Abstract

Liquid level sensor with large sensing range and high-resolution is essential for the application of industry monitoring. In this work, a distributed optical fiber liquid level sensor is proposed and demonstrated based on phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (φ-OTDR). In the basic of the thermal optic effect, the temperature change will induce the fluctuation of the effective refractive indexes of the fiber core, as well as the fluctuation of the optical path of the light transmitting in the fiber. Therefore, the φ-OTDR can detect the liquid level with a large measurement range by interrogating the phase information along the fiber due to the temperature difference between the liquid and air. Further, the scattering enhanced optical fiber (SEOF) is used as the sensing fiber to improve the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the phase signal. Moreover, a high sensitivity liquid level sensing head by wrapping the SEOF on a heat conductive cylinder is designed and optimized to improve the sensing resolution. In the experiment, the proposed distributed liquid level sensor presents a high sensitivity of 73.4 rad/mm, corresponding to a competitive liquid level resolution of 142μm based on the noise floor of 10.4 rad within 160 s. The field test validates a large sensing range of 20 cm which is limited by the cylinder length, while a potential sensing range could reach 320 m with the sensing fiber of 40 km, proving a dynamic range of 127.1 dB. The proposed liquid level sensor with large dynamic range and high sensing resolution can benefit potential application in smart industry platforms and biomedicine monitoring.

© 2021 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement

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References

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  1. A. Kulkarni, “Liquid level sensor,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76(10), 105108 (2005).
    [Crossref]
  2. B. Kumar, G. Rajita, and N. Mandal, “A Review on Capacitive-Type Sensor for Measurement of Height of Liquid Level,” Meas. Control 47(7), 219–224 (2014).
    [Crossref]
  3. C. Zhu, Y. Y. Zhuang, Y. Z. Chen, and J. Huang, “A Liquid-Level Sensor Based on a Hollow Coaxial Cable Fabry–Perot Resonator With Micrometer Resolution,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 67(12), 2892–2897 (2018).
    [Crossref]
  4. C. W. Lai, Y. L. Lo, J. P. Your, and C. H. Chuang, “Application of Fiber Bragg Grating Level Sensor and Fabry-Pérot Pressure Sensor to Simultaneous Measurement of Liquid Level and Specific Gravity,” IEEE Sens. J. 12(4), 827–831 (2012).
    [Crossref]
  5. C. A. F. Marques, G. D. Peng, and D. J. Webb, “Highly sensitive liquid level monitoring system utilizing polymer fiber Bragg gratings,” Opt. Express 23(5), 6058–6072 (2015).
    [Crossref]
  6. W. H. Wang and F. Li, “Large-range liquid level sensor based on an optical fibre extrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometer,” Opt. Lasers Eng. 52, 201–205 (2014).
    [Crossref]
  7. C. Li, T. G. Ning, C. Zhang, J. Li, X. Wen, L. Pei, X. Gao, and H. Lin, “Liquid level measurement based on a no-core fiber with temperature compensation using a fiber Bragg grating,” Sens. Actuators, A 245, 49–53 (2016).
    [Crossref]
  8. D. J. Liu, F. Z. Ling, R. Kumar, A. K. Mallik, K. Tian, C. Shen, G. Farrell, Y. Semenova, Q. Wu, and P. Wang, “Sub-micrometer resolution liquid level sensor based on a hollow core fiber structure,” Opt. Lett. 44(8), 2125–2128 (2019).
    [Crossref]
  9. J. J. Wang, Q. Z. Sun, Y. P. Li, S. J. Tan, L. Yang, F. Fang, Z. Yan, and D. Liu, “Highly sensitive liquid-level sensor based on an optical reflective microfiber probe,” Opt. Lett. 45(1), 169–172 (2020).
    [Crossref]
  10. C. M. Petrie and J. L. Mcduffee, “Liquid level sensing for harsh environment applications using distributed fiber optic temperature measurements,” Sens. Actuators, A 282, 114–123 (2018).
    [Crossref]
  11. H. Y. Zhang, Y. F. Cheng, K. J. Wu, Z. J. Yuan, and Y. K. Dong, “Liquid-level sensing method based on differential pulse-width pair Brillouin optical time-domain analysis and a self-heated high attenuation fiber,” Appl. Opt. 59(3), 795–799 (2020).
    [Crossref]
  12. D. Wang, Z. P. Xue, B. Q. Jin, Y. Wang, Y. Zhang, and M. J. Zhang, “Chaotic Correlation Optical Fiber Liquid Level Sensor,” J. Lightwave Technol. 37(3), 1023–1028 (2019).
    [Crossref]
  13. B. Preloznik, D. Gleich, and D. Donlagic, “All-fiber, thermo-optic liquid level sensor,” Opt. Express 26(18), 23518–23533 (2018).
    [Crossref]
  14. H. Li, Q. Z. Sun, T. Liu, C. Z. Fan, T. He, Z. Yan, and P. P. Shun, “Ultra-High Sensitive Quasi-Distributed Acoustic Sensor Based on Coherent OTDR and Cylindrical Transducer,” J. Lightwave Technol. 38(4), 929–938 (2020).
    [Crossref]
  15. Q. Sun, Z. Yan, D. Liu, and L. Zhang, “Optical Fiber Sensor Network and Industrial Applications,” in Handbook of Optical Fibers, GD Peng, ed. (Springer, Singapore, 2019).
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  17. T. Liu, H. Li, F. Ai, J. Y. Wang, C. Z. Fan, Y. Y. Luo, Z. J. Yan, D. M. Liu, and Q. Z. Sun, “Ultra-High Resolution Distributed Strain Sensing Based on Phase-OTDR,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC) 2019 OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2019), paper Th2A.16.

2020 (3)

2019 (2)

2018 (3)

C. Zhu, Y. Y. Zhuang, Y. Z. Chen, and J. Huang, “A Liquid-Level Sensor Based on a Hollow Coaxial Cable Fabry–Perot Resonator With Micrometer Resolution,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 67(12), 2892–2897 (2018).
[Crossref]

B. Preloznik, D. Gleich, and D. Donlagic, “All-fiber, thermo-optic liquid level sensor,” Opt. Express 26(18), 23518–23533 (2018).
[Crossref]

C. M. Petrie and J. L. Mcduffee, “Liquid level sensing for harsh environment applications using distributed fiber optic temperature measurements,” Sens. Actuators, A 282, 114–123 (2018).
[Crossref]

2016 (1)

C. Li, T. G. Ning, C. Zhang, J. Li, X. Wen, L. Pei, X. Gao, and H. Lin, “Liquid level measurement based on a no-core fiber with temperature compensation using a fiber Bragg grating,” Sens. Actuators, A 245, 49–53 (2016).
[Crossref]

2015 (1)

2014 (2)

W. H. Wang and F. Li, “Large-range liquid level sensor based on an optical fibre extrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometer,” Opt. Lasers Eng. 52, 201–205 (2014).
[Crossref]

B. Kumar, G. Rajita, and N. Mandal, “A Review on Capacitive-Type Sensor for Measurement of Height of Liquid Level,” Meas. Control 47(7), 219–224 (2014).
[Crossref]

2012 (1)

C. W. Lai, Y. L. Lo, J. P. Your, and C. H. Chuang, “Application of Fiber Bragg Grating Level Sensor and Fabry-Pérot Pressure Sensor to Simultaneous Measurement of Liquid Level and Specific Gravity,” IEEE Sens. J. 12(4), 827–831 (2012).
[Crossref]

2005 (1)

A. Kulkarni, “Liquid level sensor,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76(10), 105108 (2005).
[Crossref]

Ai, F.

F. Ai, Q. Z. Sun, W. Zhang, T. Liu, Z. J. Yan, and D. M. Liu, “Wideband fully-distributed vibration sensing by using UWFBG based coherent OTDR,” in Optical Fiber Communications Conference 2017, OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optical Society of America, 2017), paper W2A.19.

T. Liu, H. Li, F. Ai, J. Y. Wang, C. Z. Fan, Y. Y. Luo, Z. J. Yan, D. M. Liu, and Q. Z. Sun, “Ultra-High Resolution Distributed Strain Sensing Based on Phase-OTDR,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC) 2019 OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2019), paper Th2A.16.

Chen, Y. Z.

C. Zhu, Y. Y. Zhuang, Y. Z. Chen, and J. Huang, “A Liquid-Level Sensor Based on a Hollow Coaxial Cable Fabry–Perot Resonator With Micrometer Resolution,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 67(12), 2892–2897 (2018).
[Crossref]

Cheng, Y. F.

Chuang, C. H.

C. W. Lai, Y. L. Lo, J. P. Your, and C. H. Chuang, “Application of Fiber Bragg Grating Level Sensor and Fabry-Pérot Pressure Sensor to Simultaneous Measurement of Liquid Level and Specific Gravity,” IEEE Sens. J. 12(4), 827–831 (2012).
[Crossref]

Dong, Y. K.

Donlagic, D.

Fan, C. Z.

H. Li, Q. Z. Sun, T. Liu, C. Z. Fan, T. He, Z. Yan, and P. P. Shun, “Ultra-High Sensitive Quasi-Distributed Acoustic Sensor Based on Coherent OTDR and Cylindrical Transducer,” J. Lightwave Technol. 38(4), 929–938 (2020).
[Crossref]

T. Liu, H. Li, F. Ai, J. Y. Wang, C. Z. Fan, Y. Y. Luo, Z. J. Yan, D. M. Liu, and Q. Z. Sun, “Ultra-High Resolution Distributed Strain Sensing Based on Phase-OTDR,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC) 2019 OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2019), paper Th2A.16.

Fang, F.

Farrell, G.

Gao, X.

C. Li, T. G. Ning, C. Zhang, J. Li, X. Wen, L. Pei, X. Gao, and H. Lin, “Liquid level measurement based on a no-core fiber with temperature compensation using a fiber Bragg grating,” Sens. Actuators, A 245, 49–53 (2016).
[Crossref]

Gleich, D.

He, T.

Huang, J.

C. Zhu, Y. Y. Zhuang, Y. Z. Chen, and J. Huang, “A Liquid-Level Sensor Based on a Hollow Coaxial Cable Fabry–Perot Resonator With Micrometer Resolution,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 67(12), 2892–2897 (2018).
[Crossref]

Jin, B. Q.

Kulkarni, A.

A. Kulkarni, “Liquid level sensor,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76(10), 105108 (2005).
[Crossref]

Kumar, B.

B. Kumar, G. Rajita, and N. Mandal, “A Review on Capacitive-Type Sensor for Measurement of Height of Liquid Level,” Meas. Control 47(7), 219–224 (2014).
[Crossref]

Kumar, R.

Lai, C. W.

C. W. Lai, Y. L. Lo, J. P. Your, and C. H. Chuang, “Application of Fiber Bragg Grating Level Sensor and Fabry-Pérot Pressure Sensor to Simultaneous Measurement of Liquid Level and Specific Gravity,” IEEE Sens. J. 12(4), 827–831 (2012).
[Crossref]

Li, C.

C. Li, T. G. Ning, C. Zhang, J. Li, X. Wen, L. Pei, X. Gao, and H. Lin, “Liquid level measurement based on a no-core fiber with temperature compensation using a fiber Bragg grating,” Sens. Actuators, A 245, 49–53 (2016).
[Crossref]

Li, F.

W. H. Wang and F. Li, “Large-range liquid level sensor based on an optical fibre extrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometer,” Opt. Lasers Eng. 52, 201–205 (2014).
[Crossref]

Li, H.

H. Li, Q. Z. Sun, T. Liu, C. Z. Fan, T. He, Z. Yan, and P. P. Shun, “Ultra-High Sensitive Quasi-Distributed Acoustic Sensor Based on Coherent OTDR and Cylindrical Transducer,” J. Lightwave Technol. 38(4), 929–938 (2020).
[Crossref]

T. Liu, H. Li, F. Ai, J. Y. Wang, C. Z. Fan, Y. Y. Luo, Z. J. Yan, D. M. Liu, and Q. Z. Sun, “Ultra-High Resolution Distributed Strain Sensing Based on Phase-OTDR,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC) 2019 OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2019), paper Th2A.16.

Li, J.

C. Li, T. G. Ning, C. Zhang, J. Li, X. Wen, L. Pei, X. Gao, and H. Lin, “Liquid level measurement based on a no-core fiber with temperature compensation using a fiber Bragg grating,” Sens. Actuators, A 245, 49–53 (2016).
[Crossref]

Li, Y. P.

Lin, H.

C. Li, T. G. Ning, C. Zhang, J. Li, X. Wen, L. Pei, X. Gao, and H. Lin, “Liquid level measurement based on a no-core fiber with temperature compensation using a fiber Bragg grating,” Sens. Actuators, A 245, 49–53 (2016).
[Crossref]

Ling, F. Z.

Liu, D.

J. J. Wang, Q. Z. Sun, Y. P. Li, S. J. Tan, L. Yang, F. Fang, Z. Yan, and D. Liu, “Highly sensitive liquid-level sensor based on an optical reflective microfiber probe,” Opt. Lett. 45(1), 169–172 (2020).
[Crossref]

Q. Sun, Z. Yan, D. Liu, and L. Zhang, “Optical Fiber Sensor Network and Industrial Applications,” in Handbook of Optical Fibers, GD Peng, ed. (Springer, Singapore, 2019).

Liu, D. J.

Liu, D. M.

F. Ai, Q. Z. Sun, W. Zhang, T. Liu, Z. J. Yan, and D. M. Liu, “Wideband fully-distributed vibration sensing by using UWFBG based coherent OTDR,” in Optical Fiber Communications Conference 2017, OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optical Society of America, 2017), paper W2A.19.

T. Liu, H. Li, F. Ai, J. Y. Wang, C. Z. Fan, Y. Y. Luo, Z. J. Yan, D. M. Liu, and Q. Z. Sun, “Ultra-High Resolution Distributed Strain Sensing Based on Phase-OTDR,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC) 2019 OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2019), paper Th2A.16.

Liu, T.

H. Li, Q. Z. Sun, T. Liu, C. Z. Fan, T. He, Z. Yan, and P. P. Shun, “Ultra-High Sensitive Quasi-Distributed Acoustic Sensor Based on Coherent OTDR and Cylindrical Transducer,” J. Lightwave Technol. 38(4), 929–938 (2020).
[Crossref]

T. Liu, H. Li, F. Ai, J. Y. Wang, C. Z. Fan, Y. Y. Luo, Z. J. Yan, D. M. Liu, and Q. Z. Sun, “Ultra-High Resolution Distributed Strain Sensing Based on Phase-OTDR,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC) 2019 OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2019), paper Th2A.16.

F. Ai, Q. Z. Sun, W. Zhang, T. Liu, Z. J. Yan, and D. M. Liu, “Wideband fully-distributed vibration sensing by using UWFBG based coherent OTDR,” in Optical Fiber Communications Conference 2017, OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optical Society of America, 2017), paper W2A.19.

Lo, Y. L.

C. W. Lai, Y. L. Lo, J. P. Your, and C. H. Chuang, “Application of Fiber Bragg Grating Level Sensor and Fabry-Pérot Pressure Sensor to Simultaneous Measurement of Liquid Level and Specific Gravity,” IEEE Sens. J. 12(4), 827–831 (2012).
[Crossref]

Luo, Y. Y.

T. Liu, H. Li, F. Ai, J. Y. Wang, C. Z. Fan, Y. Y. Luo, Z. J. Yan, D. M. Liu, and Q. Z. Sun, “Ultra-High Resolution Distributed Strain Sensing Based on Phase-OTDR,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC) 2019 OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2019), paper Th2A.16.

Mallik, A. K.

Mandal, N.

B. Kumar, G. Rajita, and N. Mandal, “A Review on Capacitive-Type Sensor for Measurement of Height of Liquid Level,” Meas. Control 47(7), 219–224 (2014).
[Crossref]

Marques, C. A. F.

Mcduffee, J. L.

C. M. Petrie and J. L. Mcduffee, “Liquid level sensing for harsh environment applications using distributed fiber optic temperature measurements,” Sens. Actuators, A 282, 114–123 (2018).
[Crossref]

Ning, T. G.

C. Li, T. G. Ning, C. Zhang, J. Li, X. Wen, L. Pei, X. Gao, and H. Lin, “Liquid level measurement based on a no-core fiber with temperature compensation using a fiber Bragg grating,” Sens. Actuators, A 245, 49–53 (2016).
[Crossref]

Pei, L.

C. Li, T. G. Ning, C. Zhang, J. Li, X. Wen, L. Pei, X. Gao, and H. Lin, “Liquid level measurement based on a no-core fiber with temperature compensation using a fiber Bragg grating,” Sens. Actuators, A 245, 49–53 (2016).
[Crossref]

Peng, G. D.

Petrie, C. M.

C. M. Petrie and J. L. Mcduffee, “Liquid level sensing for harsh environment applications using distributed fiber optic temperature measurements,” Sens. Actuators, A 282, 114–123 (2018).
[Crossref]

Preloznik, B.

Rajita, G.

B. Kumar, G. Rajita, and N. Mandal, “A Review on Capacitive-Type Sensor for Measurement of Height of Liquid Level,” Meas. Control 47(7), 219–224 (2014).
[Crossref]

Semenova, Y.

Shen, C.

Shun, P. P.

Sun, Q.

Q. Sun, Z. Yan, D. Liu, and L. Zhang, “Optical Fiber Sensor Network and Industrial Applications,” in Handbook of Optical Fibers, GD Peng, ed. (Springer, Singapore, 2019).

Sun, Q. Z.

H. Li, Q. Z. Sun, T. Liu, C. Z. Fan, T. He, Z. Yan, and P. P. Shun, “Ultra-High Sensitive Quasi-Distributed Acoustic Sensor Based on Coherent OTDR and Cylindrical Transducer,” J. Lightwave Technol. 38(4), 929–938 (2020).
[Crossref]

J. J. Wang, Q. Z. Sun, Y. P. Li, S. J. Tan, L. Yang, F. Fang, Z. Yan, and D. Liu, “Highly sensitive liquid-level sensor based on an optical reflective microfiber probe,” Opt. Lett. 45(1), 169–172 (2020).
[Crossref]

F. Ai, Q. Z. Sun, W. Zhang, T. Liu, Z. J. Yan, and D. M. Liu, “Wideband fully-distributed vibration sensing by using UWFBG based coherent OTDR,” in Optical Fiber Communications Conference 2017, OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optical Society of America, 2017), paper W2A.19.

T. Liu, H. Li, F. Ai, J. Y. Wang, C. Z. Fan, Y. Y. Luo, Z. J. Yan, D. M. Liu, and Q. Z. Sun, “Ultra-High Resolution Distributed Strain Sensing Based on Phase-OTDR,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC) 2019 OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2019), paper Th2A.16.

Tan, S. J.

Tian, K.

Wang, D.

Wang, J. J.

Wang, J. Y.

T. Liu, H. Li, F. Ai, J. Y. Wang, C. Z. Fan, Y. Y. Luo, Z. J. Yan, D. M. Liu, and Q. Z. Sun, “Ultra-High Resolution Distributed Strain Sensing Based on Phase-OTDR,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC) 2019 OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2019), paper Th2A.16.

Wang, P.

Wang, W. H.

W. H. Wang and F. Li, “Large-range liquid level sensor based on an optical fibre extrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometer,” Opt. Lasers Eng. 52, 201–205 (2014).
[Crossref]

Wang, Y.

Webb, D. J.

Wen, X.

C. Li, T. G. Ning, C. Zhang, J. Li, X. Wen, L. Pei, X. Gao, and H. Lin, “Liquid level measurement based on a no-core fiber with temperature compensation using a fiber Bragg grating,” Sens. Actuators, A 245, 49–53 (2016).
[Crossref]

Wu, K. J.

Wu, Q.

Xue, Z. P.

Yan, Z.

Yan, Z. J.

F. Ai, Q. Z. Sun, W. Zhang, T. Liu, Z. J. Yan, and D. M. Liu, “Wideband fully-distributed vibration sensing by using UWFBG based coherent OTDR,” in Optical Fiber Communications Conference 2017, OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optical Society of America, 2017), paper W2A.19.

T. Liu, H. Li, F. Ai, J. Y. Wang, C. Z. Fan, Y. Y. Luo, Z. J. Yan, D. M. Liu, and Q. Z. Sun, “Ultra-High Resolution Distributed Strain Sensing Based on Phase-OTDR,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC) 2019 OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2019), paper Th2A.16.

Yang, L.

Your, J. P.

C. W. Lai, Y. L. Lo, J. P. Your, and C. H. Chuang, “Application of Fiber Bragg Grating Level Sensor and Fabry-Pérot Pressure Sensor to Simultaneous Measurement of Liquid Level and Specific Gravity,” IEEE Sens. J. 12(4), 827–831 (2012).
[Crossref]

Yuan, Z. J.

Zhang, C.

C. Li, T. G. Ning, C. Zhang, J. Li, X. Wen, L. Pei, X. Gao, and H. Lin, “Liquid level measurement based on a no-core fiber with temperature compensation using a fiber Bragg grating,” Sens. Actuators, A 245, 49–53 (2016).
[Crossref]

Zhang, H. Y.

Zhang, L.

Q. Sun, Z. Yan, D. Liu, and L. Zhang, “Optical Fiber Sensor Network and Industrial Applications,” in Handbook of Optical Fibers, GD Peng, ed. (Springer, Singapore, 2019).

Zhang, M. J.

Zhang, W.

F. Ai, Q. Z. Sun, W. Zhang, T. Liu, Z. J. Yan, and D. M. Liu, “Wideband fully-distributed vibration sensing by using UWFBG based coherent OTDR,” in Optical Fiber Communications Conference 2017, OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optical Society of America, 2017), paper W2A.19.

Zhang, Y.

Zhu, C.

C. Zhu, Y. Y. Zhuang, Y. Z. Chen, and J. Huang, “A Liquid-Level Sensor Based on a Hollow Coaxial Cable Fabry–Perot Resonator With Micrometer Resolution,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 67(12), 2892–2897 (2018).
[Crossref]

Zhuang, Y. Y.

C. Zhu, Y. Y. Zhuang, Y. Z. Chen, and J. Huang, “A Liquid-Level Sensor Based on a Hollow Coaxial Cable Fabry–Perot Resonator With Micrometer Resolution,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 67(12), 2892–2897 (2018).
[Crossref]

Appl. Opt. (1)

IEEE Sens. J. (1)

C. W. Lai, Y. L. Lo, J. P. Your, and C. H. Chuang, “Application of Fiber Bragg Grating Level Sensor and Fabry-Pérot Pressure Sensor to Simultaneous Measurement of Liquid Level and Specific Gravity,” IEEE Sens. J. 12(4), 827–831 (2012).
[Crossref]

IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. (1)

C. Zhu, Y. Y. Zhuang, Y. Z. Chen, and J. Huang, “A Liquid-Level Sensor Based on a Hollow Coaxial Cable Fabry–Perot Resonator With Micrometer Resolution,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 67(12), 2892–2897 (2018).
[Crossref]

J. Lightwave Technol. (2)

Meas. Control (1)

B. Kumar, G. Rajita, and N. Mandal, “A Review on Capacitive-Type Sensor for Measurement of Height of Liquid Level,” Meas. Control 47(7), 219–224 (2014).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (2)

Opt. Lasers Eng. (1)

W. H. Wang and F. Li, “Large-range liquid level sensor based on an optical fibre extrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometer,” Opt. Lasers Eng. 52, 201–205 (2014).
[Crossref]

Opt. Lett. (2)

Rev. Sci. Instrum. (1)

A. Kulkarni, “Liquid level sensor,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76(10), 105108 (2005).
[Crossref]

Sens. Actuators, A (2)

C. M. Petrie and J. L. Mcduffee, “Liquid level sensing for harsh environment applications using distributed fiber optic temperature measurements,” Sens. Actuators, A 282, 114–123 (2018).
[Crossref]

C. Li, T. G. Ning, C. Zhang, J. Li, X. Wen, L. Pei, X. Gao, and H. Lin, “Liquid level measurement based on a no-core fiber with temperature compensation using a fiber Bragg grating,” Sens. Actuators, A 245, 49–53 (2016).
[Crossref]

Other (3)

Q. Sun, Z. Yan, D. Liu, and L. Zhang, “Optical Fiber Sensor Network and Industrial Applications,” in Handbook of Optical Fibers, GD Peng, ed. (Springer, Singapore, 2019).

F. Ai, Q. Z. Sun, W. Zhang, T. Liu, Z. J. Yan, and D. M. Liu, “Wideband fully-distributed vibration sensing by using UWFBG based coherent OTDR,” in Optical Fiber Communications Conference 2017, OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optical Society of America, 2017), paper W2A.19.

T. Liu, H. Li, F. Ai, J. Y. Wang, C. Z. Fan, Y. Y. Luo, Z. J. Yan, D. M. Liu, and Q. Z. Sun, “Ultra-High Resolution Distributed Strain Sensing Based on Phase-OTDR,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC) 2019 OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2019), paper Th2A.16.

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Figures (6)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the distributed liquid level sensor based on the φ-OTDR system.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. (a) Structure diagram of the sensing head with SEOF; (b) Picture of the unpackaged cylinder and packaged sensing head.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. The beat signals scattering from the sensing head.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. (a) Original phase signal of the sensing units in the sensing head; (b) Sensing unit location based on phase change rate. (c) Phase signal of each sensing unit during water immersing.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Relationship between the phase vibration and the liquid level change.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. (a) Phase signal after common-mode noise compensation by the reference unit. (b) Phase noise before water injection.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1. Sensing resolution and sensing range of several liquid level sensor

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Equations (9)

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I ( t ) = A ⋅ ∑ k = 1 K [ r e c t ( t − k ⋅ n 0 L c ) ⋅ cos ⁡ ( 2 π f d t + φ ( k ) ) ] .
φ ( k ) = arctan ⁡ ( I k ( t ) ⋅ cos ⁡ ( 2 π f d t ) I k ( t ) ⋅ sin ⁡ ( 2 π f d t ) ) .
ϕ k ( n ) = φ k  +  1 ( n )  -  φ k ( n )  =  4 π n 0 ν L c ( ε k + C ⋅ Δ T k ) .
ϕ a ( n ) = 4 π ν L n 0 C Δ T a c ,
ϕ l ( n ) = 4 π ν L c ⋅ n 0 ( ε l + C ⋅ Δ T l ) .
H = ( i − 1 ) h + ϕ i / S
S = 4 π ν n 0 L [ ϵ + C ⋅ ( T l − T a ) ] / h c
h = L s ( π D ) 2 + s 2
H = ( i − 1 ) h + ( ϕ i − ϕ r ) / ( S ⋅ C r ⋅ ϕ r )

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