flight speed at cut-off frequency of 10 lp/mm.

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Fig. 12. Variation of irradiance with flight speed.

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Fig. 13. The distortion images under the comprehensive influence of aero-optical effect with the changes of flight speed: (a) original image; (b)∼(f) distorted image.

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Fig. 14. PSNR results variation of distorted image with the changes of flight speed.

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Fig. 15. The maximum temperature and maximum deformation varied with the thickness of the optical dome.

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Fig. 16. The MTF results varied with the thickness of optical dome.

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Fig. 17. The MTF results varied with thickness at cut-off frequency of 10 lp/mm.

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Fig. 18. Variation of irradiance received on the detector with the thickness of the optical dome.

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Fig. 19. Distortion image under the comprehensive influence of aero-optical effect:(a) original image;(b)∼(f) distorted image; thickness range from 4mm to 8mm, step length was 1mm.

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Fig. 20. PSNR results variation of distorted image with the changes of thickness.

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Tables (1)

Table 1. The parameters of ideal infrared optical system and infrared photodetector.

View Table

Equations (18)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

n [λ, t (x, y, z)] = n (λ, t_{0}) + \frac{d (λ, t)}{d t} Δ t (x, y, z)

\frac{d}{ds} [n (r) \frac{d r}{ds}] = \nabla n (r)

t = \int \frac{d s}{n (r)}

\frac{d^{2} r}{d t^{2}} = n (r) \nabla n (r)

{\begin{array}{l} \frac{d r}{d t} = T \\ \frac{d T}{d t} = n (r) \nabla n (r) \end{array}

{\begin{array}{l} r_{i + 1} = r_{i} + \frac{h}{6} (K_{1} + 2 K_{2} + 2 K_{3} + K_{4}) \\ T_{i + 1} = T_{i} + \frac{h}{6} (L_{1} + 2 L_{2} + 2 L_{3} + L_{4}) \end{array}

{\begin{array}{l} K_{1} = T_{i} \\ K_{2} = T_{i} + h L_{1} / 2 \\ K_{3} = T_{i} + h L_{2} / 2 \\ K_{4} = T_{i} + h L_{3} \end{array}

{\begin{array}{l} L_{1} = n (r) \nabla n (r) (a t r_{i}) \\ L_{2} = n (r) \nabla n (r) (a t r_{i} + h K_{1} / 2, in the direction of K_{1}) \\ L_{3} = n (r) \nabla n (r) (a t r_{i} + h K_{2} / 2, in the direction of K_{2}) \\ L_{4} = n (r) \nabla n (r) (a t r_{i} + h K_{3}, in the direction of K_{3}) \end{array}

{OPL}_{k} = \sum_{i} n_{i} (r) l_{i}

W(x, y) = \sum_{k} \frac{2 π}{λ} ({OPL}_{k} - \bar{OPL})

A (x^{'}, y^{'}) = {\begin{array}{ll} a (x, y) \exp [j W (x, y)] x^{2} + y^{2} \leq {(D / 2)}^{2} \\ 0 x^{2} + y^{2} \geq {(D / 2)}^{2} \end{array}

U (x^{'}, y^{'}) = \int \int A (x, y) \exp [- j \frac{2 π}{λ f} (x x^{'} + y y^{'})] d x d y

OTF (f_{x^{'}}, f_{y^{'}}) = \int \int U (x^{'}, y^{'}) U^{*} (x^{'}, y^{'}) \exp [- j 2 π (f_{x^{'}} x^{'} + f_{y^{'}} y^{'})] d x^{'} d y^{'}

ε (λ, T) = \frac{(1 - ρ) (1 - \exp (- α (λ, T) b)}{1 - ρ \cdot \exp (- α (λ, T) b)}

L_{λ} = \frac{2 ε h c^{2} λ^{- 5}}{\exp (h c / k T_{i} λ) - 1}

d W = L_{λ} cos θ d λ d s d Ω

V_{i j} = G \cdot R_{i j} \cdot d W_{i j} + V_{N i j}

PSNR (f, G) = 10 \log 10 [\frac{{(L - 1)}^{2}}{MSE (f, G)}]

Optical System Parameters	value
Focal length(mm)	150
Wavelength(µm)	3∼5
Diameters of the entrance pupil(mm)	90
Diameters of the exit pupil(mm)	6.6
Detector pixels length(µm) × width(µm)	50×50
Number of detector pixels	128×128
Responsivity of the infrared photodetector(V/W)	6×10⁶
Output dynamic range (V)	0.4∼2.1
Pre-amplification	78
Maximum RMS (root mean square) noise (V)	0.1
Working time of optical dome(s)	10

Abstract

References

2019 (3)

2018 (1)

2016 (3)

2013 (1)

2011 (3)

2010 (1)

2007 (1)

1996 (1)

Cai, Y.

Cao, Z. G.

Chen, S.

Chen, Z.

Dang, F.

Dong, S. K.

Du, H.

Fan, Z.

Gao, P.

Gentilman, R. L.

Guo, G.

Hao, C.

He, Z. H.

Hore, A.

Huang, Y.

Ju, L.

Klein, C. A.

Li, C.

Liu, C.

Liu, H.

Liu, Q.

Lv, X.

Ming, Y.

Niu, Q. L.

Niu, Z. T.

Pang, H.

Qi, H.

Qian, C.

Ren, J.

Ren, Y. T.

Ruan, L. M.

Shi, G. D.

Shi, X.

Shitao, D.

Sutton, G. W.

Wang, C.

Wang, H.

Wang, T.

Wang, W. W.

Wang, Z.

Wei, L. Y.

Wenhui, X.

Xiao, H.

Xu, D.

Xu, L.

Xue, D.

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Yin, X.

Yu, J.

Yuan, Z. C.

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Zhang, R.

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Zhang, Z. J.

Zhao, Y.

Zhu, K. Y.

Ziou, D.

Zou, H.

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