Abstract

Highly stable, low phase noise microwave oscillators are essential for various applications. An optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) can overcome the short-term phase noise limitation of pure electronic oscillators at high oscillation frequency. Nonetheless, the long-term frequency stability should be addressed. To stabilize the frequency of OEO, a phase-locked loop (PLL) is widely used to synchronize the OEO to a stable reference. However, due to the narrow free-spectral-range (FSR) of the oscillation cavity of the OEO, the pull-in range of the PLL is limited. It is challenging to acquire phase-locking at startup and phase-relocking when mode-hopping of OEO occurs. Here, by using an automatic frequency calibration (AFC) assisted PLL, we attain a highly stable 10 GHz phase-locked OEO with robust phase-locking at startup and phase-relocking when mode-hopping of OEO occurs, for the first time. With the use of a fast digitally-controlled frequency shifter and a real-time frequency error detection unit in the AFC loop, the phase-locking and phase-relocking time are below 120 ms. Furthermore, it shows the phase noise of −135 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz offset, side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of 128 dBc, and Allan deviation of 4.8×10−11 at 5000 s for the phase-locked OEO. We thoroughly investigate the dynamics of the automatic frequency calibration, the phase-locking process, the phase-relocking after OEO mode-hopping, the system under vibration, and the frequency switching. Our approach is promising to generate a highly stable, low phase noise, and determinate frequency microwave signal, which can be used as a low phase noise reference for a microwave frequency synthesizer and high performance sampling clock for a data conversion system.

© 2021 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement

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References

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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]
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  13. K. Xu, Z. Wu, J. Zheng, J. Dai, Y. Dai, F. Yin, J. Li, Y. Zhou, and J. Lin, “Long-term stability improvement of tunable optoelectronic oscillator using dynamic feedback compensation,” Opt. Express 23(10), 12935–12941 (2015).
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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]
  21. Z. Zhou, C. Yang, Z. Cao, Y. Chong, and X. Li, “An Ultra-Low Phase Noise and Highly Stable Optoelectronic Oscillator Utilizing IL-PLL,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 28(4), 516–519 (2016).
    [Crossref]
  22. R. Fu, X. Jin, Y. Zhu, X. Jin, X. Yu, S. Zheng, H. Chi, and X. Zhang, “Frequency stability optimization of an OEO using phase-locked-loop and self-injection-locking,” Opt. Commun. 386, 27–30 (2017).
    [Crossref]
  23. J. Dai, Z. Zhao, Y. Zeng, J. Liu, A. Liu, T. Zhang, F. Yin, Y. Zhou, Y. Liu, and K. Xu, “Stabilized Optoelectronic Oscillator With Enlarged Frequency-Drift Compensation Range,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 30(14), 1289–1292 (2018).
    [Crossref]
  24. D. H. Wolaver, Phase-locked loop circuit design (Prentice Hall, 1991).
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  26. H. Peng, Y. Xu, R. Guo, H. Du, J. Chen, and Z. Chen, “High sensitivity microwave phase noise analyser based on a phase locked optoelectronic oscillator,” Opt. Express 27(13), 18910–18927 (2019).
    [Crossref]
  27. A. Chenakin, “Frequency Synthesis: Current Status and Future Projections,” Microwave J. 60(4), 22–36 (2017).
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    [Crossref]

2020 (1)

X. Zhu, T. Jin, Y. Fu, H. Chi, L. Zuo, W. Liu, and Q. Wang, “A Frequency-Stable Optoelectronic Oscillator Based on Passive Phase Compensation,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 32(10), 612–615 (2020).
[Crossref]

2019 (2)

2018 (1)

J. Dai, Z. Zhao, Y. Zeng, J. Liu, A. Liu, T. Zhang, F. Yin, Y. Zhou, Y. Liu, and K. Xu, “Stabilized Optoelectronic Oscillator With Enlarged Frequency-Drift Compensation Range,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 30(14), 1289–1292 (2018).
[Crossref]

2017 (3)

A. Chenakin, “Frequency Synthesis: Current Status and Future Projections,” Microwave J. 60(4), 22–36 (2017).

R. Fu, X. Jin, Y. Zhu, X. Jin, X. Yu, S. Zheng, H. Chi, and X. Zhang, “Frequency stability optimization of an OEO using phase-locked-loop and self-injection-locking,” Opt. Commun. 386, 27–30 (2017).
[Crossref]

H. Peng, Y. Xu, X. Peng, X. Zhu, R. Guo, F. Chen, H. Du, Y. Chen, C. Zhang, L. Zhu, W. Hu, and Z. Chen, “Wideband tunable optoelectronic oscillator based on the deamplification of stimulated Brillouin scattering,” Opt. Express 25(9), 10287–10305 (2017).
[Crossref]

2016 (2)

L. Bogataj, M. Vidmar, and B. Batagelj, “Improving the Side-mode Suppression Ratio and Reducing the Frequency Drift in an Opto-Electronic Oscillator With a Feedback Control Loop and Additional Phase Modulation,” J. Lightwave Technol. 34(3), 885–890 (2016).
[Crossref]

Z. Zhou, C. Yang, Z. Cao, Y. Chong, and X. Li, “An Ultra-Low Phase Noise and Highly Stable Optoelectronic Oscillator Utilizing IL-PLL,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 28(4), 516–519 (2016).
[Crossref]

2015 (4)

2014 (2)

2012 (1)

2011 (3)

C. Williams, J. Davila-Rodriguez, D. Mandridis, and P. J. Delfyett, “Noise characterization of an injection-locked COEO with long-term stabilization,” J. Lightwave Technol. 29(19), 2906–2912 (2011).
[Crossref]

L. Maleki, “Sources: The optoelectronic oscillator,” Nat. Photonics 5(12), 728–730 (2011).
[Crossref]

C. A. Leme, “Clock Jitter Effects on Sampling: A Tutorial,” IEEE Circuits Syst. Mag. 11(3), 26–37 (2011).
[Crossref]

2006 (2)

A. P. S. Khanna, “Microwave oscillators: The state of the technology,” Microwave J. 49(22), 22–44 (2006).

M. Kaba, H.-W. Li, A. S. Daryoush, J.-P. Vilcot, D. Decoster, J. Chazelas, G. Bouwmans, Y. Quiquempois, and F. Deborgies, “Improving Thermal Stability of Opto-Electronic Oscillators,” IEEE Microwave 7(4), 38–47 (2006).
[Crossref]

2003 (2)

D. Eliyahu, K. Sariri, J. Taylor, and L. Maleki, “Optoelectronic oscillator with improved phase noise and frequency stability,” Proc. SPIE 4998, 139–147 (2003).
[Crossref]

D. Strekalov, D. Aveline, N. Yu, R. Thompson, A. B. Matsko, and L. Maleki, “Stabilizing an optoelectronic microwave oscillator with photonic filters,” J. Lightwave Technol. 21(12), 3052–3061 (2003).
[Crossref]

1996 (1)

X. S. Yao and L. Maleki, “Optoelectronic Oscillator for Photonic Systems,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 32(7), 1141–1149 (1996).
[Crossref]

Aveline, D.

Batagelj, B.

Best, R. E.

R. E. Best, “Phase-Locked Loops Design,” Simulation, and Applications (McGraw-Hill, 2014).

Bluestone, A.

A. Bluestone, D. T. Spencer, S. Srinivasan, D. Guerra, J. E. Bowers, and L. Theogarajan, “An ultra-low phase-noise 20-GHz PLL utilizing an optoelectronic voltage-controlled oscillator,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 63(3), 1046–1052 (2015).
[Crossref]

Bogataj, L.

Bouwmans, G.

M. Kaba, H.-W. Li, A. S. Daryoush, J.-P. Vilcot, D. Decoster, J. Chazelas, G. Bouwmans, Y. Quiquempois, and F. Deborgies, “Improving Thermal Stability of Opto-Electronic Oscillators,” IEEE Microwave 7(4), 38–47 (2006).
[Crossref]

Bowers, J. E.

A. Bluestone, D. T. Spencer, S. Srinivasan, D. Guerra, J. E. Bowers, and L. Theogarajan, “An ultra-low phase-noise 20-GHz PLL utilizing an optoelectronic voltage-controlled oscillator,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 63(3), 1046–1052 (2015).
[Crossref]

Cao, Z.

Z. Zhou, C. Yang, Z. Cao, Y. Chong, and X. Li, “An Ultra-Low Phase Noise and Highly Stable Optoelectronic Oscillator Utilizing IL-PLL,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 28(4), 516–519 (2016).
[Crossref]

Chazelas, J.

M. Kaba, H.-W. Li, A. S. Daryoush, J.-P. Vilcot, D. Decoster, J. Chazelas, G. Bouwmans, Y. Quiquempois, and F. Deborgies, “Improving Thermal Stability of Opto-Electronic Oscillators,” IEEE Microwave 7(4), 38–47 (2006).
[Crossref]

Chen, F.

Chen, J.

Chen, Y.

Chen, Z.

Chenakin, A.

A. Chenakin, “Frequency Synthesis: Current Status and Future Projections,” Microwave J. 60(4), 22–36 (2017).

Chi, H.

X. Zhu, T. Jin, Y. Fu, H. Chi, L. Zuo, W. Liu, and Q. Wang, “A Frequency-Stable Optoelectronic Oscillator Based on Passive Phase Compensation,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 32(10), 612–615 (2020).
[Crossref]

R. Fu, X. Jin, Y. Zhu, X. Jin, X. Yu, S. Zheng, H. Chi, and X. Zhang, “Frequency stability optimization of an OEO using phase-locked-loop and self-injection-locking,” Opt. Commun. 386, 27–30 (2017).
[Crossref]

Chong, Y.

Z. Zhou, C. Yang, Z. Cao, Y. Chong, and X. Li, “An Ultra-Low Phase Noise and Highly Stable Optoelectronic Oscillator Utilizing IL-PLL,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 28(4), 516–519 (2016).
[Crossref]

Dai, J.

Dai, Y.

Daryoush, A. S.

M. Kaba, H.-W. Li, A. S. Daryoush, J.-P. Vilcot, D. Decoster, J. Chazelas, G. Bouwmans, Y. Quiquempois, and F. Deborgies, “Improving Thermal Stability of Opto-Electronic Oscillators,” IEEE Microwave 7(4), 38–47 (2006).
[Crossref]

Davila-Rodriguez, J.

Deborgies, F.

M. Kaba, H.-W. Li, A. S. Daryoush, J.-P. Vilcot, D. Decoster, J. Chazelas, G. Bouwmans, Y. Quiquempois, and F. Deborgies, “Improving Thermal Stability of Opto-Electronic Oscillators,” IEEE Microwave 7(4), 38–47 (2006).
[Crossref]

Decoster, D.

M. Kaba, H.-W. Li, A. S. Daryoush, J.-P. Vilcot, D. Decoster, J. Chazelas, G. Bouwmans, Y. Quiquempois, and F. Deborgies, “Improving Thermal Stability of Opto-Electronic Oscillators,” IEEE Microwave 7(4), 38–47 (2006).
[Crossref]

Delfyett, P. J.

Du, H.

Eliyahu, D.

D. Eliyahu, K. Sariri, J. Taylor, and L. Maleki, “Optoelectronic oscillator with improved phase noise and frequency stability,” Proc. SPIE 4998, 139–147 (2003).
[Crossref]

D. Eliyahu, K. Sariri, M. Kamran, and M. Tokhmakhian, “Improving short and long term frequency stability of the opto-electronic oscillator,” in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (IEEE, 2002), pp. 580–583.

Fan, Z.

Feng, K.

Fu, R.

R. Fu, X. Jin, Y. Zhu, X. Jin, X. Yu, S. Zheng, H. Chi, and X. Zhang, “Frequency stability optimization of an OEO using phase-locked-loop and self-injection-locking,” Opt. Commun. 386, 27–30 (2017).
[Crossref]

Fu, Y.

X. Zhu, T. Jin, Y. Fu, H. Chi, L. Zuo, W. Liu, and Q. Wang, “A Frequency-Stable Optoelectronic Oscillator Based on Passive Phase Compensation,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 32(10), 612–615 (2020).
[Crossref]

Guerra, D.

A. Bluestone, D. T. Spencer, S. Srinivasan, D. Guerra, J. E. Bowers, and L. Theogarajan, “An ultra-low phase-noise 20-GHz PLL utilizing an optoelectronic voltage-controlled oscillator,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 63(3), 1046–1052 (2015).
[Crossref]

Guo, P.

Guo, R.

Hou, D.

Hu, W.

Jin, T.

X. Zhu, T. Jin, Y. Fu, H. Chi, L. Zuo, W. Liu, and Q. Wang, “A Frequency-Stable Optoelectronic Oscillator Based on Passive Phase Compensation,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 32(10), 612–615 (2020).
[Crossref]

Jin, X.

R. Fu, X. Jin, Y. Zhu, X. Jin, X. Yu, S. Zheng, H. Chi, and X. Zhang, “Frequency stability optimization of an OEO using phase-locked-loop and self-injection-locking,” Opt. Commun. 386, 27–30 (2017).
[Crossref]

R. Fu, X. Jin, Y. Zhu, X. Jin, X. Yu, S. Zheng, H. Chi, and X. Zhang, “Frequency stability optimization of an OEO using phase-locked-loop and self-injection-locking,” Opt. Commun. 386, 27–30 (2017).
[Crossref]

Kaba, M.

M. Kaba, H.-W. Li, A. S. Daryoush, J.-P. Vilcot, D. Decoster, J. Chazelas, G. Bouwmans, Y. Quiquempois, and F. Deborgies, “Improving Thermal Stability of Opto-Electronic Oscillators,” IEEE Microwave 7(4), 38–47 (2006).
[Crossref]

Kamran, M.

D. Eliyahu, K. Sariri, M. Kamran, and M. Tokhmakhian, “Improving short and long term frequency stability of the opto-electronic oscillator,” in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (IEEE, 2002), pp. 580–583.

Khanna, A. P. S.

A. P. S. Khanna, “Microwave oscillators: The state of the technology,” Microwave J. 49(22), 22–44 (2006).

Leme, C. A.

C. A. Leme, “Clock Jitter Effects on Sampling: A Tutorial,” IEEE Circuits Syst. Mag. 11(3), 26–37 (2011).
[Crossref]

Li, H.-W.

M. Kaba, H.-W. Li, A. S. Daryoush, J.-P. Vilcot, D. Decoster, J. Chazelas, G. Bouwmans, Y. Quiquempois, and F. Deborgies, “Improving Thermal Stability of Opto-Electronic Oscillators,” IEEE Microwave 7(4), 38–47 (2006).
[Crossref]

Li, J.

Li, X.

Z. Zhou, C. Yang, Z. Cao, Y. Chong, and X. Li, “An Ultra-Low Phase Noise and Highly Stable Optoelectronic Oscillator Utilizing IL-PLL,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 28(4), 516–519 (2016).
[Crossref]

Lin, J.

Liu, A.

J. Dai, Z. Zhao, Y. Zeng, J. Liu, A. Liu, T. Zhang, F. Yin, Y. Zhou, Y. Liu, and K. Xu, “Stabilized Optoelectronic Oscillator With Enlarged Frequency-Drift Compensation Range,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 30(14), 1289–1292 (2018).
[Crossref]

Liu, J.

J. Dai, Z. Zhao, Y. Zeng, J. Liu, A. Liu, T. Zhang, F. Yin, Y. Zhou, Y. Liu, and K. Xu, “Stabilized Optoelectronic Oscillator With Enlarged Frequency-Drift Compensation Range,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 30(14), 1289–1292 (2018).
[Crossref]

Liu, W.

X. Zhu, T. Jin, Y. Fu, H. Chi, L. Zuo, W. Liu, and Q. Wang, “A Frequency-Stable Optoelectronic Oscillator Based on Passive Phase Compensation,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 32(10), 612–615 (2020).
[Crossref]

Liu, Y.

J. Dai, Z. Zhao, Y. Zeng, J. Liu, A. Liu, T. Zhang, F. Yin, Y. Zhou, Y. Liu, and K. Xu, “Stabilized Optoelectronic Oscillator With Enlarged Frequency-Drift Compensation Range,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 30(14), 1289–1292 (2018).
[Crossref]

Maleki, L.

L. Maleki, “Sources: The optoelectronic oscillator,” Nat. Photonics 5(12), 728–730 (2011).
[Crossref]

D. Eliyahu, K. Sariri, J. Taylor, and L. Maleki, “Optoelectronic oscillator with improved phase noise and frequency stability,” Proc. SPIE 4998, 139–147 (2003).
[Crossref]

D. Strekalov, D. Aveline, N. Yu, R. Thompson, A. B. Matsko, and L. Maleki, “Stabilizing an optoelectronic microwave oscillator with photonic filters,” J. Lightwave Technol. 21(12), 3052–3061 (2003).
[Crossref]

X. S. Yao and L. Maleki, “Optoelectronic Oscillator for Photonic Systems,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 32(7), 1141–1149 (1996).
[Crossref]

Mandridis, D.

Matsko, A. B.

Peng, H.

Peng, X.

Qiu, Q.

Quiquempois, Y.

M. Kaba, H.-W. Li, A. S. Daryoush, J.-P. Vilcot, D. Decoster, J. Chazelas, G. Bouwmans, Y. Quiquempois, and F. Deborgies, “Improving Thermal Stability of Opto-Electronic Oscillators,” IEEE Microwave 7(4), 38–47 (2006).
[Crossref]

Rubiola, E.

E. Rubiola, Phase Noise and Frequency Stability in Oscillators (Cambridge University, 2008).

Sariri, K.

D. Eliyahu, K. Sariri, J. Taylor, and L. Maleki, “Optoelectronic oscillator with improved phase noise and frequency stability,” Proc. SPIE 4998, 139–147 (2003).
[Crossref]

D. Eliyahu, K. Sariri, M. Kamran, and M. Tokhmakhian, “Improving short and long term frequency stability of the opto-electronic oscillator,” in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (IEEE, 2002), pp. 580–583.

Spencer, D. T.

A. Bluestone, D. T. Spencer, S. Srinivasan, D. Guerra, J. E. Bowers, and L. Theogarajan, “An ultra-low phase-noise 20-GHz PLL utilizing an optoelectronic voltage-controlled oscillator,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 63(3), 1046–1052 (2015).
[Crossref]

Srinivasan, S.

A. Bluestone, D. T. Spencer, S. Srinivasan, D. Guerra, J. E. Bowers, and L. Theogarajan, “An ultra-low phase-noise 20-GHz PLL utilizing an optoelectronic voltage-controlled oscillator,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 63(3), 1046–1052 (2015).
[Crossref]

Strekalov, D.

Su, J.

Sun, T.

Taylor, J.

D. Eliyahu, K. Sariri, J. Taylor, and L. Maleki, “Optoelectronic oscillator with improved phase noise and frequency stability,” Proc. SPIE 4998, 139–147 (2003).
[Crossref]

Theogarajan, L.

A. Bluestone, D. T. Spencer, S. Srinivasan, D. Guerra, J. E. Bowers, and L. Theogarajan, “An ultra-low phase-noise 20-GHz PLL utilizing an optoelectronic voltage-controlled oscillator,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 63(3), 1046–1052 (2015).
[Crossref]

Thompson, R.

Tokhmakhian, M.

D. Eliyahu, K. Sariri, M. Kamran, and M. Tokhmakhian, “Improving short and long term frequency stability of the opto-electronic oscillator,” in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (IEEE, 2002), pp. 580–583.

Tseng, W.

Vidmar, M.

Vilcot, J.-P.

M. Kaba, H.-W. Li, A. S. Daryoush, J.-P. Vilcot, D. Decoster, J. Chazelas, G. Bouwmans, Y. Quiquempois, and F. Deborgies, “Improving Thermal Stability of Opto-Electronic Oscillators,” IEEE Microwave 7(4), 38–47 (2006).
[Crossref]

Wang, Q.

X. Zhu, T. Jin, Y. Fu, H. Chi, L. Zuo, W. Liu, and Q. Wang, “A Frequency-Stable Optoelectronic Oscillator Based on Passive Phase Compensation,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 32(10), 612–615 (2020).
[Crossref]

X. Xu, J. Dai, Y. Dai, F. Yin, Y. Zhou, J. Li, J. Yin, Q. Wang, and K. Xu, “Broadband and wide-range feedback tuning scheme for phase-locked loop stabilization of tunable optoelectronic oscillators,” Opt. Lett. 40(24), 5858–5861 (2015).
[Crossref]

Williams, C.

Wolaver, D. H.

D. H. Wolaver, Phase-locked loop circuit design (Prentice Hall, 1991).

Wu, Z.

Xie, X.

Xu, K.

Xu, X.

Xu, Y.

Yang, C.

Z. Zhou, C. Yang, Z. Cao, Y. Chong, and X. Li, “An Ultra-Low Phase Noise and Highly Stable Optoelectronic Oscillator Utilizing IL-PLL,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 28(4), 516–519 (2016).
[Crossref]

Yao, X. S.

X. S. Yao and L. Maleki, “Optoelectronic Oscillator for Photonic Systems,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 32(7), 1141–1149 (1996).
[Crossref]

Yin, F.

Yin, J.

Yu, N.

Yu, X.

R. Fu, X. Jin, Y. Zhu, X. Jin, X. Yu, S. Zheng, H. Chi, and X. Zhang, “Frequency stability optimization of an OEO using phase-locked-loop and self-injection-locking,” Opt. Commun. 386, 27–30 (2017).
[Crossref]

Zeng, Y.

J. Dai, Z. Zhao, Y. Zeng, J. Liu, A. Liu, T. Zhang, F. Yin, Y. Zhou, Y. Liu, and K. Xu, “Stabilized Optoelectronic Oscillator With Enlarged Frequency-Drift Compensation Range,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 30(14), 1289–1292 (2018).
[Crossref]

Zhang, C.

Zhang, T.

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Figures (12)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Basic architecture of the frequency stabilization of OEO by a PLL. foeo and fref are the frequencies of the OEO and reference, respectively. ESA: electrical spectrum analyzer.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Schematic diagrams of the phase-locking processes in a phase-locked OEO. (a) The process after powered on. (b) The process after mode-hopping. foeo, fref and funlocked are the frequencies of the free-running OEO, reference, and the OEO after mode-hopping.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. System architecture of the proposed AFC aided phase-locked OEO. PFD: phase-frequency detector. EBPF: electrical bandpass filter. DDS: direct digital synthesizer. ADC: analog-to-digital converter. FPGA: field-programmable gate array. ESA: electrical spectrum analyzer. MFD: microwave frequency divider. VCO: voltage-controlled oscillator. M, N: the frequency division factor of the microwave frequency dividers.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. (a) and (b) Schematic diagrams of the frequency calibration and phase-locking processes of the AFC aided phase-locked OEO after powered on and mode-hopping, respectively. ffs_oeo, fref and funlocked are the frequencies of the frequency-shifted OEO, reference, and the frequency-shifted OEO after mode-hopping.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Experimental setup of the proposed AFC assisted phase-locked OEO. DOMZM: dual-output Mach-Zehnder intensity modulator. PD1, and PD2: photodiodes. VCP: voltage-controlled RF phase shifter. EC1, EC2, and EC3: electrical couplers. LPA: low phase noise amplifier. EBPF: electrical bandpass filter. DDS: direct digital synthesizer. PFD: phase-frequency detector. ADC: analog-to-digital converter. FPGA: field-programmable gate array.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. (a) and (b) Electrical spectra of the 10 GHz frequency-shifted OEO with observation spans of 26.5 GHz and 300 kHz, respectively. (c) The frequency and voltage-controlled frequency sensitivity of the frequency-shifted OEO versus the control voltage of the VCP. (d) Characteristics of the frequency tuning of the frequency-shifted OEO via DDS.

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. (a) and (b) Frequency calibration and phase-locking processes of the system with and without AFC after powered on by using frequency sweeping method and FFT based fast frequency estimation method, respectively. (c) Transient responses of the phase-locking with different PLL loop gains. (d) Electrical spectrum of the phase-locked 10 GHz RF signal. Inset: electrical spectrum of the 10 GHz free-running frequency-shifted OEO.

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Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. (a) Transient responses of the frequency when the system is powered on with the AFC by using frequency sweeping method. (b) Transient responses of frequency when the system is powered on with the AFC by using fast frequency estimation method.

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Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. Frequency measurement of the phase-locked OEO to monitor the mode-hopping and the acquisition of phase-relocking. (a) The measured frequency for frequency sweeping method. (b) The measured frequency for fast frequency estimation method.

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Fig. 10.
Fig. 10. (a) and (b) Transient responses of the frequency and phase under the environmental vibration, respectively.

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Fig. 11.
Fig. 11. (a) The frequency switching of the phase-locked OEO. (b) The characteristics of the high resolution frequency tuning of the phase-locked OEO.

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Fig. 12.
Fig. 12. (a) SSB phase noise of the free-running OEO, the sampling clock of DDS, the frequency-shifted OEO, the phase-locked 10 GHz signal, the 625 MHz reference, and the E8257D with frequency of 10 GHz. (b) The Allan deviation of the phase-locked OEO and commercial microwave synthesizer.

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Equations (4)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

2 π f 0 ⋅ τ d = k ⋅ 2 π ,
2 π ( f 0 + Δ f ) ⋅ τ d − Δ φ R F = k ⋅ 2 π ,
Δ f = Δ φ R F 2 π ⋅ 1 τ d .
f f s _ o e o = f 0 + ( 1 − 1 N ⋅ W 2 m ) 1 2 π τ d ⋅ Δ φ R F − 1 N ⋅ W 2 m f 0 ,

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