Abstract

Dual-comb spectroscopy using a silicon Mach-Zehnder modulator is reported for the first time. First, the properties of frequency combs generated by silicon modulators are assessed in terms of tunability, coherence, and number of lines. Then, taking advantage of the frequency agility of electro-optical frequency combs, a new technique for fine resolution absorption spectroscopy is proposed, named frequency-tuning dual-comb spectroscopy, which combines dual-comb spectroscopy and frequency spacing tunability to measure optical spectra with detection at a unique RF frequency. As a proof of concept, a 24 GHz optical bandwidth is scanned with a 1 GHz resolution.

© 2020 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement

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2020 (1)

2019 (11)

T. Ren, M. Zhang, C. Wang, L. Shao, C. Reimer, Y. Zhang, O. King, R. Esman, T. Cullen, and M. Loncar, “An Integrated Low-Voltage Broadband Lithium Niobate Phase Modulator,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 31(11), 889–892 (2019).
[Crossref]

M. Zhang, B. Buscaino, C. Wang, A. Shams-Ansari, C. Reimer, R. Zhu, J. M. Kahn, and M. Lončar, “Broadband electro-optic frequency comb generation in a lithium niobate microring resonator,” Nature 568(7752), 373–377 (2019).
[Crossref]

Z. Wang, M. Ma, H. Sun, M. Khalil, R. Adams, K. Yim, X. Jin, and L. R. Chen, “Optical frequency comb generation using CMOS compatible cascaded Mach–Zehnder modulators,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 55(6), 1–6 (2019).
[Crossref]

V. Torres-Company, J. Schröder, A. Fülöp, M. Mazur, L. Lundberg, Ó. B. Helgason, M. Karlsson, and P. A. Andrekson, “Laser Frequency Combs for Coherent Optical Communication,” J. Lightwave Technol. 37(7), 1663–1670 (2019).
[Crossref]

E. Obrzud, M. Rainer, A. Harutyunyan, M. H. Anderson, J. Liu, M. Geiselmann, B. Chazelas, S. Kundermann, S. Lecomte, M. Cecconi, A. Ghedina, E. Molinari, F. Pepe, F. Wildi, F. Bouchy, T. J. Kippenberg, and T. Herr, “A microphotonic astrocomb,” Nat. Photonics 13(1), 31–35 (2019).
[Crossref]

N. Picqué and T. W. Hänsch, “Frequency comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Photonics 13(3), 146–157 (2019).
[Crossref]

G. Scalari, J. Faist, and N. Picqué, “On-chip mid-infrared and THz frequency combs for spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 114(15), 150401 (2019).
[Crossref]

A. L. Gaeta, M. Lipson, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Photonic-chip-based frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 13(3), 158–169 (2019).
[Crossref]

T. Tanabe, S. Fujii, and R. Suzuki, “Review on microresonator frequency combs,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 58(SJ), SJ0801 (2019).
[Crossref]

C. Wang, M. Zhang, M. Yu, R. Zhu, H. Hu, and M. Loncar, “Monolithic lithium niobate photonic circuits for Kerr frequency comb generation and modulation,” Nat. Commun. 10(1), 978 (2019).
[Crossref]

C. Bao, M. Suh, and K. Vahala, “Microresonator soliton dual-comb imaging,” Optica 6(9), 1110–1116 (2019).
[Crossref]

2018 (12)

T. J. Kippenberg, A. L. Gaeta, M. Lipson, and M. L. Gorodetsky, “Dissipative Kerr solitons in optical microresonators,” Science 361(6402), eaan8083 (2018).
[Crossref]

M. Yu, Y. Okawachi, C. Joshi, X. Ji, M. Lipson, and A. L. Gaeta, “Gas-Phase Microresonator-Based Comb Spectroscopy without an External Pump Laser,” ACS Photonics 5(7), 2780–2785 (2018).
[Crossref]

A. Dutt, C. Joshi, X. Ji, J. Cardenas, Y. Okawachi, K. Luke, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, “On-chip dual-comb source for spectroscopy,” Sci. Adv. 4(3), e1701858 (2018).
[Crossref]

M. Yu, Y. Okawachi, A. G. Griffith, N. Picqué, M. Lipson, and A. L. Gaeta, “Silicon-chip-based mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Commun. 9(1), 1869 (2018).
[Crossref]

J. Lin, H. Sepehrian, Y. Xu, L. A. Rusch, and W. Shi, “Frequency Comb Generation using a CMOS Compatible SiP DD-MZM for Flexible Networks,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 30(17), 1495–1498 (2018).
[Crossref]

Y. Xu, J. Lin, R. Dubé-Demers, S. LaRochelle, L. Rusch, and W. Shi, “Integrated flexible-grid WDM transmitter using an optical frequency comb in microring modulators,” Opt. Lett. 43(7), 1554–1557 (2018).
[Crossref]

Z. Chen, M. Yan, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “A phase-stable dual-comb interferometer,” Nat. Commun. 9(1), 3035 (2018).
[Crossref]

I. Demirtzioglou, C. Lacava, K. R. H. Bottrill, D. J. Thomson, G. T. Reed, D. J. Richardson, and P. Petropoulos, “Frequency comb generation in a silicon ring resonator modulator,” Opt. Express 26(2), 790–796 (2018).
[Crossref]

K. P. Nagarjun, V. Jeyaselvan, S. K. Selvaraja, and V. R. Supradeepa, “Generation of tunable, high repetition rate optical frequency combs using on-chip silicon modulators,” Opt. Express 26(8), 10744–10753 (2018).
[Crossref]

W. Shi, Y. Xu, H. Sepehrian, S. LaRochelle, and L. A. Rusch, “Silicon photonic modulators for PAM transmissions,” J. Opt. 20(8), 083002 (2018).
[Crossref]

P. Martín-Mateos, B. Jerez, P. Largo-Izquierdo, and P. Acedo, “Frequency accurate coherent electro-optic dual-comb spectroscopy in real-time,” Opt. Express 26(8), 9700–9713 (2018).
[Crossref]

Z. Zhu and G. Wu, “Dual-Comb Ranging,” Engineering 4(6), 772–778 (2018).
[Crossref]

2017 (7)

C. Weimann, M. Lauermann, F. Hoeller, W. Freude, and C. Koos, “Silicon photonic integrated circuit for fast and precise dual-comb distance metrology,” Opt. Express 25(24), 30091–30104 (2017).
[Crossref]

E. L. Teleanu, V. Durán, and V. Torres-Company, “Electro-optic dual-comb interferometer for high-speed vibrometry,” Opt. Express 25(14), 16427–16436 (2017).
[Crossref]

K. Beha, D. C. Cole, P. Del’Haye, A. Coillet, S. A. Diddams, and S. B. Papp, “Electronic synthesis of light,” Optica 4(4), 406–411 (2017).
[Crossref]

A. Fülöp, M. Mazur, A. Lorences-Riesgo, T. A. Eriksson, P. Wang, Y. Xuan, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, P. A. Andrekson, A. M. Weiner, and V. Torres-Company, “Long-haul coherent communications using microresonator-based frequency combs,” Opt. Express 25(22), 26678–26688 (2017).
[Crossref]

P. Marin-Palomo, J. N. Kemal, M. Karpov, A. Kordts, J. Pfeifle, M. H. P. Pfeiffer, P. Trocha, S. Wolf, V. Brasch, M. H. Anderson, R. Rosenberger, K. Vijayan, W. Freude, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Microresonator-based solitons for massively parallel coherent optical communications,” Nature 546(7657), 274–279 (2017).
[Crossref]

N. B. Hébert, J. Genest, J. Deschênes, H. Bergeron, G. Y. Chen, C. Khurmi, and D. G. Lancaster, “Self-corrected chip-based dual-comb spectrometer,” Opt. Express 25(7), 8168–8179 (2017).
[Crossref]

N. G. Pavlov, G. Lihachev, S. Koptyaev, E. Lucas, M. Karpov, N. M. Kondratiev, I. A. Bilenko, T. J. Kippenberg, and M. L. Gorodetsky, “Soliton dual frequency combs in crystalline microresonators,” Opt. Lett. 42(3), 514–517 (2017).
[Crossref]

2016 (6)

N. Yokota and H. Yasaka, “Operation strategy of InP Mach–Zehnder modulators for flat optical frequency comb generation,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 52(8), 1–7 (2016).
[Crossref]

M. Suh, Q. Yang, K. Y. Yang, X. Yi, and K. J. Vahala, “Microresonator soliton dual-comb spectroscopy,” Science 354(6312), 600–603 (2016).
[Crossref]

J. Qian, S. Tian, and L. Shang, “Investigation on Nyquist pulse generation by optical frequency,” J. Opt. Technol. 83(11), 699–702 (2016).
[Crossref]

G. Millot, S. Pitois, M. Yan, T. Hovhannisyan, A. Bendahmane, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Frequency-agile dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Photonics 10(1), 27–30 (2016).
[Crossref]

I. Coddington, N. R. Newbury, and W. C. Swann, “Dual-comb spectroscopy,” Optica 3(4), 414–426 (2016).
[Crossref]

C. Baudot, A. Fincato, D. Fowler, D. Perez-Galacho, A. Souhaité, S. Messaoudène, R. Blanc, C. Richard, J. Planchot, C. De-Buttet, B. Orlando, F. Gays, C. Mezzomo, B. Bernard, D. Marris-Morini, L. Vivien, C. Kopp, and F. Boeuf, “Daphne silicon photonics technological platform for research and development on WDM applications,” Proc. SPIE 9891, 98911D (2016).
[Crossref]

2015 (2)

E. L. Teleanu, S. Tainta, and V. Torres-Company, “Ultrafast electrooptic dual-comb interferometry,” Opt. Express 23(23), 30557–30569 (2015).
[Crossref]

S. Okubo, K. Iwakuni, H. Inaba, K. Hosaka, A. Onae, H. Sasada, and F. Hong, “Ultra-broadband dual-comb spectroscopy across 1.0–1.9 µm,” Appl. Phys. Express 8(8), 082402 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (4)

2013 (2)

B. Ping-Piu Kuo, E. Myslivets, V. Ataie, E. G. Temprana, N. Alic, and S. Radic, “Wideband parametric frequency comb as coherent optical carrier,” J. Lightwave Technol. 31(21), 3414–3419 (2013).
[Crossref]

A. J. Metcalf, V. Torres-Company, D. E. Leaird, and A. M. Weiner, “High-Power Broadly Tunable Electrooptic Frequency Comb Generator,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 19(6), 231–236 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (1)

2010 (2)

2008 (3)

2001 (1)

S. T. Cundiff, J. Ye, and J. L. Hall, “Optical frequency synthesis based on mode-locked lasers,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72(10), 3749–3771 (2001).
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2000 (1)

Acedo, P.

Adams, R.

Z. Wang, M. Ma, H. Sun, M. Khalil, R. Adams, K. Yim, X. Jin, and L. R. Chen, “Optical frequency comb generation using CMOS compatible cascaded Mach–Zehnder modulators,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 55(6), 1–6 (2019).
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Ahn, D.

Alic, N.

Alloatti, L.

Anderson, M. H.

E. Obrzud, M. Rainer, A. Harutyunyan, M. H. Anderson, J. Liu, M. Geiselmann, B. Chazelas, S. Kundermann, S. Lecomte, M. Cecconi, A. Ghedina, E. Molinari, F. Pepe, F. Wildi, F. Bouchy, T. J. Kippenberg, and T. Herr, “A microphotonic astrocomb,” Nat. Photonics 13(1), 31–35 (2019).
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P. Marin-Palomo, J. N. Kemal, M. Karpov, A. Kordts, J. Pfeifle, M. H. P. Pfeiffer, P. Trocha, S. Wolf, V. Brasch, M. H. Anderson, R. Rosenberger, K. Vijayan, W. Freude, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Microresonator-based solitons for massively parallel coherent optical communications,” Nature 546(7657), 274–279 (2017).
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Andrés, P.

Ataie, V.

Bao, C.

Baudot, C.

C. Baudot, A. Fincato, D. Fowler, D. Perez-Galacho, A. Souhaité, S. Messaoudène, R. Blanc, C. Richard, J. Planchot, C. De-Buttet, B. Orlando, F. Gays, C. Mezzomo, B. Bernard, D. Marris-Morini, L. Vivien, C. Kopp, and F. Boeuf, “Daphne silicon photonics technological platform for research and development on WDM applications,” Proc. SPIE 9891, 98911D (2016).
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Beck, M.

Beha, K.

Bekele, D.

Bendahmane, A.

G. Millot, S. Pitois, M. Yan, T. Hovhannisyan, A. Bendahmane, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Frequency-agile dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Photonics 10(1), 27–30 (2016).
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Bergeron, H.

Bernard, B.

C. Baudot, A. Fincato, D. Fowler, D. Perez-Galacho, A. Souhaité, S. Messaoudène, R. Blanc, C. Richard, J. Planchot, C. De-Buttet, B. Orlando, F. Gays, C. Mezzomo, B. Bernard, D. Marris-Morini, L. Vivien, C. Kopp, and F. Boeuf, “Daphne silicon photonics technological platform for research and development on WDM applications,” Proc. SPIE 9891, 98911D (2016).
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Bilenko, I. A.

Blanc, R.

C. Baudot, A. Fincato, D. Fowler, D. Perez-Galacho, A. Souhaité, S. Messaoudène, R. Blanc, C. Richard, J. Planchot, C. De-Buttet, B. Orlando, F. Gays, C. Mezzomo, B. Bernard, D. Marris-Morini, L. Vivien, C. Kopp, and F. Boeuf, “Daphne silicon photonics technological platform for research and development on WDM applications,” Proc. SPIE 9891, 98911D (2016).
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G. Villares, A. Hugi, S. Blaser, and J. Faist, “Dual-comb spectroscopy based on quantum-cascade-laser frequency combs,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 5192 (2014).
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C. Baudot, A. Fincato, D. Fowler, D. Perez-Galacho, A. Souhaité, S. Messaoudène, R. Blanc, C. Richard, J. Planchot, C. De-Buttet, B. Orlando, F. Gays, C. Mezzomo, B. Bernard, D. Marris-Morini, L. Vivien, C. Kopp, and F. Boeuf, “Daphne silicon photonics technological platform for research and development on WDM applications,” Proc. SPIE 9891, 98911D (2016).
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Bogaerts, W.

Bottrill, K. R. H.

Bouchy, F.

E. Obrzud, M. Rainer, A. Harutyunyan, M. H. Anderson, J. Liu, M. Geiselmann, B. Chazelas, S. Kundermann, S. Lecomte, M. Cecconi, A. Ghedina, E. Molinari, F. Pepe, F. Wildi, F. Bouchy, T. J. Kippenberg, and T. Herr, “A microphotonic astrocomb,” Nat. Photonics 13(1), 31–35 (2019).
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Brasch, V.

P. Marin-Palomo, J. N. Kemal, M. Karpov, A. Kordts, J. Pfeifle, M. H. P. Pfeiffer, P. Trocha, S. Wolf, V. Brasch, M. H. Anderson, R. Rosenberger, K. Vijayan, W. Freude, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Microresonator-based solitons for massively parallel coherent optical communications,” Nature 546(7657), 274–279 (2017).
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Buscaino, B.

M. Zhang, B. Buscaino, C. Wang, A. Shams-Ansari, C. Reimer, R. Zhu, J. M. Kahn, and M. Lončar, “Broadband electro-optic frequency comb generation in a lithium niobate microring resonator,” Nature 568(7752), 373–377 (2019).
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A. Dutt, C. Joshi, X. Ji, J. Cardenas, Y. Okawachi, K. Luke, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, “On-chip dual-comb source for spectroscopy,” Sci. Adv. 4(3), e1701858 (2018).
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E. Obrzud, M. Rainer, A. Harutyunyan, M. H. Anderson, J. Liu, M. Geiselmann, B. Chazelas, S. Kundermann, S. Lecomte, M. Cecconi, A. Ghedina, E. Molinari, F. Pepe, F. Wildi, F. Bouchy, T. J. Kippenberg, and T. Herr, “A microphotonic astrocomb,” Nat. Photonics 13(1), 31–35 (2019).
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Chazelas, B.

E. Obrzud, M. Rainer, A. Harutyunyan, M. H. Anderson, J. Liu, M. Geiselmann, B. Chazelas, S. Kundermann, S. Lecomte, M. Cecconi, A. Ghedina, E. Molinari, F. Pepe, F. Wildi, F. Bouchy, T. J. Kippenberg, and T. Herr, “A microphotonic astrocomb,” Nat. Photonics 13(1), 31–35 (2019).
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Chen, D.

X. Xiao, M. Li, L. Wang, D. Chen, Q. Yang, and S. Yu, “High speed silicon photonic modulators,” In Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC), Los Angeles, CA, USA, March 19-23, 2017; IEEE, 2017, pp. 1–3 (2017).

Chen, G. Y.

Chen, L.

Chen, L. R.

Z. Wang, M. Ma, H. Sun, M. Khalil, R. Adams, K. Yim, X. Jin, and L. R. Chen, “Optical frequency comb generation using CMOS compatible cascaded Mach–Zehnder modulators,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 55(6), 1–6 (2019).
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Chen, Z.

Z. Chen, M. Yan, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “A phase-stable dual-comb interferometer,” Nat. Commun. 9(1), 3035 (2018).
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A. Shams-Ansari, M. Yu, Z. Chen, C. Reimer, M. Zhang, N. Picqué, and M. Loncar, “Microring Electro-optic Frequency Comb Sources for Dual-Comb Spectroscopy,” In Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), San Jose, USA, May 5-10, 2019; OSA Technical Digest, JTh5B.8 (2019).

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Cole, D. C.

Cullen, T.

T. Ren, M. Zhang, C. Wang, L. Shao, C. Reimer, Y. Zhang, O. King, R. Esman, T. Cullen, and M. Loncar, “An Integrated Low-Voltage Broadband Lithium Niobate Phase Modulator,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 31(11), 889–892 (2019).
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Cundiff, S. T.

S. T. Cundiff and A. M. Weiner, “Optical arbitrary waveform generation,” Nat. Photonics 4(11), 760–766 (2010).
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S. T. Cundiff, J. Ye, and J. L. Hall, “Optical frequency synthesis based on mode-locked lasers,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72(10), 3749–3771 (2001).
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S. A. Diddams, D. J. Jones, L. S. Ma, S. T. Cundiff, and J. L. Hall, “Optical frequency measurement across a 104-THz gap with a femtosecond laser frequency comb,” Opt. Lett. 25(3), 186–188 (2000).
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Dalton, L. R.

De-Buttet, C.

C. Baudot, A. Fincato, D. Fowler, D. Perez-Galacho, A. Souhaité, S. Messaoudène, R. Blanc, C. Richard, J. Planchot, C. De-Buttet, B. Orlando, F. Gays, C. Mezzomo, B. Bernard, D. Marris-Morini, L. Vivien, C. Kopp, and F. Boeuf, “Daphne silicon photonics technological platform for research and development on WDM applications,” Proc. SPIE 9891, 98911D (2016).
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Del’Haye, P.

Demirtzioglou, I.

Deschênes, J.

Diddams, S. A.

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Dong, P.

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Dubé-Demers, R.

Dupuis, N.

Durán, V.

Dutt, A.

A. Dutt, C. Joshi, X. Ji, J. Cardenas, Y. Okawachi, K. Luke, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, “On-chip dual-comb source for spectroscopy,” Sci. Adv. 4(3), e1701858 (2018).
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T. Ren, M. Zhang, C. Wang, L. Shao, C. Reimer, Y. Zhang, O. King, R. Esman, T. Cullen, and M. Loncar, “An Integrated Low-Voltage Broadband Lithium Niobate Phase Modulator,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 31(11), 889–892 (2019).
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Faist, J.

M. Gianella, A. Nataraj, B. Tuzson, P. Jouy, F. Kapsalidis, M. Beck, M. Mangold, A. Hugi, J. Faist, and L. Emmenegger, “High-resolution and gapless dual comb spectroscopy with current-tuned quantum cascade lasers,” Opt. Express 28(5), 6197–6208 (2020).
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G. Scalari, J. Faist, and N. Picqué, “On-chip mid-infrared and THz frequency combs for spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 114(15), 150401 (2019).
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G. Villares, A. Hugi, S. Blaser, and J. Faist, “Dual-comb spectroscopy based on quantum-cascade-laser frequency combs,” Nat. Commun. 5(1), 5192 (2014).
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Fincato, A.

C. Baudot, A. Fincato, D. Fowler, D. Perez-Galacho, A. Souhaité, S. Messaoudène, R. Blanc, C. Richard, J. Planchot, C. De-Buttet, B. Orlando, F. Gays, C. Mezzomo, B. Bernard, D. Marris-Morini, L. Vivien, C. Kopp, and F. Boeuf, “Daphne silicon photonics technological platform for research and development on WDM applications,” Proc. SPIE 9891, 98911D (2016).
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Fleisher, A. J.

D. A. Long, A. J. Fleisher, K. O. Douglass, D. E. Maxwell, K. Bielska, J. T. Hodges, and D. F. Plusquellic, “Multiheterodyne spectroscopy with optical frequency combs generated from a continuous-wave laser,” Opt. Lett. 39(9), 2688–2690 (2014).
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A. J. Fleisher, D. A. Long, J. T. Hodges, and D. F. Plusquellic, “Multiheterodyne Infrared Spectroscopy with Pitch-agile Optical Frequency Comb Generators,” In Fourier Transform Spectroscopy and Hyperspectral Imaging and Sounding of the Environment, Lake Arrowhead, USA, March 1-4, 2015; OSA Technical Digest, FT2A.2 (2015).

Fowler, D.

C. Baudot, A. Fincato, D. Fowler, D. Perez-Galacho, A. Souhaité, S. Messaoudène, R. Blanc, C. Richard, J. Planchot, C. De-Buttet, B. Orlando, F. Gays, C. Mezzomo, B. Bernard, D. Marris-Morini, L. Vivien, C. Kopp, and F. Boeuf, “Daphne silicon photonics technological platform for research and development on WDM applications,” Proc. SPIE 9891, 98911D (2016).
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Freude, W.

Fujii, S.

T. Tanabe, S. Fujii, and R. Suzuki, “Review on microresonator frequency combs,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 58(SJ), SJ0801 (2019).
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Fülöp, A.

Gaeta, A. L.

A. L. Gaeta, M. Lipson, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Photonic-chip-based frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 13(3), 158–169 (2019).
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T. J. Kippenberg, A. L. Gaeta, M. Lipson, and M. L. Gorodetsky, “Dissipative Kerr solitons in optical microresonators,” Science 361(6402), eaan8083 (2018).
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M. Yu, Y. Okawachi, C. Joshi, X. Ji, M. Lipson, and A. L. Gaeta, “Gas-Phase Microresonator-Based Comb Spectroscopy without an External Pump Laser,” ACS Photonics 5(7), 2780–2785 (2018).
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A. Dutt, C. Joshi, X. Ji, J. Cardenas, Y. Okawachi, K. Luke, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, “On-chip dual-comb source for spectroscopy,” Sci. Adv. 4(3), e1701858 (2018).
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M. Yu, Y. Okawachi, A. G. Griffith, N. Picqué, M. Lipson, and A. L. Gaeta, “Silicon-chip-based mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Commun. 9(1), 1869 (2018).
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Gays, F.

C. Baudot, A. Fincato, D. Fowler, D. Perez-Galacho, A. Souhaité, S. Messaoudène, R. Blanc, C. Richard, J. Planchot, C. De-Buttet, B. Orlando, F. Gays, C. Mezzomo, B. Bernard, D. Marris-Morini, L. Vivien, C. Kopp, and F. Boeuf, “Daphne silicon photonics technological platform for research and development on WDM applications,” Proc. SPIE 9891, 98911D (2016).
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Geiselmann, M.

E. Obrzud, M. Rainer, A. Harutyunyan, M. H. Anderson, J. Liu, M. Geiselmann, B. Chazelas, S. Kundermann, S. Lecomte, M. Cecconi, A. Ghedina, E. Molinari, F. Pepe, F. Wildi, F. Bouchy, T. J. Kippenberg, and T. Herr, “A microphotonic astrocomb,” Nat. Photonics 13(1), 31–35 (2019).
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Ghedina, A.

E. Obrzud, M. Rainer, A. Harutyunyan, M. H. Anderson, J. Liu, M. Geiselmann, B. Chazelas, S. Kundermann, S. Lecomte, M. Cecconi, A. Ghedina, E. Molinari, F. Pepe, F. Wildi, F. Bouchy, T. J. Kippenberg, and T. Herr, “A microphotonic astrocomb,” Nat. Photonics 13(1), 31–35 (2019).
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Gianella, M.

Gorodetsky, M. L.

Griffith, A. G.

M. Yu, Y. Okawachi, A. G. Griffith, N. Picqué, M. Lipson, and A. L. Gaeta, “Silicon-chip-based mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Commun. 9(1), 1869 (2018).
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Hall, J. L.

S. T. Cundiff, J. Ye, and J. L. Hall, “Optical frequency synthesis based on mode-locked lasers,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72(10), 3749–3771 (2001).
[Crossref]

S. A. Diddams, D. J. Jones, L. S. Ma, S. T. Cundiff, and J. L. Hall, “Optical frequency measurement across a 104-THz gap with a femtosecond laser frequency comb,” Opt. Lett. 25(3), 186–188 (2000).
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Hänsch, T. W.

N. Picqué and T. W. Hänsch, “Frequency comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Photonics 13(3), 146–157 (2019).
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Z. Chen, M. Yan, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “A phase-stable dual-comb interferometer,” Nat. Commun. 9(1), 3035 (2018).
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G. Millot, S. Pitois, M. Yan, T. Hovhannisyan, A. Bendahmane, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Frequency-agile dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Photonics 10(1), 27–30 (2016).
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Harutyunyan, A.

E. Obrzud, M. Rainer, A. Harutyunyan, M. H. Anderson, J. Liu, M. Geiselmann, B. Chazelas, S. Kundermann, S. Lecomte, M. Cecconi, A. Ghedina, E. Molinari, F. Pepe, F. Wildi, F. Bouchy, T. J. Kippenberg, and T. Herr, “A microphotonic astrocomb,” Nat. Photonics 13(1), 31–35 (2019).
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Hébert, N. B.

Helgason, Ó. B.

Herr, T.

E. Obrzud, M. Rainer, A. Harutyunyan, M. H. Anderson, J. Liu, M. Geiselmann, B. Chazelas, S. Kundermann, S. Lecomte, M. Cecconi, A. Ghedina, E. Molinari, F. Pepe, F. Wildi, F. Bouchy, T. J. Kippenberg, and T. Herr, “A microphotonic astrocomb,” Nat. Photonics 13(1), 31–35 (2019).
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Hodges, J. T.

D. A. Long, A. J. Fleisher, K. O. Douglass, D. E. Maxwell, K. Bielska, J. T. Hodges, and D. F. Plusquellic, “Multiheterodyne spectroscopy with optical frequency combs generated from a continuous-wave laser,” Opt. Lett. 39(9), 2688–2690 (2014).
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A. J. Fleisher, D. A. Long, J. T. Hodges, and D. F. Plusquellic, “Multiheterodyne Infrared Spectroscopy with Pitch-agile Optical Frequency Comb Generators,” In Fourier Transform Spectroscopy and Hyperspectral Imaging and Sounding of the Environment, Lake Arrowhead, USA, March 1-4, 2015; OSA Technical Digest, FT2A.2 (2015).

Hoeller, F.

Hong, F.

S. Okubo, K. Iwakuni, H. Inaba, K. Hosaka, A. Onae, H. Sasada, and F. Hong, “Ultra-broadband dual-comb spectroscopy across 1.0–1.9 µm,” Appl. Phys. Express 8(8), 082402 (2015).
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Hosaka, K.

S. Okubo, K. Iwakuni, H. Inaba, K. Hosaka, A. Onae, H. Sasada, and F. Hong, “Ultra-broadband dual-comb spectroscopy across 1.0–1.9 µm,” Appl. Phys. Express 8(8), 082402 (2015).
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Hovhannisyan, T.

G. Millot, S. Pitois, M. Yan, T. Hovhannisyan, A. Bendahmane, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Frequency-agile dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Photonics 10(1), 27–30 (2016).
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Hu, H.

C. Wang, M. Zhang, M. Yu, R. Zhu, H. Hu, and M. Loncar, “Monolithic lithium niobate photonic circuits for Kerr frequency comb generation and modulation,” Nat. Commun. 10(1), 978 (2019).
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Hugi, A.

Inaba, H.

S. Okubo, K. Iwakuni, H. Inaba, K. Hosaka, A. Onae, H. Sasada, and F. Hong, “Ultra-broadband dual-comb spectroscopy across 1.0–1.9 µm,” Appl. Phys. Express 8(8), 082402 (2015).
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Iwakuni, K.

S. Okubo, K. Iwakuni, H. Inaba, K. Hosaka, A. Onae, H. Sasada, and F. Hong, “Ultra-broadband dual-comb spectroscopy across 1.0–1.9 µm,” Appl. Phys. Express 8(8), 082402 (2015).
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Jerez, B.

Jeyaselvan, V.

Ji, X.

M. Yu, Y. Okawachi, C. Joshi, X. Ji, M. Lipson, and A. L. Gaeta, “Gas-Phase Microresonator-Based Comb Spectroscopy without an External Pump Laser,” ACS Photonics 5(7), 2780–2785 (2018).
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A. Dutt, C. Joshi, X. Ji, J. Cardenas, Y. Okawachi, K. Luke, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, “On-chip dual-comb source for spectroscopy,” Sci. Adv. 4(3), e1701858 (2018).
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Jin, X.

Z. Wang, M. Ma, H. Sun, M. Khalil, R. Adams, K. Yim, X. Jin, and L. R. Chen, “Optical frequency comb generation using CMOS compatible cascaded Mach–Zehnder modulators,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 55(6), 1–6 (2019).
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Jones, D. J.

Joshi, C.

A. Dutt, C. Joshi, X. Ji, J. Cardenas, Y. Okawachi, K. Luke, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, “On-chip dual-comb source for spectroscopy,” Sci. Adv. 4(3), e1701858 (2018).
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M. Yu, Y. Okawachi, C. Joshi, X. Ji, M. Lipson, and A. L. Gaeta, “Gas-Phase Microresonator-Based Comb Spectroscopy without an External Pump Laser,” ACS Photonics 5(7), 2780–2785 (2018).
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Kahn, J. M.

M. Zhang, B. Buscaino, C. Wang, A. Shams-Ansari, C. Reimer, R. Zhu, J. M. Kahn, and M. Lončar, “Broadband electro-optic frequency comb generation in a lithium niobate microring resonator,” Nature 568(7752), 373–377 (2019).
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Karlsson, M.

Karpov, M.

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Z. Wang, M. Ma, H. Sun, M. Khalil, R. Adams, K. Yim, X. Jin, and L. R. Chen, “Optical frequency comb generation using CMOS compatible cascaded Mach–Zehnder modulators,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 55(6), 1–6 (2019).
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King, O.

T. Ren, M. Zhang, C. Wang, L. Shao, C. Reimer, Y. Zhang, O. King, R. Esman, T. Cullen, and M. Loncar, “An Integrated Low-Voltage Broadband Lithium Niobate Phase Modulator,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 31(11), 889–892 (2019).
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Kippenberg, T. J.

A. L. Gaeta, M. Lipson, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Photonic-chip-based frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 13(3), 158–169 (2019).
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E. Obrzud, M. Rainer, A. Harutyunyan, M. H. Anderson, J. Liu, M. Geiselmann, B. Chazelas, S. Kundermann, S. Lecomte, M. Cecconi, A. Ghedina, E. Molinari, F. Pepe, F. Wildi, F. Bouchy, T. J. Kippenberg, and T. Herr, “A microphotonic astrocomb,” Nat. Photonics 13(1), 31–35 (2019).
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T. J. Kippenberg, A. L. Gaeta, M. Lipson, and M. L. Gorodetsky, “Dissipative Kerr solitons in optical microresonators,” Science 361(6402), eaan8083 (2018).
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N. G. Pavlov, G. Lihachev, S. Koptyaev, E. Lucas, M. Karpov, N. M. Kondratiev, I. A. Bilenko, T. J. Kippenberg, and M. L. Gorodetsky, “Soliton dual frequency combs in crystalline microresonators,” Opt. Lett. 42(3), 514–517 (2017).
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P. Marin-Palomo, J. N. Kemal, M. Karpov, A. Kordts, J. Pfeifle, M. H. P. Pfeiffer, P. Trocha, S. Wolf, V. Brasch, M. H. Anderson, R. Rosenberger, K. Vijayan, W. Freude, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Microresonator-based solitons for massively parallel coherent optical communications,” Nature 546(7657), 274–279 (2017).
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Koeber, S.

Kondratiev, N. M.

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Nat. Photonics (5)

G. Millot, S. Pitois, M. Yan, T. Hovhannisyan, A. Bendahmane, T. W. Hänsch, and N. Picqué, “Frequency-agile dual-comb spectroscopy,” Nat. Photonics 10(1), 27–30 (2016).
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[Crossref]

Rev. Sci. Instrum. (1)

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[Crossref]

Sci. Adv. (1)

A. Dutt, C. Joshi, X. Ji, J. Cardenas, Y. Okawachi, K. Luke, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, “On-chip dual-comb source for spectroscopy,” Sci. Adv. 4(3), e1701858 (2018).
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Science (2)

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A. Shams-Ansari, M. Yu, Z. Chen, C. Reimer, M. Zhang, N. Picqué, and M. Loncar, “Microring Electro-optic Frequency Comb Sources for Dual-Comb Spectroscopy,” In Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), San Jose, USA, May 5-10, 2019; OSA Technical Digest, JTh5B.8 (2019).

A. J. Fleisher, D. A. Long, J. T. Hodges, and D. F. Plusquellic, “Multiheterodyne Infrared Spectroscopy with Pitch-agile Optical Frequency Comb Generators,” In Fourier Transform Spectroscopy and Hyperspectral Imaging and Sounding of the Environment, Lake Arrowhead, USA, March 1-4, 2015; OSA Technical Digest, FT2A.2 (2015).

X. Xiao, M. Li, L. Wang, D. Chen, Q. Yang, and S. Yu, “High speed silicon photonic modulators,” In Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC), Los Angeles, CA, USA, March 19-23, 2017; IEEE, 2017, pp. 1–3 (2017).

X Wu and H. K. Tsang, “Flat-top Frequency Comb Generation with Silicon Microring Modulator and Filter,” In Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), San Jose, USA, May 14-19, 2017; OSA Technical Digest, SM4O.6 (2017).

H. Kim, A. J. Metcalf, O. E. Sandoval, D. E. Leaird, and A. M. Weiner, “Broadband and ultra-flat optical comb generation using an EO comb source and a programmable pulse shaper,” In Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) - Laser Science to Photonic Applications, San Jose, USA, June 8-13, 2014; IEEE, pp. 1–2 (2014).

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Figures (6)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. (a) Cut view of the waveguide phase shifter. (b) The Si modulator equivalent electrical scheme and driving configuration.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. (a) Generic schematic for EOFC generation, Si MZM: silicon Mach-Zehnder modulator. (b) Example of a simulated Si EOFC spectrum. The repetition rate (fREP) is 2 GHz and the laser wavelength is 1550 nm. The MZM is biased with a 1.1×π phase difference between both arms. Each line is labeled by its frequency fn, with n being the line number; the carrier frequency is f0. (c) Generic schematic for heterodyne detection of an EOFC. AOM: acousto-optic modulator. (d) Simulated heterodyne detection of a Si EOFC. The applied RF power is 24 dBm, the acousto-optic frequency (fAOM) is 40 MHz. A zoom near the successive beatings at n × fREP provides an image of the optical comb in the RF domain. The beating between each optical line fn and the shifted laser line is labeled with its frequency fnΔ=|fn-(f0+fAOM)|.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Experimentally measured heterodyne beating of the Si EOFC with a laser line shifted by 40 MHz from the comb center.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. (a) Experimental setup for the dual Si-EOFC generation and measurement. Si MZM: silicon Mach-Zehnder modulator, AOM: acousto-optic modulator, PD: photodiode, OBPF: optical band-pass filter, used to illustrate the proposed scanning method: the transfer function of the OBPF will be recovered by the dual EOFC measurement. (b) Example of a dual Si-EOFC beat signal measured experimentally for a repetition rate (fREP,1) of 500 MHz, a repetition rate offset (ΔfREP) of 4 MHz, using 24 dBm RF power on each synthetizer, and an acousto-optic frequency (fAOM) of 40 MHz. Each beat note is identified by a capital letter B and an index number. B3 corresponds to the beating between the two EOFC central lines.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. (a) Superposed beat notes B3 to B6, around their relative frequencies. (b) Power of the B1 to B5 beat-notes for applied frequencies of 1 GHz to 12 GHz.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. (a) Optical transfer function of an optical filter, recovered by FT-DCS (red points), laser sweep (blue curve), the grey dashed line is the optical noise floor of the dual-comb scanning method. (b) The residuals from the dual-comb scanning method, compared to the sweep laser measurement, show a 2.69% standard deviation.

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Equations (4)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

E I N = E 0 × exp ⁡ ( j ω 0 t )
E O U T = E I N × exp ⁡ ( j [ A × sin ⁡ ( ω REP t ) ] )
E O U T = E I N × ∑ n = − ∞ ∞ J n ( A ) exp ⁡ ( j [ n × ω R E P t ] )
E T O T = E O U T , 1 + E O U T , 2 × exp ⁡ ( j φ H ) 2

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