Abstract

We present a novel broadband divide-by-2 microwave photonic injection locking frequency divider (ILFD) based on a dual-loop optoelectronic oscillator (OEO). In the proposed scheme, a tunable microwave photonic filter is used to replace the traditional electrical filter, which makes sure a large tuning range of the ILFD. The microwave photonic ILFD whose center frequency tracks the tunable frequency of the free-running OEO, links up with every single locking range together. Thus the frequency range is only determined by the tunable OEO. In the experiment, a wide operating frequency range from 4.51 GHz to 34.88 GHz is realized. Furthermore, a divide-by-3 ILFD is experimentally demonstrated with the help of a frequency mixer.

© 2021 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement

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  1. T. Siriburanon, T. Ueno, K. Kimura, S. Kondo, and W. Deng, “A 60-ghz sub-sampling pll using a dual-step-mixing ilfd,” in 2014 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference(2014), pp. 708–710.
  2. M. H. Perrott, T. L. Tewksbury, and C. G. Sodini, “A 27-mW CMOS fractional-N synthesizer using digital compensation for 2.5-Mb/s GFSK modulation,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 32(12), 2048–2060 (1997).
    [Crossref]
  3. J. Yin and H. C. Luong, “A 0.8v 1.9mw 53.7-to-72.0ghz self-frequency-tracking injection-locked frequency divider,” in 2012 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium(2012), pp. 305–308.
  4. Q. J. Gu, H. Jian, Z. Xu, Y. Wu, M. F. Chang, Y. Baeyens, and Y. Chen, “200ghz cmos prescalers with extended dividing range via time-interleaved dual injection locking,” in 2010 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium(2010), pp. 69–72.
  5. T. Shima, J. Sato, K. Mizuno, and K. Takinami, “A 60 ghz cmos pll synthesizer using a wideband injection-locked frequency divider with fast calibration technique,” in 2Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference 2011(2011), pp. 1530–1533.
  6. X. Wang, B. Zhang, H. Zhao, Y. Su, A. Muhammad, D. Guo, and Z. Jin, “ZnO1-xTex and ZnO1-xSx semiconductor alloys as competent materials for opto-electronic and solar cell applications:a comparative analysis,” J. Semicond. 38(8), 085001 (2017).
    [Crossref]
  7. T. M. Fortier, M. S. Kirchner, F. Quinlan, J. Taylor, J. C. Bergquist, T. Rosenband, N. Lemke, A. Ludlow, Y. Jiang, C. W. Oates, and S. A. Diddams, “Generation of ultrastable microwaves via optical frequency division,” Nat. Photonics 5(7), 425–429 (2011).
    [Crossref]
  8. J. Li, X. Yi, H. Lee, S. A. Diddams, and K. J. Vahala, “Electro-optical frequency division and stable microwave synthesis,” Science 345(6194), 309–313 (2014).
    [Crossref]
  9. J. Li, H. Lee, and K. J. Vahala, “Microwave synthesizer using an on-chip Brillouin oscillator,” Nat. Commun. 4(1), 2097 (2013).
    [Crossref]
  10. H. Peng, R. Guo, H. Du, Y. Xu, C. Zhang, J. Chen, and Z. Chen, “Low phase noise 20 ghz microwave frequency divider based on a super-harmonic injection locked optoelectronic oscillator,” in 2018 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS)(2018), pp. 1–3.
  11. Y. Xu, H. Peng, R. Guo, H. Du, Q. Yin, G. Hu, J. He, and Z. Chen, “High sensitivity microwave phase noise analyzer based on a phase locked optoelectronic oscillator,” Opt. Express 27(13), 18910 (2019).
    [Crossref]
  12. S. Liu, K. Lv, J. Fu, L. Wu, W. Pan, and S. Pan, “IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 31389–392 (2019).
  13. S. Duan, B. Mo, E. H. W. Chan, X. Wang, X. Feng, B. Guan, and J. Yao, “Microwave photonic based 1/n frequency divider,” in 2019 International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics (MWP)(2019), pp. 1–4.
  14. Q. C. Tengfei Hao, Shanhong Guan, Wei Li, Yitang Dai, Ninghua Zhu, and Ming Li, Light:Science & Applications (2020).
  15. “Datasheet shf c642 b,” https://www.shf-communication.com/wp-content/uploads/datasheets/datasheet_shf_c642_b.pdf .
  16. H. R. Rategh and T. H. Lee, “IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits,” 34, 813–821 (1999).
  17. B. Razavi, “>IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits,” 39(9), 1415–1424 (2004).
  18. X. S. Yao, L. Maleki, and J. Opt, “Optoelectronic microwave oscillator,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 13(8), 1725–1735 (1996).
    [Crossref]
  19. D. Eliyahu, D. Seidel, and L. Maleki, “RF Amplitude and Phase-Noise Reduction of an Optical Link and an Opto-Electronic Oscillator,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 56(2), 449–456 (2008).
    [Crossref]

2019 (1)

2017 (1)

X. Wang, B. Zhang, H. Zhao, Y. Su, A. Muhammad, D. Guo, and Z. Jin, “ZnO1-xTex and ZnO1-xSx semiconductor alloys as competent materials for opto-electronic and solar cell applications:a comparative analysis,” J. Semicond. 38(8), 085001 (2017).
[Crossref]

2014 (1)

J. Li, X. Yi, H. Lee, S. A. Diddams, and K. J. Vahala, “Electro-optical frequency division and stable microwave synthesis,” Science 345(6194), 309–313 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (1)

J. Li, H. Lee, and K. J. Vahala, “Microwave synthesizer using an on-chip Brillouin oscillator,” Nat. Commun. 4(1), 2097 (2013).
[Crossref]

2011 (1)

T. M. Fortier, M. S. Kirchner, F. Quinlan, J. Taylor, J. C. Bergquist, T. Rosenband, N. Lemke, A. Ludlow, Y. Jiang, C. W. Oates, and S. A. Diddams, “Generation of ultrastable microwaves via optical frequency division,” Nat. Photonics 5(7), 425–429 (2011).
[Crossref]

2008 (1)

D. Eliyahu, D. Seidel, and L. Maleki, “RF Amplitude and Phase-Noise Reduction of an Optical Link and an Opto-Electronic Oscillator,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 56(2), 449–456 (2008).
[Crossref]

1997 (1)

M. H. Perrott, T. L. Tewksbury, and C. G. Sodini, “A 27-mW CMOS fractional-N synthesizer using digital compensation for 2.5-Mb/s GFSK modulation,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 32(12), 2048–2060 (1997).
[Crossref]

1996 (1)

Baeyens, Y.

Q. J. Gu, H. Jian, Z. Xu, Y. Wu, M. F. Chang, Y. Baeyens, and Y. Chen, “200ghz cmos prescalers with extended dividing range via time-interleaved dual injection locking,” in 2010 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium(2010), pp. 69–72.

Bergquist, J. C.

T. M. Fortier, M. S. Kirchner, F. Quinlan, J. Taylor, J. C. Bergquist, T. Rosenband, N. Lemke, A. Ludlow, Y. Jiang, C. W. Oates, and S. A. Diddams, “Generation of ultrastable microwaves via optical frequency division,” Nat. Photonics 5(7), 425–429 (2011).
[Crossref]

Chan, E. H. W.

S. Duan, B. Mo, E. H. W. Chan, X. Wang, X. Feng, B. Guan, and J. Yao, “Microwave photonic based 1/n frequency divider,” in 2019 International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics (MWP)(2019), pp. 1–4.

Chang, M. F.

Q. J. Gu, H. Jian, Z. Xu, Y. Wu, M. F. Chang, Y. Baeyens, and Y. Chen, “200ghz cmos prescalers with extended dividing range via time-interleaved dual injection locking,” in 2010 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium(2010), pp. 69–72.

Chen, J.

H. Peng, R. Guo, H. Du, Y. Xu, C. Zhang, J. Chen, and Z. Chen, “Low phase noise 20 ghz microwave frequency divider based on a super-harmonic injection locked optoelectronic oscillator,” in 2018 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS)(2018), pp. 1–3.

Chen, Y.

Q. J. Gu, H. Jian, Z. Xu, Y. Wu, M. F. Chang, Y. Baeyens, and Y. Chen, “200ghz cmos prescalers with extended dividing range via time-interleaved dual injection locking,” in 2010 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium(2010), pp. 69–72.

Chen, Z.

Y. Xu, H. Peng, R. Guo, H. Du, Q. Yin, G. Hu, J. He, and Z. Chen, “High sensitivity microwave phase noise analyzer based on a phase locked optoelectronic oscillator,” Opt. Express 27(13), 18910 (2019).
[Crossref]

H. Peng, R. Guo, H. Du, Y. Xu, C. Zhang, J. Chen, and Z. Chen, “Low phase noise 20 ghz microwave frequency divider based on a super-harmonic injection locked optoelectronic oscillator,” in 2018 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS)(2018), pp. 1–3.

Dai, Yitang

Q. C. Tengfei Hao, Shanhong Guan, Wei Li, Yitang Dai, Ninghua Zhu, and Ming Li, Light:Science & Applications (2020).

Deng, W.

T. Siriburanon, T. Ueno, K. Kimura, S. Kondo, and W. Deng, “A 60-ghz sub-sampling pll using a dual-step-mixing ilfd,” in 2014 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference(2014), pp. 708–710.

Diddams, S. A.

J. Li, X. Yi, H. Lee, S. A. Diddams, and K. J. Vahala, “Electro-optical frequency division and stable microwave synthesis,” Science 345(6194), 309–313 (2014).
[Crossref]

T. M. Fortier, M. S. Kirchner, F. Quinlan, J. Taylor, J. C. Bergquist, T. Rosenband, N. Lemke, A. Ludlow, Y. Jiang, C. W. Oates, and S. A. Diddams, “Generation of ultrastable microwaves via optical frequency division,” Nat. Photonics 5(7), 425–429 (2011).
[Crossref]

Du, H.

Y. Xu, H. Peng, R. Guo, H. Du, Q. Yin, G. Hu, J. He, and Z. Chen, “High sensitivity microwave phase noise analyzer based on a phase locked optoelectronic oscillator,” Opt. Express 27(13), 18910 (2019).
[Crossref]

H. Peng, R. Guo, H. Du, Y. Xu, C. Zhang, J. Chen, and Z. Chen, “Low phase noise 20 ghz microwave frequency divider based on a super-harmonic injection locked optoelectronic oscillator,” in 2018 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS)(2018), pp. 1–3.

Duan, S.

S. Duan, B. Mo, E. H. W. Chan, X. Wang, X. Feng, B. Guan, and J. Yao, “Microwave photonic based 1/n frequency divider,” in 2019 International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics (MWP)(2019), pp. 1–4.

Eliyahu, D.

D. Eliyahu, D. Seidel, and L. Maleki, “RF Amplitude and Phase-Noise Reduction of an Optical Link and an Opto-Electronic Oscillator,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 56(2), 449–456 (2008).
[Crossref]

Feng, X.

S. Duan, B. Mo, E. H. W. Chan, X. Wang, X. Feng, B. Guan, and J. Yao, “Microwave photonic based 1/n frequency divider,” in 2019 International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics (MWP)(2019), pp. 1–4.

Fortier, T. M.

T. M. Fortier, M. S. Kirchner, F. Quinlan, J. Taylor, J. C. Bergquist, T. Rosenband, N. Lemke, A. Ludlow, Y. Jiang, C. W. Oates, and S. A. Diddams, “Generation of ultrastable microwaves via optical frequency division,” Nat. Photonics 5(7), 425–429 (2011).
[Crossref]

Fu, J.

S. Liu, K. Lv, J. Fu, L. Wu, W. Pan, and S. Pan, “IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 31389–392 (2019).

Gu, Q. J.

Q. J. Gu, H. Jian, Z. Xu, Y. Wu, M. F. Chang, Y. Baeyens, and Y. Chen, “200ghz cmos prescalers with extended dividing range via time-interleaved dual injection locking,” in 2010 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium(2010), pp. 69–72.

Guan, B.

S. Duan, B. Mo, E. H. W. Chan, X. Wang, X. Feng, B. Guan, and J. Yao, “Microwave photonic based 1/n frequency divider,” in 2019 International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics (MWP)(2019), pp. 1–4.

Guan, Shanhong

Q. C. Tengfei Hao, Shanhong Guan, Wei Li, Yitang Dai, Ninghua Zhu, and Ming Li, Light:Science & Applications (2020).

Guo, D.

X. Wang, B. Zhang, H. Zhao, Y. Su, A. Muhammad, D. Guo, and Z. Jin, “ZnO1-xTex and ZnO1-xSx semiconductor alloys as competent materials for opto-electronic and solar cell applications:a comparative analysis,” J. Semicond. 38(8), 085001 (2017).
[Crossref]

Guo, R.

Y. Xu, H. Peng, R. Guo, H. Du, Q. Yin, G. Hu, J. He, and Z. Chen, “High sensitivity microwave phase noise analyzer based on a phase locked optoelectronic oscillator,” Opt. Express 27(13), 18910 (2019).
[Crossref]

H. Peng, R. Guo, H. Du, Y. Xu, C. Zhang, J. Chen, and Z. Chen, “Low phase noise 20 ghz microwave frequency divider based on a super-harmonic injection locked optoelectronic oscillator,” in 2018 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS)(2018), pp. 1–3.

He, J.

Hu, G.

Jian, H.

Q. J. Gu, H. Jian, Z. Xu, Y. Wu, M. F. Chang, Y. Baeyens, and Y. Chen, “200ghz cmos prescalers with extended dividing range via time-interleaved dual injection locking,” in 2010 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium(2010), pp. 69–72.

Jiang, Y.

T. M. Fortier, M. S. Kirchner, F. Quinlan, J. Taylor, J. C. Bergquist, T. Rosenband, N. Lemke, A. Ludlow, Y. Jiang, C. W. Oates, and S. A. Diddams, “Generation of ultrastable microwaves via optical frequency division,” Nat. Photonics 5(7), 425–429 (2011).
[Crossref]

Jin, Z.

X. Wang, B. Zhang, H. Zhao, Y. Su, A. Muhammad, D. Guo, and Z. Jin, “ZnO1-xTex and ZnO1-xSx semiconductor alloys as competent materials for opto-electronic and solar cell applications:a comparative analysis,” J. Semicond. 38(8), 085001 (2017).
[Crossref]

Kimura, K.

T. Siriburanon, T. Ueno, K. Kimura, S. Kondo, and W. Deng, “A 60-ghz sub-sampling pll using a dual-step-mixing ilfd,” in 2014 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference(2014), pp. 708–710.

Kirchner, M. S.

T. M. Fortier, M. S. Kirchner, F. Quinlan, J. Taylor, J. C. Bergquist, T. Rosenband, N. Lemke, A. Ludlow, Y. Jiang, C. W. Oates, and S. A. Diddams, “Generation of ultrastable microwaves via optical frequency division,” Nat. Photonics 5(7), 425–429 (2011).
[Crossref]

Kondo, S.

T. Siriburanon, T. Ueno, K. Kimura, S. Kondo, and W. Deng, “A 60-ghz sub-sampling pll using a dual-step-mixing ilfd,” in 2014 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference(2014), pp. 708–710.

Lee, H.

J. Li, X. Yi, H. Lee, S. A. Diddams, and K. J. Vahala, “Electro-optical frequency division and stable microwave synthesis,” Science 345(6194), 309–313 (2014).
[Crossref]

J. Li, H. Lee, and K. J. Vahala, “Microwave synthesizer using an on-chip Brillouin oscillator,” Nat. Commun. 4(1), 2097 (2013).
[Crossref]

Lee, T. H.

H. R. Rategh and T. H. Lee, “IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits,” 34, 813–821 (1999).

Lemke, N.

T. M. Fortier, M. S. Kirchner, F. Quinlan, J. Taylor, J. C. Bergquist, T. Rosenband, N. Lemke, A. Ludlow, Y. Jiang, C. W. Oates, and S. A. Diddams, “Generation of ultrastable microwaves via optical frequency division,” Nat. Photonics 5(7), 425–429 (2011).
[Crossref]

Li, J.

J. Li, X. Yi, H. Lee, S. A. Diddams, and K. J. Vahala, “Electro-optical frequency division and stable microwave synthesis,” Science 345(6194), 309–313 (2014).
[Crossref]

J. Li, H. Lee, and K. J. Vahala, “Microwave synthesizer using an on-chip Brillouin oscillator,” Nat. Commun. 4(1), 2097 (2013).
[Crossref]

Li, Ming

Q. C. Tengfei Hao, Shanhong Guan, Wei Li, Yitang Dai, Ninghua Zhu, and Ming Li, Light:Science & Applications (2020).

Li, Wei

Q. C. Tengfei Hao, Shanhong Guan, Wei Li, Yitang Dai, Ninghua Zhu, and Ming Li, Light:Science & Applications (2020).

Liu, S.

S. Liu, K. Lv, J. Fu, L. Wu, W. Pan, and S. Pan, “IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 31389–392 (2019).

Ludlow, A.

T. M. Fortier, M. S. Kirchner, F. Quinlan, J. Taylor, J. C. Bergquist, T. Rosenband, N. Lemke, A. Ludlow, Y. Jiang, C. W. Oates, and S. A. Diddams, “Generation of ultrastable microwaves via optical frequency division,” Nat. Photonics 5(7), 425–429 (2011).
[Crossref]

Luong, H. C.

J. Yin and H. C. Luong, “A 0.8v 1.9mw 53.7-to-72.0ghz self-frequency-tracking injection-locked frequency divider,” in 2012 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium(2012), pp. 305–308.

Lv, K.

S. Liu, K. Lv, J. Fu, L. Wu, W. Pan, and S. Pan, “IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 31389–392 (2019).

Maleki, L.

D. Eliyahu, D. Seidel, and L. Maleki, “RF Amplitude and Phase-Noise Reduction of an Optical Link and an Opto-Electronic Oscillator,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 56(2), 449–456 (2008).
[Crossref]

X. S. Yao, L. Maleki, and J. Opt, “Optoelectronic microwave oscillator,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 13(8), 1725–1735 (1996).
[Crossref]

Mizuno, K.

T. Shima, J. Sato, K. Mizuno, and K. Takinami, “A 60 ghz cmos pll synthesizer using a wideband injection-locked frequency divider with fast calibration technique,” in 2Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference 2011(2011), pp. 1530–1533.

Mo, B.

S. Duan, B. Mo, E. H. W. Chan, X. Wang, X. Feng, B. Guan, and J. Yao, “Microwave photonic based 1/n frequency divider,” in 2019 International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics (MWP)(2019), pp. 1–4.

Muhammad, A.

X. Wang, B. Zhang, H. Zhao, Y. Su, A. Muhammad, D. Guo, and Z. Jin, “ZnO1-xTex and ZnO1-xSx semiconductor alloys as competent materials for opto-electronic and solar cell applications:a comparative analysis,” J. Semicond. 38(8), 085001 (2017).
[Crossref]

Oates, C. W.

T. M. Fortier, M. S. Kirchner, F. Quinlan, J. Taylor, J. C. Bergquist, T. Rosenband, N. Lemke, A. Ludlow, Y. Jiang, C. W. Oates, and S. A. Diddams, “Generation of ultrastable microwaves via optical frequency division,” Nat. Photonics 5(7), 425–429 (2011).
[Crossref]

Opt, J.

Pan, S.

S. Liu, K. Lv, J. Fu, L. Wu, W. Pan, and S. Pan, “IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 31389–392 (2019).

Pan, W.

S. Liu, K. Lv, J. Fu, L. Wu, W. Pan, and S. Pan, “IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 31389–392 (2019).

Peng, H.

Y. Xu, H. Peng, R. Guo, H. Du, Q. Yin, G. Hu, J. He, and Z. Chen, “High sensitivity microwave phase noise analyzer based on a phase locked optoelectronic oscillator,” Opt. Express 27(13), 18910 (2019).
[Crossref]

H. Peng, R. Guo, H. Du, Y. Xu, C. Zhang, J. Chen, and Z. Chen, “Low phase noise 20 ghz microwave frequency divider based on a super-harmonic injection locked optoelectronic oscillator,” in 2018 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS)(2018), pp. 1–3.

Perrott, M. H.

M. H. Perrott, T. L. Tewksbury, and C. G. Sodini, “A 27-mW CMOS fractional-N synthesizer using digital compensation for 2.5-Mb/s GFSK modulation,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 32(12), 2048–2060 (1997).
[Crossref]

Quinlan, F.

T. M. Fortier, M. S. Kirchner, F. Quinlan, J. Taylor, J. C. Bergquist, T. Rosenband, N. Lemke, A. Ludlow, Y. Jiang, C. W. Oates, and S. A. Diddams, “Generation of ultrastable microwaves via optical frequency division,” Nat. Photonics 5(7), 425–429 (2011).
[Crossref]

Rategh, H. R.

H. R. Rategh and T. H. Lee, “IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits,” 34, 813–821 (1999).

Razavi, B.

B. Razavi, “>IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits,” 39(9), 1415–1424 (2004).

Rosenband, T.

T. M. Fortier, M. S. Kirchner, F. Quinlan, J. Taylor, J. C. Bergquist, T. Rosenband, N. Lemke, A. Ludlow, Y. Jiang, C. W. Oates, and S. A. Diddams, “Generation of ultrastable microwaves via optical frequency division,” Nat. Photonics 5(7), 425–429 (2011).
[Crossref]

Sato, J.

T. Shima, J. Sato, K. Mizuno, and K. Takinami, “A 60 ghz cmos pll synthesizer using a wideband injection-locked frequency divider with fast calibration technique,” in 2Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference 2011(2011), pp. 1530–1533.

Seidel, D.

D. Eliyahu, D. Seidel, and L. Maleki, “RF Amplitude and Phase-Noise Reduction of an Optical Link and an Opto-Electronic Oscillator,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 56(2), 449–456 (2008).
[Crossref]

Shima, T.

T. Shima, J. Sato, K. Mizuno, and K. Takinami, “A 60 ghz cmos pll synthesizer using a wideband injection-locked frequency divider with fast calibration technique,” in 2Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference 2011(2011), pp. 1530–1533.

Siriburanon, T.

T. Siriburanon, T. Ueno, K. Kimura, S. Kondo, and W. Deng, “A 60-ghz sub-sampling pll using a dual-step-mixing ilfd,” in 2014 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference(2014), pp. 708–710.

Sodini, C. G.

M. H. Perrott, T. L. Tewksbury, and C. G. Sodini, “A 27-mW CMOS fractional-N synthesizer using digital compensation for 2.5-Mb/s GFSK modulation,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 32(12), 2048–2060 (1997).
[Crossref]

Su, Y.

X. Wang, B. Zhang, H. Zhao, Y. Su, A. Muhammad, D. Guo, and Z. Jin, “ZnO1-xTex and ZnO1-xSx semiconductor alloys as competent materials for opto-electronic and solar cell applications:a comparative analysis,” J. Semicond. 38(8), 085001 (2017).
[Crossref]

Takinami, K.

T. Shima, J. Sato, K. Mizuno, and K. Takinami, “A 60 ghz cmos pll synthesizer using a wideband injection-locked frequency divider with fast calibration technique,” in 2Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference 2011(2011), pp. 1530–1533.

Taylor, J.

T. M. Fortier, M. S. Kirchner, F. Quinlan, J. Taylor, J. C. Bergquist, T. Rosenband, N. Lemke, A. Ludlow, Y. Jiang, C. W. Oates, and S. A. Diddams, “Generation of ultrastable microwaves via optical frequency division,” Nat. Photonics 5(7), 425–429 (2011).
[Crossref]

Tengfei Hao, Q. C.

Q. C. Tengfei Hao, Shanhong Guan, Wei Li, Yitang Dai, Ninghua Zhu, and Ming Li, Light:Science & Applications (2020).

Tewksbury, T. L.

M. H. Perrott, T. L. Tewksbury, and C. G. Sodini, “A 27-mW CMOS fractional-N synthesizer using digital compensation for 2.5-Mb/s GFSK modulation,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 32(12), 2048–2060 (1997).
[Crossref]

Ueno, T.

T. Siriburanon, T. Ueno, K. Kimura, S. Kondo, and W. Deng, “A 60-ghz sub-sampling pll using a dual-step-mixing ilfd,” in 2014 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference(2014), pp. 708–710.

Vahala, K. J.

J. Li, X. Yi, H. Lee, S. A. Diddams, and K. J. Vahala, “Electro-optical frequency division and stable microwave synthesis,” Science 345(6194), 309–313 (2014).
[Crossref]

J. Li, H. Lee, and K. J. Vahala, “Microwave synthesizer using an on-chip Brillouin oscillator,” Nat. Commun. 4(1), 2097 (2013).
[Crossref]

Wang, X.

X. Wang, B. Zhang, H. Zhao, Y. Su, A. Muhammad, D. Guo, and Z. Jin, “ZnO1-xTex and ZnO1-xSx semiconductor alloys as competent materials for opto-electronic and solar cell applications:a comparative analysis,” J. Semicond. 38(8), 085001 (2017).
[Crossref]

S. Duan, B. Mo, E. H. W. Chan, X. Wang, X. Feng, B. Guan, and J. Yao, “Microwave photonic based 1/n frequency divider,” in 2019 International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics (MWP)(2019), pp. 1–4.

Wu, L.

S. Liu, K. Lv, J. Fu, L. Wu, W. Pan, and S. Pan, “IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 31389–392 (2019).

Wu, Y.

Q. J. Gu, H. Jian, Z. Xu, Y. Wu, M. F. Chang, Y. Baeyens, and Y. Chen, “200ghz cmos prescalers with extended dividing range via time-interleaved dual injection locking,” in 2010 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium(2010), pp. 69–72.

Xu, Y.

Y. Xu, H. Peng, R. Guo, H. Du, Q. Yin, G. Hu, J. He, and Z. Chen, “High sensitivity microwave phase noise analyzer based on a phase locked optoelectronic oscillator,” Opt. Express 27(13), 18910 (2019).
[Crossref]

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Figures (7)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. A schematic of a divide-by-2 microwave photonic ILFD. A divide-by-3 ILFD can be realized if replaces the gray box. The inset shows the process of injection locking, and the locking ranges of different free-running oscillating frequency cover a wide band. TLS: tunable laser source; PM: phase modulator; PC: polarization controller; PS-FBG: phase shift fiber brag grating; EDFA: erbium doped fiber amplifier; SMF: single-mode optical fiber; PD: photodetector; PS: phase shift; OTDL: optical tunable delay line; EA: electronic amplifier; ESA: electrical spectrum analyzer.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. The frequency spectrum of ILFD before (a) and after (b) injection locking. (c) The spectrum zooms in on the frequency after dividing at 15.08 GHz. The RBW is 10 kHz.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Pulling phenomenon by 14.23 GHz shows the ILR about 70 kHz. The span is 1 MHz, and the RBW is 1 kHz.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. The tunability of the OEO. (a) The oscillation frequency switches at adjacent modes at 10.08 GHz. (b) The oscillation frequency tuned continuously in 1 MHz at 7.2 GHz.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. (a) The frequency spectrum after dividing in the whole band. The RBW is 30 kHz. (b) Phase-noise of the 7 GHz output signal after dividing (red line), the free-running oscillating signal at 14 GHz (blue line), and the signal source at 14 GHz (yellow line).

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. The comparison of Allan deviation with the free-running signal, injection locked signal, and microwave source.

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. (a) The frequency spectrum after dividing into 3 in the whole band. The RBW is 30 kHz. (b) Phase-noise of the output signal after dividing (red line), the free-running oscillating signal at 10 GHz (blue line), and the signal source at 34 GHz (yellow line).

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Equations (2)

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$${V_{\textrm{in}}}(\textrm{t}) = {V_b} + {V_0}\sin ({\omega _0}t) + {V_1}\sin ({\omega _b}t + \psi )$$
$$\frac{{3{a_3}{V_0}V_1^2}}{4}\sin [{({2{\omega_b} - {\omega_0}} )t + 2\psi } ]+ \frac{{3{a_3}V_0^2{V_1}}}{4}\sin [{({2{\omega_0} - {\omega_b}} )t - \psi } ]$$

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