Abstract

In this work, we investigated 39 façade lighting displays, all of which consisted of tri-chromatic light sources, namely blue-, green-, and red- light units, in Shenzhen, China. We extracted the spectral characteristics of the mean peak wavelength/full-width at half-maximum, and proposed universal spectral models. We further established the ‘chromaticity-performance’ relation to quantitatively assess the impact of light pollution on typical species based on corresponding action spectra. The findings provide a low-cost, fast and precise approach to assess light pollution of complicated light environment, and may help reduce energy waste and adverse environmental consequences associated with light pollution.

© 2020 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement

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    [Crossref]
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2020 (1)

2019 (1)

R. K. Singhal, M. Kumar, and B. Bose, “Eco-physiological responses of artificial night light pollution in plants,” Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 66(2), 190–202 (2019).
[Crossref]

2018 (6)

X. Ges, S. Bará, M. García-Gil, J. Zamorano, S. J. Ribas, and E. Masana, “Light pollution offshore: Zenithal sky glow measurements in the mediterranean coastal waters,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 210, 91–100 (2018).
[Crossref]

T. Longcore, A. Rodríguez, B. Witherington, J. F. Penniman, L. Herf, and M. Herf, “Rapid assessment of lamp spectrum to quantify ecological effects of light at night,” J. Exp. Zool. 329(8-9), 511–521 (2018).
[Crossref]

J. D. McLaren, J. J. Buler, T. Schreckengost, J. A. Smolinsky, M. Boone, E. E. van Loon, D. K. Dawson, and E. L. Walters, “Artificial light at night confounds broad-scale habitat use by migrating birds,” Ecol. Lett. 21(3), 356–364 (2018).
[Crossref]

M. Donners, R. H. A. van Grunsven, D. Groenendijk, F. van Langevelde, J. W. Bikker, T. Longcore, and E. M. Veenendaal, “Colours of attraction: A general model for insect phototaxis,” J. Exp. Zool. 329(8-9), 434–440 (2018).
[Crossref]

Q. Yao, W. L. Zhang, L. Zhang, and Y. Bian, “Establishing functional model of photometric performance of trichromatic light sources in chromaticity diagrams,” IEEE Photonics J. 10(4), 1–12 (2018).
[Crossref]

D. Ziou and F. Kerouh, “Estimation of light source colours for light pollution assessment,” Environ. Pollut. (Oxford, U. K.) 236, 844–849 (2018).
[Crossref]

2017 (1)

C. C. M. Kyba, A. Mohar, and T. Posch, “How bright is moonlight?” Astron. Geophys. 58(1), 1.31–1.32 (2017).
[Crossref]

2014 (2)

P. Han, J. Huang, R. Li, L. Wang, Y. Hu, J. Wang, and W. Huang, “Monitoring trends in light pollution in China based on nighttime satellite imagery,” Remote Sens. 6(6), 5541–5558 (2014).
[Crossref]

R. J. Lucas, S. N. Peirson, D. M. Berson, T. M. Brown, H. M. Cooper, C. A. Czeisler, M. G. Figueiro, P. D. Gamlin, S. W. Lockley, J. B. O’Hagan, L. L. A. Price, I. Provencio, D. J. Skene, and G. C. Brainard, “Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age,” Trends Neurosci. 37(1), 1–9 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (2)

M. Aubé, J. Roby, and M. Kocifaj, “Evaluating potential spectral impacts of various artificial lights on melatonin suppression, photosynthesis, and star visibility,” PLoS One 8(7), e67798 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. D. Hale, G. Davies, A. J. Fairbrass, T. J. Matthews, C. D. F. Rogers, and J. P. Sadler, “Mapping lightscapes spatial patterning of artificial lighting in an urban landscape,” PLoS One 8(5), e61460 (2013).
[Crossref]

2011 (1)

F. Falchi, P. Cinzano, C. D. Elvidge, D. M. Keith, and A. Haim, “Limiting the impact of light pollution on human health, environment and stellar visibility,” J. Environ. Manage. 92(10), 2714–2722 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (2)

F. Hölker, C. Wolter, E. K. Perkin, and K. Tockner, “Light pollution as a biodiversity threat,” Trends Ecol. Evol. 25(12), 681–682 (2010).
[Crossref]

O. Rabaza, D. Galadí-Enríquez, A. E. Estrella, and F. A. Dols, “All-sky brightness monitoring of light pollution with astronomical methods,” J. Environ. Manage. 91(6), 1278–1287 (2010).
[Crossref]

2008 (1)

M. H. He, “Investigation and countermeasure research on night light pollution in yuexiu district of Guangzhou city,” Guangzhou Environ. Sci. 1, 7–11 (2008). (In Chinese).

2005 (1)

L. L. Bertolotti and M. Salmon, “Do embedded roadway lights protect sea turtles?” Environ. Manage. (N. Y.) 36(5), 702–710 (2005).
[Crossref]

2001 (1)

K. Thapan, J. Arendt, and D. J. Skene, “An action spectrum for melatonin suppression: Evidence for a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor system in humans,” J. Physio. 535(1), 261–267 (2001).
[Crossref]

1996 (1)

S. Thiel, T. Döhring, M. Köfferlein, A. Kosak, P. Martin, and H. K. Seidlitz, “A phytotron for plant stress research: How far can artificial lighting compare to natural sunlight?” J. Plant Physiol. 148(3-4), 456–463 (1996).
[Crossref]

1992 (1)

B. E. Witherington, “Behavioral responses of nesting sea turtles to artificial lighting,” Herpetologica 48, 31–39 (1992).

1985 (1)

R. Menzel and U. Greggers, “Natural phototaxis and its relationship to colour vision in honeybees,” J. Comp. Physiol., A 157(3), 311–321 (1985).
[Crossref]

1958 (1)

Arendt, J.

K. Thapan, J. Arendt, and D. J. Skene, “An action spectrum for melatonin suppression: Evidence for a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor system in humans,” J. Physio. 535(1), 261–267 (2001).
[Crossref]

Aubé, M.

M. Aubé, J. Roby, and M. Kocifaj, “Evaluating potential spectral impacts of various artificial lights on melatonin suppression, photosynthesis, and star visibility,” PLoS One 8(7), e67798 (2013).
[Crossref]

Bai, Z.

Z. Bai, “Study on urban lighting pollution in shanghai and its prevention and control strategy,” Master Dissertation. 102p (2008). (In Chinese)

Bará, S.

X. Ges, S. Bará, M. García-Gil, J. Zamorano, S. J. Ribas, and E. Masana, “Light pollution offshore: Zenithal sky glow measurements in the mediterranean coastal waters,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 210, 91–100 (2018).
[Crossref]

Berson, D. M.

R. J. Lucas, S. N. Peirson, D. M. Berson, T. M. Brown, H. M. Cooper, C. A. Czeisler, M. G. Figueiro, P. D. Gamlin, S. W. Lockley, J. B. O’Hagan, L. L. A. Price, I. Provencio, D. J. Skene, and G. C. Brainard, “Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age,” Trends Neurosci. 37(1), 1–9 (2014).
[Crossref]

Bertolotti, L. L.

L. L. Bertolotti and M. Salmon, “Do embedded roadway lights protect sea turtles?” Environ. Manage. (N. Y.) 36(5), 702–710 (2005).
[Crossref]

Bian, Y.

Q. Yao, W. L. Zhang, L. Zhang, and Y. Bian, “Establishing functional model of photometric performance of trichromatic light sources in chromaticity diagrams,” IEEE Photonics J. 10(4), 1–12 (2018).
[Crossref]

Bikker, J. W.

M. Donners, R. H. A. van Grunsven, D. Groenendijk, F. van Langevelde, J. W. Bikker, T. Longcore, and E. M. Veenendaal, “Colours of attraction: A general model for insect phototaxis,” J. Exp. Zool. 329(8-9), 434–440 (2018).
[Crossref]

Boone, M.

J. D. McLaren, J. J. Buler, T. Schreckengost, J. A. Smolinsky, M. Boone, E. E. van Loon, D. K. Dawson, and E. L. Walters, “Artificial light at night confounds broad-scale habitat use by migrating birds,” Ecol. Lett. 21(3), 356–364 (2018).
[Crossref]

Bose, B.

R. K. Singhal, M. Kumar, and B. Bose, “Eco-physiological responses of artificial night light pollution in plants,” Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 66(2), 190–202 (2019).
[Crossref]

Brainard, G. C.

R. J. Lucas, S. N. Peirson, D. M. Berson, T. M. Brown, H. M. Cooper, C. A. Czeisler, M. G. Figueiro, P. D. Gamlin, S. W. Lockley, J. B. O’Hagan, L. L. A. Price, I. Provencio, D. J. Skene, and G. C. Brainard, “Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age,” Trends Neurosci. 37(1), 1–9 (2014).
[Crossref]

Brown, T. M.

R. J. Lucas, S. N. Peirson, D. M. Berson, T. M. Brown, H. M. Cooper, C. A. Czeisler, M. G. Figueiro, P. D. Gamlin, S. W. Lockley, J. B. O’Hagan, L. L. A. Price, I. Provencio, D. J. Skene, and G. C. Brainard, “Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age,” Trends Neurosci. 37(1), 1–9 (2014).
[Crossref]

Buchanan, B. W.

G. Perry, B. W. Buchanan, R. N. Fisher, M. Salmon, and S. E. Wise, “Effects of artificial night lighting on amphibians and reptiles in urban environments,” in: Urban Herpetology, Herpetological Conservation, J. C. Mitchell, R. E. J. Brown, and B. Bartholomew, eds. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles: Salt Lake, Utah (2008) 3, 239–256.

Buler, J. J.

J. D. McLaren, J. J. Buler, T. Schreckengost, J. A. Smolinsky, M. Boone, E. E. van Loon, D. K. Dawson, and E. L. Walters, “Artificial light at night confounds broad-scale habitat use by migrating birds,” Ecol. Lett. 21(3), 356–364 (2018).
[Crossref]

Cinzano, P.

F. Falchi, P. Cinzano, C. D. Elvidge, D. M. Keith, and A. Haim, “Limiting the impact of light pollution on human health, environment and stellar visibility,” J. Environ. Manage. 92(10), 2714–2722 (2011).
[Crossref]

Cleve, K.

K. Cleve, “Der Anflug der Schmetterlinge an künstliche Lichtquellen. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Entomologischen Gesellschaft,” 23, 66–76 (1964).

Cooper, H. M.

R. J. Lucas, S. N. Peirson, D. M. Berson, T. M. Brown, H. M. Cooper, C. A. Czeisler, M. G. Figueiro, P. D. Gamlin, S. W. Lockley, J. B. O’Hagan, L. L. A. Price, I. Provencio, D. J. Skene, and G. C. Brainard, “Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age,” Trends Neurosci. 37(1), 1–9 (2014).
[Crossref]

Czeisler, C. A.

R. J. Lucas, S. N. Peirson, D. M. Berson, T. M. Brown, H. M. Cooper, C. A. Czeisler, M. G. Figueiro, P. D. Gamlin, S. W. Lockley, J. B. O’Hagan, L. L. A. Price, I. Provencio, D. J. Skene, and G. C. Brainard, “Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age,” Trends Neurosci. 37(1), 1–9 (2014).
[Crossref]

Dai, Q.

Davies, G.

J. D. Hale, G. Davies, A. J. Fairbrass, T. J. Matthews, C. D. F. Rogers, and J. P. Sadler, “Mapping lightscapes spatial patterning of artificial lighting in an urban landscape,” PLoS One 8(5), e61460 (2013).
[Crossref]

Dawson, D. K.

J. D. McLaren, J. J. Buler, T. Schreckengost, J. A. Smolinsky, M. Boone, E. E. van Loon, D. K. Dawson, and E. L. Walters, “Artificial light at night confounds broad-scale habitat use by migrating birds,” Ecol. Lett. 21(3), 356–364 (2018).
[Crossref]

Döhring, T.

S. Thiel, T. Döhring, M. Köfferlein, A. Kosak, P. Martin, and H. K. Seidlitz, “A phytotron for plant stress research: How far can artificial lighting compare to natural sunlight?” J. Plant Physiol. 148(3-4), 456–463 (1996).
[Crossref]

Dols, F. A.

O. Rabaza, D. Galadí-Enríquez, A. E. Estrella, and F. A. Dols, “All-sky brightness monitoring of light pollution with astronomical methods,” J. Environ. Manage. 91(6), 1278–1287 (2010).
[Crossref]

Donners, M.

M. Donners, R. H. A. van Grunsven, D. Groenendijk, F. van Langevelde, J. W. Bikker, T. Longcore, and E. M. Veenendaal, “Colours of attraction: A general model for insect phototaxis,” J. Exp. Zool. 329(8-9), 434–440 (2018).
[Crossref]

Elvidge, C. D.

F. Falchi, P. Cinzano, C. D. Elvidge, D. M. Keith, and A. Haim, “Limiting the impact of light pollution on human health, environment and stellar visibility,” J. Environ. Manage. 92(10), 2714–2722 (2011).
[Crossref]

Estrella, A. E.

O. Rabaza, D. Galadí-Enríquez, A. E. Estrella, and F. A. Dols, “All-sky brightness monitoring of light pollution with astronomical methods,” J. Environ. Manage. 91(6), 1278–1287 (2010).
[Crossref]

Fairbrass, A. J.

J. D. Hale, G. Davies, A. J. Fairbrass, T. J. Matthews, C. D. F. Rogers, and J. P. Sadler, “Mapping lightscapes spatial patterning of artificial lighting in an urban landscape,” PLoS One 8(5), e61460 (2013).
[Crossref]

Falchi, F.

F. Falchi, P. Cinzano, C. D. Elvidge, D. M. Keith, and A. Haim, “Limiting the impact of light pollution on human health, environment and stellar visibility,” J. Environ. Manage. 92(10), 2714–2722 (2011).
[Crossref]

Figueiro, M. G.

R. J. Lucas, S. N. Peirson, D. M. Berson, T. M. Brown, H. M. Cooper, C. A. Czeisler, M. G. Figueiro, P. D. Gamlin, S. W. Lockley, J. B. O’Hagan, L. L. A. Price, I. Provencio, D. J. Skene, and G. C. Brainard, “Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age,” Trends Neurosci. 37(1), 1–9 (2014).
[Crossref]

Fisher, R. N.

G. Perry, B. W. Buchanan, R. N. Fisher, M. Salmon, and S. E. Wise, “Effects of artificial night lighting on amphibians and reptiles in urban environments,” in: Urban Herpetology, Herpetological Conservation, J. C. Mitchell, R. E. J. Brown, and B. Bartholomew, eds. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles: Salt Lake, Utah (2008) 3, 239–256.

Galadí-Enríquez, D.

O. Rabaza, D. Galadí-Enríquez, A. E. Estrella, and F. A. Dols, “All-sky brightness monitoring of light pollution with astronomical methods,” J. Environ. Manage. 91(6), 1278–1287 (2010).
[Crossref]

Gamlin, P. D.

R. J. Lucas, S. N. Peirson, D. M. Berson, T. M. Brown, H. M. Cooper, C. A. Czeisler, M. G. Figueiro, P. D. Gamlin, S. W. Lockley, J. B. O’Hagan, L. L. A. Price, I. Provencio, D. J. Skene, and G. C. Brainard, “Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age,” Trends Neurosci. 37(1), 1–9 (2014).
[Crossref]

García-Gil, M.

X. Ges, S. Bará, M. García-Gil, J. Zamorano, S. J. Ribas, and E. Masana, “Light pollution offshore: Zenithal sky glow measurements in the mediterranean coastal waters,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 210, 91–100 (2018).
[Crossref]

Geider, R. J.

R. J. Geider and B. A. Osborne, “The photosynthesis–light response curve,” in Algal Photosynthesis. (Academic, 1992).
[Crossref]

Ges, X.

X. Ges, S. Bará, M. García-Gil, J. Zamorano, S. J. Ribas, and E. Masana, “Light pollution offshore: Zenithal sky glow measurements in the mediterranean coastal waters,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 210, 91–100 (2018).
[Crossref]

Greggers, U.

R. Menzel and U. Greggers, “Natural phototaxis and its relationship to colour vision in honeybees,” J. Comp. Physiol., A 157(3), 311–321 (1985).
[Crossref]

Groenendijk, D.

M. Donners, R. H. A. van Grunsven, D. Groenendijk, F. van Langevelde, J. W. Bikker, T. Longcore, and E. M. Veenendaal, “Colours of attraction: A general model for insect phototaxis,” J. Exp. Zool. 329(8-9), 434–440 (2018).
[Crossref]

Haim, A.

F. Falchi, P. Cinzano, C. D. Elvidge, D. M. Keith, and A. Haim, “Limiting the impact of light pollution on human health, environment and stellar visibility,” J. Environ. Manage. 92(10), 2714–2722 (2011).
[Crossref]

Hale, J. D.

J. D. Hale, G. Davies, A. J. Fairbrass, T. J. Matthews, C. D. F. Rogers, and J. P. Sadler, “Mapping lightscapes spatial patterning of artificial lighting in an urban landscape,” PLoS One 8(5), e61460 (2013).
[Crossref]

Han, P.

P. Han, J. Huang, R. Li, L. Wang, Y. Hu, J. Wang, and W. Huang, “Monitoring trends in light pollution in China based on nighttime satellite imagery,” Remote Sens. 6(6), 5541–5558 (2014).
[Crossref]

He, M. H.

M. H. He, “Investigation and countermeasure research on night light pollution in yuexiu district of Guangzhou city,” Guangzhou Environ. Sci. 1, 7–11 (2008). (In Chinese).

Herf, L.

T. Longcore, A. Rodríguez, B. Witherington, J. F. Penniman, L. Herf, and M. Herf, “Rapid assessment of lamp spectrum to quantify ecological effects of light at night,” J. Exp. Zool. 329(8-9), 511–521 (2018).
[Crossref]

Herf, M.

T. Longcore, A. Rodríguez, B. Witherington, J. F. Penniman, L. Herf, and M. Herf, “Rapid assessment of lamp spectrum to quantify ecological effects of light at night,” J. Exp. Zool. 329(8-9), 511–521 (2018).
[Crossref]

Hölker, F.

F. Hölker, C. Wolter, E. K. Perkin, and K. Tockner, “Light pollution as a biodiversity threat,” Trends Ecol. Evol. 25(12), 681–682 (2010).
[Crossref]

Hu, Y.

P. Han, J. Huang, R. Li, L. Wang, Y. Hu, J. Wang, and W. Huang, “Monitoring trends in light pollution in China based on nighttime satellite imagery,” Remote Sens. 6(6), 5541–5558 (2014).
[Crossref]

Huang, J.

P. Han, J. Huang, R. Li, L. Wang, Y. Hu, J. Wang, and W. Huang, “Monitoring trends in light pollution in China based on nighttime satellite imagery,” Remote Sens. 6(6), 5541–5558 (2014).
[Crossref]

Huang, W.

P. Han, J. Huang, R. Li, L. Wang, Y. Hu, J. Wang, and W. Huang, “Monitoring trends in light pollution in China based on nighttime satellite imagery,” Remote Sens. 6(6), 5541–5558 (2014).
[Crossref]

Keith, D. M.

F. Falchi, P. Cinzano, C. D. Elvidge, D. M. Keith, and A. Haim, “Limiting the impact of light pollution on human health, environment and stellar visibility,” J. Environ. Manage. 92(10), 2714–2722 (2011).
[Crossref]

Kerouh, F.

D. Ziou and F. Kerouh, “Estimation of light source colours for light pollution assessment,” Environ. Pollut. (Oxford, U. K.) 236, 844–849 (2018).
[Crossref]

Kinney, J. A. S.

Kocifaj, M.

M. Aubé, J. Roby, and M. Kocifaj, “Evaluating potential spectral impacts of various artificial lights on melatonin suppression, photosynthesis, and star visibility,” PLoS One 8(7), e67798 (2013).
[Crossref]

Köfferlein, M.

S. Thiel, T. Döhring, M. Köfferlein, A. Kosak, P. Martin, and H. K. Seidlitz, “A phytotron for plant stress research: How far can artificial lighting compare to natural sunlight?” J. Plant Physiol. 148(3-4), 456–463 (1996).
[Crossref]

Kosak, A.

S. Thiel, T. Döhring, M. Köfferlein, A. Kosak, P. Martin, and H. K. Seidlitz, “A phytotron for plant stress research: How far can artificial lighting compare to natural sunlight?” J. Plant Physiol. 148(3-4), 456–463 (1996).
[Crossref]

Kumar, M.

R. K. Singhal, M. Kumar, and B. Bose, “Eco-physiological responses of artificial night light pollution in plants,” Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 66(2), 190–202 (2019).
[Crossref]

Kyba, C. C. M.

C. C. M. Kyba, A. Mohar, and T. Posch, “How bright is moonlight?” Astron. Geophys. 58(1), 1.31–1.32 (2017).
[Crossref]

Li, R.

P. Han, J. Huang, R. Li, L. Wang, Y. Hu, J. Wang, and W. Huang, “Monitoring trends in light pollution in China based on nighttime satellite imagery,” Remote Sens. 6(6), 5541–5558 (2014).
[Crossref]

Lockley, S. W.

R. J. Lucas, S. N. Peirson, D. M. Berson, T. M. Brown, H. M. Cooper, C. A. Czeisler, M. G. Figueiro, P. D. Gamlin, S. W. Lockley, J. B. O’Hagan, L. L. A. Price, I. Provencio, D. J. Skene, and G. C. Brainard, “Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age,” Trends Neurosci. 37(1), 1–9 (2014).
[Crossref]

Longcore, T.

T. Longcore, A. Rodríguez, B. Witherington, J. F. Penniman, L. Herf, and M. Herf, “Rapid assessment of lamp spectrum to quantify ecological effects of light at night,” J. Exp. Zool. 329(8-9), 511–521 (2018).
[Crossref]

M. Donners, R. H. A. van Grunsven, D. Groenendijk, F. van Langevelde, J. W. Bikker, T. Longcore, and E. M. Veenendaal, “Colours of attraction: A general model for insect phototaxis,” J. Exp. Zool. 329(8-9), 434–440 (2018).
[Crossref]

Lucas, R. J.

R. J. Lucas, S. N. Peirson, D. M. Berson, T. M. Brown, H. M. Cooper, C. A. Czeisler, M. G. Figueiro, P. D. Gamlin, S. W. Lockley, J. B. O’Hagan, L. L. A. Price, I. Provencio, D. J. Skene, and G. C. Brainard, “Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age,” Trends Neurosci. 37(1), 1–9 (2014).
[Crossref]

Martin, P.

S. Thiel, T. Döhring, M. Köfferlein, A. Kosak, P. Martin, and H. K. Seidlitz, “A phytotron for plant stress research: How far can artificial lighting compare to natural sunlight?” J. Plant Physiol. 148(3-4), 456–463 (1996).
[Crossref]

Masana, E.

X. Ges, S. Bará, M. García-Gil, J. Zamorano, S. J. Ribas, and E. Masana, “Light pollution offshore: Zenithal sky glow measurements in the mediterranean coastal waters,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 210, 91–100 (2018).
[Crossref]

Matthews, T. J.

J. D. Hale, G. Davies, A. J. Fairbrass, T. J. Matthews, C. D. F. Rogers, and J. P. Sadler, “Mapping lightscapes spatial patterning of artificial lighting in an urban landscape,” PLoS One 8(5), e61460 (2013).
[Crossref]

McLaren, J. D.

J. D. McLaren, J. J. Buler, T. Schreckengost, J. A. Smolinsky, M. Boone, E. E. van Loon, D. K. Dawson, and E. L. Walters, “Artificial light at night confounds broad-scale habitat use by migrating birds,” Ecol. Lett. 21(3), 356–364 (2018).
[Crossref]

Menzel, R.

R. Menzel and U. Greggers, “Natural phototaxis and its relationship to colour vision in honeybees,” J. Comp. Physiol., A 157(3), 311–321 (1985).
[Crossref]

Mohar, A.

C. C. M. Kyba, A. Mohar, and T. Posch, “How bright is moonlight?” Astron. Geophys. 58(1), 1.31–1.32 (2017).
[Crossref]

O’Hagan, J. B.

R. J. Lucas, S. N. Peirson, D. M. Berson, T. M. Brown, H. M. Cooper, C. A. Czeisler, M. G. Figueiro, P. D. Gamlin, S. W. Lockley, J. B. O’Hagan, L. L. A. Price, I. Provencio, D. J. Skene, and G. C. Brainard, “Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age,” Trends Neurosci. 37(1), 1–9 (2014).
[Crossref]

Osborne, B. A.

R. J. Geider and B. A. Osborne, “The photosynthesis–light response curve,” in Algal Photosynthesis. (Academic, 1992).
[Crossref]

Peirson, S. N.

R. J. Lucas, S. N. Peirson, D. M. Berson, T. M. Brown, H. M. Cooper, C. A. Czeisler, M. G. Figueiro, P. D. Gamlin, S. W. Lockley, J. B. O’Hagan, L. L. A. Price, I. Provencio, D. J. Skene, and G. C. Brainard, “Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age,” Trends Neurosci. 37(1), 1–9 (2014).
[Crossref]

Penniman, J. F.

T. Longcore, A. Rodríguez, B. Witherington, J. F. Penniman, L. Herf, and M. Herf, “Rapid assessment of lamp spectrum to quantify ecological effects of light at night,” J. Exp. Zool. 329(8-9), 511–521 (2018).
[Crossref]

Perkin, E. K.

F. Hölker, C. Wolter, E. K. Perkin, and K. Tockner, “Light pollution as a biodiversity threat,” Trends Ecol. Evol. 25(12), 681–682 (2010).
[Crossref]

Perry, G.

G. Perry, B. W. Buchanan, R. N. Fisher, M. Salmon, and S. E. Wise, “Effects of artificial night lighting on amphibians and reptiles in urban environments,” in: Urban Herpetology, Herpetological Conservation, J. C. Mitchell, R. E. J. Brown, and B. Bartholomew, eds. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles: Salt Lake, Utah (2008) 3, 239–256.

Posch, T.

C. C. M. Kyba, A. Mohar, and T. Posch, “How bright is moonlight?” Astron. Geophys. 58(1), 1.31–1.32 (2017).
[Crossref]

Price, L. L. A.

R. J. Lucas, S. N. Peirson, D. M. Berson, T. M. Brown, H. M. Cooper, C. A. Czeisler, M. G. Figueiro, P. D. Gamlin, S. W. Lockley, J. B. O’Hagan, L. L. A. Price, I. Provencio, D. J. Skene, and G. C. Brainard, “Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age,” Trends Neurosci. 37(1), 1–9 (2014).
[Crossref]

Provencio, I.

R. J. Lucas, S. N. Peirson, D. M. Berson, T. M. Brown, H. M. Cooper, C. A. Czeisler, M. G. Figueiro, P. D. Gamlin, S. W. Lockley, J. B. O’Hagan, L. L. A. Price, I. Provencio, D. J. Skene, and G. C. Brainard, “Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age,” Trends Neurosci. 37(1), 1–9 (2014).
[Crossref]

Rabaza, O.

O. Rabaza, D. Galadí-Enríquez, A. E. Estrella, and F. A. Dols, “All-sky brightness monitoring of light pollution with astronomical methods,” J. Environ. Manage. 91(6), 1278–1287 (2010).
[Crossref]

Ribas, S. J.

X. Ges, S. Bará, M. García-Gil, J. Zamorano, S. J. Ribas, and E. Masana, “Light pollution offshore: Zenithal sky glow measurements in the mediterranean coastal waters,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 210, 91–100 (2018).
[Crossref]

Roby, J.

M. Aubé, J. Roby, and M. Kocifaj, “Evaluating potential spectral impacts of various artificial lights on melatonin suppression, photosynthesis, and star visibility,” PLoS One 8(7), e67798 (2013).
[Crossref]

Rodríguez, A.

T. Longcore, A. Rodríguez, B. Witherington, J. F. Penniman, L. Herf, and M. Herf, “Rapid assessment of lamp spectrum to quantify ecological effects of light at night,” J. Exp. Zool. 329(8-9), 511–521 (2018).
[Crossref]

Rogers, C. D. F.

J. D. Hale, G. Davies, A. J. Fairbrass, T. J. Matthews, C. D. F. Rogers, and J. P. Sadler, “Mapping lightscapes spatial patterning of artificial lighting in an urban landscape,” PLoS One 8(5), e61460 (2013).
[Crossref]

Sadler, J. P.

J. D. Hale, G. Davies, A. J. Fairbrass, T. J. Matthews, C. D. F. Rogers, and J. P. Sadler, “Mapping lightscapes spatial patterning of artificial lighting in an urban landscape,” PLoS One 8(5), e61460 (2013).
[Crossref]

Salmon, M.

L. L. Bertolotti and M. Salmon, “Do embedded roadway lights protect sea turtles?” Environ. Manage. (N. Y.) 36(5), 702–710 (2005).
[Crossref]

G. Perry, B. W. Buchanan, R. N. Fisher, M. Salmon, and S. E. Wise, “Effects of artificial night lighting on amphibians and reptiles in urban environments,” in: Urban Herpetology, Herpetological Conservation, J. C. Mitchell, R. E. J. Brown, and B. Bartholomew, eds. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles: Salt Lake, Utah (2008) 3, 239–256.

Schreckengost, T.

J. D. McLaren, J. J. Buler, T. Schreckengost, J. A. Smolinsky, M. Boone, E. E. van Loon, D. K. Dawson, and E. L. Walters, “Artificial light at night confounds broad-scale habitat use by migrating birds,” Ecol. Lett. 21(3), 356–364 (2018).
[Crossref]

Seidlitz, H. K.

S. Thiel, T. Döhring, M. Köfferlein, A. Kosak, P. Martin, and H. K. Seidlitz, “A phytotron for plant stress research: How far can artificial lighting compare to natural sunlight?” J. Plant Physiol. 148(3-4), 456–463 (1996).
[Crossref]

Singhal, R. K.

R. K. Singhal, M. Kumar, and B. Bose, “Eco-physiological responses of artificial night light pollution in plants,” Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 66(2), 190–202 (2019).
[Crossref]

Skene, D. J.

R. J. Lucas, S. N. Peirson, D. M. Berson, T. M. Brown, H. M. Cooper, C. A. Czeisler, M. G. Figueiro, P. D. Gamlin, S. W. Lockley, J. B. O’Hagan, L. L. A. Price, I. Provencio, D. J. Skene, and G. C. Brainard, “Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age,” Trends Neurosci. 37(1), 1–9 (2014).
[Crossref]

K. Thapan, J. Arendt, and D. J. Skene, “An action spectrum for melatonin suppression: Evidence for a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor system in humans,” J. Physio. 535(1), 261–267 (2001).
[Crossref]

Smolinsky, J. A.

J. D. McLaren, J. J. Buler, T. Schreckengost, J. A. Smolinsky, M. Boone, E. E. van Loon, D. K. Dawson, and E. L. Walters, “Artificial light at night confounds broad-scale habitat use by migrating birds,” Ecol. Lett. 21(3), 356–364 (2018).
[Crossref]

Thapan, K.

K. Thapan, J. Arendt, and D. J. Skene, “An action spectrum for melatonin suppression: Evidence for a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor system in humans,” J. Physio. 535(1), 261–267 (2001).
[Crossref]

Thiel, S.

S. Thiel, T. Döhring, M. Köfferlein, A. Kosak, P. Martin, and H. K. Seidlitz, “A phytotron for plant stress research: How far can artificial lighting compare to natural sunlight?” J. Plant Physiol. 148(3-4), 456–463 (1996).
[Crossref]

Tockner, K.

F. Hölker, C. Wolter, E. K. Perkin, and K. Tockner, “Light pollution as a biodiversity threat,” Trends Ecol. Evol. 25(12), 681–682 (2010).
[Crossref]

van Grunsven, R. H. A.

M. Donners, R. H. A. van Grunsven, D. Groenendijk, F. van Langevelde, J. W. Bikker, T. Longcore, and E. M. Veenendaal, “Colours of attraction: A general model for insect phototaxis,” J. Exp. Zool. 329(8-9), 434–440 (2018).
[Crossref]

van Langevelde, F.

M. Donners, R. H. A. van Grunsven, D. Groenendijk, F. van Langevelde, J. W. Bikker, T. Longcore, and E. M. Veenendaal, “Colours of attraction: A general model for insect phototaxis,” J. Exp. Zool. 329(8-9), 434–440 (2018).
[Crossref]

van Loon, E. E.

J. D. McLaren, J. J. Buler, T. Schreckengost, J. A. Smolinsky, M. Boone, E. E. van Loon, D. K. Dawson, and E. L. Walters, “Artificial light at night confounds broad-scale habitat use by migrating birds,” Ecol. Lett. 21(3), 356–364 (2018).
[Crossref]

Veenendaal, E. M.

M. Donners, R. H. A. van Grunsven, D. Groenendijk, F. van Langevelde, J. W. Bikker, T. Longcore, and E. M. Veenendaal, “Colours of attraction: A general model for insect phototaxis,” J. Exp. Zool. 329(8-9), 434–440 (2018).
[Crossref]

Walters, E. L.

J. D. McLaren, J. J. Buler, T. Schreckengost, J. A. Smolinsky, M. Boone, E. E. van Loon, D. K. Dawson, and E. L. Walters, “Artificial light at night confounds broad-scale habitat use by migrating birds,” Ecol. Lett. 21(3), 356–364 (2018).
[Crossref]

Wang, J.

P. Han, J. Huang, R. Li, L. Wang, Y. Hu, J. Wang, and W. Huang, “Monitoring trends in light pollution in China based on nighttime satellite imagery,” Remote Sens. 6(6), 5541–5558 (2014).
[Crossref]

Wang, L.

P. Han, J. Huang, R. Li, L. Wang, Y. Hu, J. Wang, and W. Huang, “Monitoring trends in light pollution in China based on nighttime satellite imagery,” Remote Sens. 6(6), 5541–5558 (2014).
[Crossref]

Wang, Y. Z.

Wise, S. E.

G. Perry, B. W. Buchanan, R. N. Fisher, M. Salmon, and S. E. Wise, “Effects of artificial night lighting on amphibians and reptiles in urban environments,” in: Urban Herpetology, Herpetological Conservation, J. C. Mitchell, R. E. J. Brown, and B. Bartholomew, eds. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles: Salt Lake, Utah (2008) 3, 239–256.

Witherington, B.

T. Longcore, A. Rodríguez, B. Witherington, J. F. Penniman, L. Herf, and M. Herf, “Rapid assessment of lamp spectrum to quantify ecological effects of light at night,” J. Exp. Zool. 329(8-9), 511–521 (2018).
[Crossref]

Witherington, B. E.

B. E. Witherington, “Behavioral responses of nesting sea turtles to artificial lighting,” Herpetologica 48, 31–39 (1992).

Wolter, C.

F. Hölker, C. Wolter, E. K. Perkin, and K. Tockner, “Light pollution as a biodiversity threat,” Trends Ecol. Evol. 25(12), 681–682 (2010).
[Crossref]

Wu, P. Y.

Yao, Q.

Q. Yao, L. T. Zhang, Q. Dai, Y. Z. Wang, and P. Y. Wu, “Chromaticity-based real-time assessment of melanopic and luminous efficiency of smartphone displays,” Opt. Express 28(4), 4898–4910 (2020).
[Crossref]

Q. Yao, W. L. Zhang, L. Zhang, and Y. Bian, “Establishing functional model of photometric performance of trichromatic light sources in chromaticity diagrams,” IEEE Photonics J. 10(4), 1–12 (2018).
[Crossref]

Zamorano, J.

X. Ges, S. Bará, M. García-Gil, J. Zamorano, S. J. Ribas, and E. Masana, “Light pollution offshore: Zenithal sky glow measurements in the mediterranean coastal waters,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 210, 91–100 (2018).
[Crossref]

Zhang, L.

Q. Yao, W. L. Zhang, L. Zhang, and Y. Bian, “Establishing functional model of photometric performance of trichromatic light sources in chromaticity diagrams,” IEEE Photonics J. 10(4), 1–12 (2018).
[Crossref]

Zhang, L. T.

Zhang, W. L.

Q. Yao, W. L. Zhang, L. Zhang, and Y. Bian, “Establishing functional model of photometric performance of trichromatic light sources in chromaticity diagrams,” IEEE Photonics J. 10(4), 1–12 (2018).
[Crossref]

Ziou, D.

D. Ziou and F. Kerouh, “Estimation of light source colours for light pollution assessment,” Environ. Pollut. (Oxford, U. K.) 236, 844–849 (2018).
[Crossref]

Astron. Geophys. (1)

C. C. M. Kyba, A. Mohar, and T. Posch, “How bright is moonlight?” Astron. Geophys. 58(1), 1.31–1.32 (2017).
[Crossref]

Ecol. Lett. (1)

J. D. McLaren, J. J. Buler, T. Schreckengost, J. A. Smolinsky, M. Boone, E. E. van Loon, D. K. Dawson, and E. L. Walters, “Artificial light at night confounds broad-scale habitat use by migrating birds,” Ecol. Lett. 21(3), 356–364 (2018).
[Crossref]

Environ. Manage. (N. Y.) (1)

L. L. Bertolotti and M. Salmon, “Do embedded roadway lights protect sea turtles?” Environ. Manage. (N. Y.) 36(5), 702–710 (2005).
[Crossref]

Environ. Pollut. (Oxford, U. K.) (1)

D. Ziou and F. Kerouh, “Estimation of light source colours for light pollution assessment,” Environ. Pollut. (Oxford, U. K.) 236, 844–849 (2018).
[Crossref]

Guangzhou Environ. Sci. (1)

M. H. He, “Investigation and countermeasure research on night light pollution in yuexiu district of Guangzhou city,” Guangzhou Environ. Sci. 1, 7–11 (2008). (In Chinese).

Herpetologica (1)

B. E. Witherington, “Behavioral responses of nesting sea turtles to artificial lighting,” Herpetologica 48, 31–39 (1992).

IEEE Photonics J. (1)

Q. Yao, W. L. Zhang, L. Zhang, and Y. Bian, “Establishing functional model of photometric performance of trichromatic light sources in chromaticity diagrams,” IEEE Photonics J. 10(4), 1–12 (2018).
[Crossref]

J. Comp. Physiol., A (1)

R. Menzel and U. Greggers, “Natural phototaxis and its relationship to colour vision in honeybees,” J. Comp. Physiol., A 157(3), 311–321 (1985).
[Crossref]

J. Environ. Manage. (2)

O. Rabaza, D. Galadí-Enríquez, A. E. Estrella, and F. A. Dols, “All-sky brightness monitoring of light pollution with astronomical methods,” J. Environ. Manage. 91(6), 1278–1287 (2010).
[Crossref]

F. Falchi, P. Cinzano, C. D. Elvidge, D. M. Keith, and A. Haim, “Limiting the impact of light pollution on human health, environment and stellar visibility,” J. Environ. Manage. 92(10), 2714–2722 (2011).
[Crossref]

J. Exp. Zool. (2)

T. Longcore, A. Rodríguez, B. Witherington, J. F. Penniman, L. Herf, and M. Herf, “Rapid assessment of lamp spectrum to quantify ecological effects of light at night,” J. Exp. Zool. 329(8-9), 511–521 (2018).
[Crossref]

M. Donners, R. H. A. van Grunsven, D. Groenendijk, F. van Langevelde, J. W. Bikker, T. Longcore, and E. M. Veenendaal, “Colours of attraction: A general model for insect phototaxis,” J. Exp. Zool. 329(8-9), 434–440 (2018).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. (1)

J. Physio. (1)

K. Thapan, J. Arendt, and D. J. Skene, “An action spectrum for melatonin suppression: Evidence for a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor system in humans,” J. Physio. 535(1), 261–267 (2001).
[Crossref]

J. Plant Physiol. (1)

S. Thiel, T. Döhring, M. Köfferlein, A. Kosak, P. Martin, and H. K. Seidlitz, “A phytotron for plant stress research: How far can artificial lighting compare to natural sunlight?” J. Plant Physiol. 148(3-4), 456–463 (1996).
[Crossref]

J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer (1)

X. Ges, S. Bará, M. García-Gil, J. Zamorano, S. J. Ribas, and E. Masana, “Light pollution offshore: Zenithal sky glow measurements in the mediterranean coastal waters,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 210, 91–100 (2018).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (1)

PLoS One (2)

J. D. Hale, G. Davies, A. J. Fairbrass, T. J. Matthews, C. D. F. Rogers, and J. P. Sadler, “Mapping lightscapes spatial patterning of artificial lighting in an urban landscape,” PLoS One 8(5), e61460 (2013).
[Crossref]

M. Aubé, J. Roby, and M. Kocifaj, “Evaluating potential spectral impacts of various artificial lights on melatonin suppression, photosynthesis, and star visibility,” PLoS One 8(7), e67798 (2013).
[Crossref]

Remote Sens. (1)

P. Han, J. Huang, R. Li, L. Wang, Y. Hu, J. Wang, and W. Huang, “Monitoring trends in light pollution in China based on nighttime satellite imagery,” Remote Sens. 6(6), 5541–5558 (2014).
[Crossref]

Russ. J. Plant Physiol. (1)

R. K. Singhal, M. Kumar, and B. Bose, “Eco-physiological responses of artificial night light pollution in plants,” Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 66(2), 190–202 (2019).
[Crossref]

Trends Ecol. Evol. (1)

F. Hölker, C. Wolter, E. K. Perkin, and K. Tockner, “Light pollution as a biodiversity threat,” Trends Ecol. Evol. 25(12), 681–682 (2010).
[Crossref]

Trends Neurosci. (1)

R. J. Lucas, S. N. Peirson, D. M. Berson, T. M. Brown, H. M. Cooper, C. A. Czeisler, M. G. Figueiro, P. D. Gamlin, S. W. Lockley, J. B. O’Hagan, L. L. A. Price, I. Provencio, D. J. Skene, and G. C. Brainard, “Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age,” Trends Neurosci. 37(1), 1–9 (2014).
[Crossref]

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China Solid State Lighting Alliance, “Blue Paper on Semiconductor Lighting Industry Development in 2018,” CSA Research (2019). [Online] Available from: ( http://www.360doc.com/content/19/0101/21/27982818_805895228.shtml .) (accessed 08.10.19)

G. Perry, B. W. Buchanan, R. N. Fisher, M. Salmon, and S. E. Wise, “Effects of artificial night lighting on amphibians and reptiles in urban environments,” in: Urban Herpetology, Herpetological Conservation, J. C. Mitchell, R. E. J. Brown, and B. Bartholomew, eds. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles: Salt Lake, Utah (2008) 3, 239–256.

JGJ/T 163-2008, “Code for lighting design of urban nightscape,” (In Chinese) [Online] Available from: ( http://www.jianbiaoku.com/webarbs/book/10545/1053845.shtml .) (accessed 08.10.19)

Z. Bai, “Study on urban lighting pollution in shanghai and its prevention and control strategy,” Master Dissertation. 102p (2008). (In Chinese)

K. Cleve, “Der Anflug der Schmetterlinge an künstliche Lichtquellen. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Entomologischen Gesellschaft,” 23, 66–76 (1964).

CIE, “Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage Proceedings, 1931,” Cambridge University Press: Cambridge (1932).

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Figures (6)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Action spectra of some fauna and flora species. Most action spectra fall in the visible light spectrum and some fall in the ultraviolet region.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Experiment setup of measurement of luminance, chromaticity, and SPD of façade lighting display in the lab. The façade display is 6 m × 3 m in size, and 1.7 m to the ground. The colorimeter is 1.5 m in height and 16 m away from the display.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Façade lighting displays in typical areas of Shenzhen. (a) These areas are Bao’an center, science park, citizen center, chegong temple, and Shenzhen bay. (b) Sketch map of recorded luminance. In this example, maximum luminance 230 cd/m2 is recorded.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Measured SPDs of façade lighting display and universal SPD models using Gaussian distributions: (a) SPDs of 39 façade lighting displays; (b) mean SPDs with std. dev.; (c) simulated Gaussian spectral models; (d) normalized simulated Gaussian models.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Relative AER contours as functions of chromaticity x, y. Red lines are fitting curves.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Effectiveness verification (a) Chromaticities of 28 color patches; (b) Relative errors of AERs of 28 patches using universal ‘chromaticity-AER’ model against those calculated from measured SPDs.

Tables (1)

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Table 1. a–f constants corresponding to AERs for different action spectra.

Equations (2)

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A E R = K a P ( λ ) A ( λ ) d λ P ( λ ) d λ
A E R ( x , y ) = a + b x + c y + d x 2 + e y 2 + f x y

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