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Spectrally separable photon-pair generation in dispersion engineered thin-film lithium niobate

C. J. Xin, Jatadhari Mishra, Changchen Chen, Di Zhu, Amirhassan Shams-Ansari, Carsten Langrock, Neil Sinclair, Franco N. C. Wong, M. M. Fejer, and Marko Lončar

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

Existing nonlinear-optic implementations of pure, unfiltered heralded single-photon sources do not offer the scalability required for densely integrated quantum networks. Additionally, lithium niobate has hitherto been unsuitable for such use due to its material dispersion. We engineer the dispersion and the quasi-phasematching conditions of a waveguide in the rapidly emerging thin-film lithium niobate platform to generate spectrally separable photon pairs in the telecommunications band. Such photon pairs can be used as spectrally pure heralded single-photon sources in quantum networks. We estimate a heralded-state spectral purity of >94% based on joint spectral intensity measurements. Further, a joint spectral phase-sensitive measurement of the unheralded time-integrated second-order correlation function yields a heralded-state purity of $(86 \pm 5) \%$.

© 2022 Optica Publishing Group

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2022 (1)

2021 (2)

U. A. Javid, J. Ling, J. Staffa, M. Li, Y. He, and Q. Lin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 183601 (2021).
[Crossref]

M. Jankowski, J. Mishra, and M. M. Fejer, JPhys Photonics 3, 042005 (2021).
[Crossref]

2020 (1)

Z. Ma, J.-Y. Chen, Z. Li, C. Tang, Y. M. Sua, H. Fan, and Y.-P. Huang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 263602 (2020).
[Crossref]

2019 (4)

2018 (3)

K. Zielnicki, K. Garay-Palmett, D. Cruz-Delgado, H. Cruz-Ramirez, M. F. O’Boyle, B. Fang, V. O. Lorenz, A. B. U’Ren, and P. G. Kwiat, J. Mod. Opt. 65, 1141 (2018).
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C. Wang, C. Langrock, A. Marandi, M. Jankowski, M. Zhang, B. Desiatov, M. M. Fejer, and M. Lončar, Optica 5, 1438 (2018).
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F. Graffitti, P. Barrow, M. Proietti, D. Kundys, and A. Fedrizzi, Optica 5, 514 (2018).
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2017 (3)

X. Guo, C. ling Zou, C. Schuck, H. Jung, R. Cheng, and H. X. Tang, Light: Sci. Appl. 6, e16249 (2017).
[Crossref]

E. Meyer-Scott, N. Montaut, J. Tiedau, L. Sansoni, H. Herrmann, T. J. Bartley, and C. Silberhorn, Phys. Rev. A 95, 061803 (2017).
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C. Chen, C. Bo, M. Y. Niu, F. Xu, Z. Zhang, J. H. Shapiro, and F. N. C. Wong, Opt. Express 25, 7300 (2017).
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2016 (1)

2015 (2)

R.-B. Jin, M. Takeoka, U. Takagi, R. Shimizu, and M. Sasaki, Sci. Rep. 5, 9333 (2015).
[Crossref]

K.-H. Luo, H. Herrmann, S. Krapick, B. Brecht, R. Ricken, V. Quiring, H. Suche, W. Sohler, and C. Silberhorn, New J. Phys. 17, 073039 (2015).
[Crossref]

2011 (2)

M. D. Eisaman, J. Fan, A. Migdall, and S. V. Polyakov, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 071101 (2011).
[Crossref]

A. Christ, K. Laiho, A. Eckstein, K. N. Cassemiro, and C. Silberhorn, New J. Phys. 13, 033027 (2011).
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2010 (1)

2008 (1)

P. J. Mosley, J. S. Lundeen, B. J. Smith, P. Wasylczyk, A. B. U’Ren, C. Silberhorn, and I. A. Walmsley, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 133601 (2008).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

2005 (1)

A. U’Ren, C. Silberhorn, K. Banaszek, I. Walmsley, R. Erdmann, W. Grice, and M. Raymer, Laser Phys. 15, 146 (2005).
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Banaszek, K.

A. U’Ren, C. Silberhorn, K. Banaszek, I. Walmsley, R. Erdmann, W. Grice, and M. Raymer, Laser Phys. 15, 146 (2005).
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Barrow, P.

Bartley, T. J.

E. Meyer-Scott, N. Montaut, J. Tiedau, L. Sansoni, H. Herrmann, T. J. Bartley, and C. Silberhorn, Phys. Rev. A 95, 061803 (2017).
[Crossref]

Bo, C.

Brecht, B.

K.-H. Luo, H. Herrmann, S. Krapick, B. Brecht, R. Ricken, V. Quiring, H. Suche, W. Sohler, and C. Silberhorn, New J. Phys. 17, 073039 (2015).
[Crossref]

Cai, X.

Cassemiro, K. N.

A. Christ, K. Laiho, A. Eckstein, K. N. Cassemiro, and C. Silberhorn, New J. Phys. 13, 033027 (2011).
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Chen, C.

Chen, J.-Y.

Z. Ma, J.-Y. Chen, Z. Li, C. Tang, Y. M. Sua, H. Fan, and Y.-P. Huang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 263602 (2020).
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Cheng, R.

X. Guo, C. ling Zou, C. Schuck, H. Jung, R. Cheng, and H. X. Tang, Light: Sci. Appl. 6, e16249 (2017).
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Christ, A.

A. Christ, K. Laiho, A. Eckstein, K. N. Cassemiro, and C. Silberhorn, New J. Phys. 13, 033027 (2011).
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Cruz-Delgado, D.

K. Zielnicki, K. Garay-Palmett, D. Cruz-Delgado, H. Cruz-Ramirez, M. F. O’Boyle, B. Fang, V. O. Lorenz, A. B. U’Ren, and P. G. Kwiat, J. Mod. Opt. 65, 1141 (2018).
[Crossref]

Cruz-Ramirez, H.

K. Zielnicki, K. Garay-Palmett, D. Cruz-Delgado, H. Cruz-Ramirez, M. F. O’Boyle, B. Fang, V. O. Lorenz, A. B. U’Ren, and P. G. Kwiat, J. Mod. Opt. 65, 1141 (2018).
[Crossref]

Desiatov, B.

Eckstein, A.

A. Christ, K. Laiho, A. Eckstein, K. N. Cassemiro, and C. Silberhorn, New J. Phys. 13, 033027 (2011).
[Crossref]

Eisaman, M. D.

M. D. Eisaman, J. Fan, A. Migdall, and S. V. Polyakov, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 071101 (2011).
[Crossref]

Elkus, B. S.

Erdmann, R.

A. U’Ren, C. Silberhorn, K. Banaszek, I. Walmsley, R. Erdmann, W. Grice, and M. Raymer, Laser Phys. 15, 146 (2005).
[Crossref]

Fan, H.

Z. Ma, J.-Y. Chen, Z. Li, C. Tang, Y. M. Sua, H. Fan, and Y.-P. Huang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 263602 (2020).
[Crossref]

Fan, J.

M. D. Eisaman, J. Fan, A. Migdall, and S. V. Polyakov, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 071101 (2011).
[Crossref]

Fang, B.

K. Zielnicki, K. Garay-Palmett, D. Cruz-Delgado, H. Cruz-Ramirez, M. F. O’Boyle, B. Fang, V. O. Lorenz, A. B. U’Ren, and P. G. Kwiat, J. Mod. Opt. 65, 1141 (2018).
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Fedrizzi, A.

Fejer, M. M.

Garay-Palmett, K.

K. Zielnicki, K. Garay-Palmett, D. Cruz-Delgado, H. Cruz-Ramirez, M. F. O’Boyle, B. Fang, V. O. Lorenz, A. B. U’Ren, and P. G. Kwiat, J. Mod. Opt. 65, 1141 (2018).
[Crossref]

Gerrits, T.

Graffitti, F.

Grice, W.

A. U’Ren, C. Silberhorn, K. Banaszek, I. Walmsley, R. Erdmann, W. Grice, and M. Raymer, Laser Phys. 15, 146 (2005).
[Crossref]

Guo, X.

X. Guo, C. ling Zou, C. Schuck, H. Jung, R. Cheng, and H. X. Tang, Light: Sci. Appl. 6, e16249 (2017).
[Crossref]

He, L.

He, M.

He, Y.

U. A. Javid, J. Ling, J. Staffa, M. Li, Y. He, and Q. Lin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 183601 (2021).
[Crossref]

Hentschel, M.

Herrmann, H.

E. Meyer-Scott, N. Montaut, J. Tiedau, L. Sansoni, H. Herrmann, T. J. Bartley, and C. Silberhorn, Phys. Rev. A 95, 061803 (2017).
[Crossref]

K.-H. Luo, H. Herrmann, S. Krapick, B. Brecht, R. Ricken, V. Quiring, H. Suche, W. Sohler, and C. Silberhorn, New J. Phys. 17, 073039 (2015).
[Crossref]

Heyes, J. E.

Hong, K.-H.

Huang, J.

Huang, Y.-P.

Z. Ma, J.-Y. Chen, Z. Li, C. Tang, Y. M. Sua, H. Fan, and Y.-P. Huang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 263602 (2020).
[Crossref]

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Hum, D. S.

Jankowski, M.

Javid, U. A.

U. A. Javid, J. Ling, J. Staffa, M. Li, Y. He, and Q. Lin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 183601 (2021).
[Crossref]

Jin, R.-B.

R.-B. Jin, M. Takeoka, U. Takagi, R. Shimizu, and M. Sasaki, Sci. Rep. 5, 9333 (2015).
[Crossref]

Jung, H.

X. Guo, C. ling Zou, C. Schuck, H. Jung, R. Cheng, and H. X. Tang, Light: Sci. Appl. 6, e16249 (2017).
[Crossref]

Kanter, G. S.

Krapick, S.

K.-H. Luo, H. Herrmann, S. Krapick, B. Brecht, R. Ricken, V. Quiring, H. Suche, W. Sohler, and C. Silberhorn, New J. Phys. 17, 073039 (2015).
[Crossref]

Kumar, P.

Kundys, D.

Kuschnerov, M.

Kwiat, P. G.

K. Zielnicki, K. Garay-Palmett, D. Cruz-Delgado, H. Cruz-Ramirez, M. F. O’Boyle, B. Fang, V. O. Lorenz, A. B. U’Ren, and P. G. Kwiat, J. Mod. Opt. 65, 1141 (2018).
[Crossref]

Laiho, K.

A. Christ, K. Laiho, A. Eckstein, K. N. Cassemiro, and C. Silberhorn, New J. Phys. 13, 033027 (2011).
[Crossref]

Langrock, C.

Laudenbach, F.

Li, M.

U. A. Javid, J. Ling, J. Staffa, M. Li, Y. He, and Q. Lin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 183601 (2021).
[Crossref]

Li, Z.

Z. Ma, J.-Y. Chen, Z. Li, C. Tang, Y. M. Sua, H. Fan, and Y.-P. Huang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 263602 (2020).
[Crossref]

Lin, Q.

U. A. Javid, J. Ling, J. Staffa, M. Li, Y. He, and Q. Lin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 183601 (2021).
[Crossref]

Ling, J.

U. A. Javid, J. Ling, J. Staffa, M. Li, Y. He, and Q. Lin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 183601 (2021).
[Crossref]

ling Zou, C.

X. Guo, C. ling Zou, C. Schuck, H. Jung, R. Cheng, and H. X. Tang, Light: Sci. Appl. 6, e16249 (2017).
[Crossref]

Lita, A. E.

Liu, L.

Loncar, M.

Lorenz, V. O.

K. Zielnicki, K. Garay-Palmett, D. Cruz-Delgado, H. Cruz-Ramirez, M. F. O’Boyle, B. Fang, V. O. Lorenz, A. B. U’Ren, and P. G. Kwiat, J. Mod. Opt. 65, 1141 (2018).
[Crossref]

Lundeen, J. S.

P. J. Mosley, J. S. Lundeen, B. J. Smith, P. Wasylczyk, A. B. U’Ren, C. Silberhorn, and I. A. Walmsley, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 133601 (2008).
[Crossref]

Luo, K.-H.

K.-H. Luo, H. Herrmann, S. Krapick, B. Brecht, R. Ricken, V. Quiring, H. Suche, W. Sohler, and C. Silberhorn, New J. Phys. 17, 073039 (2015).
[Crossref]

Ma, Z.

Z. Ma, J.-Y. Chen, Z. Li, C. Tang, Y. M. Sua, H. Fan, and Y.-P. Huang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 263602 (2020).
[Crossref]

Marandi, A.

Meyer-Scott, E.

E. Meyer-Scott, N. Montaut, J. Tiedau, L. Sansoni, H. Herrmann, T. J. Bartley, and C. Silberhorn, Phys. Rev. A 95, 061803 (2017).
[Crossref]

Migdall, A.

M. D. Eisaman, J. Fan, A. Migdall, and S. V. Polyakov, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 071101 (2011).
[Crossref]

Mishra, J.

M. Jankowski, J. Mishra, and M. M. Fejer, JPhys Photonics 3, 042005 (2021).
[Crossref]

Montaut, N.

E. Meyer-Scott, N. Montaut, J. Tiedau, L. Sansoni, H. Herrmann, T. J. Bartley, and C. Silberhorn, Phys. Rev. A 95, 061803 (2017).
[Crossref]

Mosley, P. J.

P. J. Mosley, J. S. Lundeen, B. J. Smith, P. Wasylczyk, A. B. U’Ren, C. Silberhorn, and I. A. Walmsley, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 133601 (2008).
[Crossref]

Nam, S. W.

Ng, W. C.

Niu, M. Y.

O’Boyle, M. F.

K. Zielnicki, K. Garay-Palmett, D. Cruz-Delgado, H. Cruz-Ramirez, M. F. O’Boyle, B. Fang, V. O. Lorenz, A. B. U’Ren, and P. G. Kwiat, J. Mod. Opt. 65, 1141 (2018).
[Crossref]

Pelc, J. S.

Pittalà, F.

Polyakov, S. V.

M. D. Eisaman, J. Fan, A. Migdall, and S. V. Polyakov, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 071101 (2011).
[Crossref]

Poppe, A.

Proietti, M.

Quiring, V.

K.-H. Luo, H. Herrmann, S. Krapick, B. Brecht, R. Ricken, V. Quiring, H. Suche, W. Sohler, and C. Silberhorn, New J. Phys. 17, 073039 (2015).
[Crossref]

Rao, A.

Raymer, M.

A. U’Ren, C. Silberhorn, K. Banaszek, I. Walmsley, R. Erdmann, W. Grice, and M. Raymer, Laser Phys. 15, 146 (2005).
[Crossref]

Ricken, R.

K.-H. Luo, H. Herrmann, S. Krapick, B. Brecht, R. Ricken, V. Quiring, H. Suche, W. Sohler, and C. Silberhorn, New J. Phys. 17, 073039 (2015).
[Crossref]

Roussev, R. V.

Ruan, Z.

Sansoni, L.

E. Meyer-Scott, N. Montaut, J. Tiedau, L. Sansoni, H. Herrmann, T. J. Bartley, and C. Silberhorn, Phys. Rev. A 95, 061803 (2017).
[Crossref]

Sasaki, M.

R.-B. Jin, M. Takeoka, U. Takagi, R. Shimizu, and M. Sasaki, Sci. Rep. 5, 9333 (2015).
[Crossref]

Schuck, C.

X. Guo, C. ling Zou, C. Schuck, H. Jung, R. Cheng, and H. X. Tang, Light: Sci. Appl. 6, e16249 (2017).
[Crossref]

Shams-Ansari, A.

Shapiro, J. H.

Shimizu, R.

R.-B. Jin, M. Takeoka, U. Takagi, R. Shimizu, and M. Sasaki, Sci. Rep. 5, 9333 (2015).
[Crossref]

Silberhorn, C.

E. Meyer-Scott, N. Montaut, J. Tiedau, L. Sansoni, H. Herrmann, T. J. Bartley, and C. Silberhorn, Phys. Rev. A 95, 061803 (2017).
[Crossref]

K.-H. Luo, H. Herrmann, S. Krapick, B. Brecht, R. Ricken, V. Quiring, H. Suche, W. Sohler, and C. Silberhorn, New J. Phys. 17, 073039 (2015).
[Crossref]

A. Christ, K. Laiho, A. Eckstein, K. N. Cassemiro, and C. Silberhorn, New J. Phys. 13, 033027 (2011).
[Crossref]

P. J. Mosley, J. S. Lundeen, B. J. Smith, P. Wasylczyk, A. B. U’Ren, C. Silberhorn, and I. A. Walmsley, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 133601 (2008).
[Crossref]

A. U’Ren, C. Silberhorn, K. Banaszek, I. Walmsley, R. Erdmann, W. Grice, and M. Raymer, Laser Phys. 15, 146 (2005).
[Crossref]

Smith, B. J.

P. J. Mosley, J. S. Lundeen, B. J. Smith, P. Wasylczyk, A. B. U’Ren, C. Silberhorn, and I. A. Walmsley, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 133601 (2008).
[Crossref]

Sohler, W.

K.-H. Luo, H. Herrmann, S. Krapick, B. Brecht, R. Ricken, V. Quiring, H. Suche, W. Sohler, and C. Silberhorn, New J. Phys. 17, 073039 (2015).
[Crossref]

Staffa, J.

U. A. Javid, J. Ling, J. Staffa, M. Li, Y. He, and Q. Lin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 183601 (2021).
[Crossref]

Sua, Y. M.

Z. Ma, J.-Y. Chen, Z. Li, C. Tang, Y. M. Sua, H. Fan, and Y.-P. Huang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 263602 (2020).
[Crossref]

Suche, H.

K.-H. Luo, H. Herrmann, S. Krapick, B. Brecht, R. Ricken, V. Quiring, H. Suche, W. Sohler, and C. Silberhorn, New J. Phys. 17, 073039 (2015).
[Crossref]

Takagi, U.

R.-B. Jin, M. Takeoka, U. Takagi, R. Shimizu, and M. Sasaki, Sci. Rep. 5, 9333 (2015).
[Crossref]

Takeoka, M.

R.-B. Jin, M. Takeoka, U. Takagi, R. Shimizu, and M. Sasaki, Sci. Rep. 5, 9333 (2015).
[Crossref]

Tang, C.

Z. Ma, J.-Y. Chen, Z. Li, C. Tang, Y. M. Sua, H. Fan, and Y.-P. Huang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 263602 (2020).
[Crossref]

Tang, H. X.

X. Guo, C. ling Zou, C. Schuck, H. Jung, R. Cheng, and H. X. Tang, Light: Sci. Appl. 6, e16249 (2017).
[Crossref]

Tang, J.

Tang, X.

Tiedau, J.

E. Meyer-Scott, N. Montaut, J. Tiedau, L. Sansoni, H. Herrmann, T. J. Bartley, and C. Silberhorn, Phys. Rev. A 95, 061803 (2017).
[Crossref]

U’Ren, A.

A. U’Ren, C. Silberhorn, K. Banaszek, I. Walmsley, R. Erdmann, W. Grice, and M. Raymer, Laser Phys. 15, 146 (2005).
[Crossref]

U’Ren, A. B.

K. Zielnicki, K. Garay-Palmett, D. Cruz-Delgado, H. Cruz-Ramirez, M. F. O’Boyle, B. Fang, V. O. Lorenz, A. B. U’Ren, and P. G. Kwiat, J. Mod. Opt. 65, 1141 (2018).
[Crossref]

P. J. Mosley, J. S. Lundeen, B. J. Smith, P. Wasylczyk, A. B. U’Ren, C. Silberhorn, and I. A. Walmsley, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 133601 (2008).
[Crossref]

Velev, V.

Walmsley, I.

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Data availability

Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Figures (4)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Device design. (a) Normalized cross sectional mode intensities of the pump at 775-nm wavelength and both signal and idler at 1550-nm wavelength. TFLN is outlined in white with air on top and silica cladding underneath, with nominal waveguide dimensions of top width 1200 nm, film thickness 700 nm, etch depth 300 nm, and sidewall angle 62$^{\circ}$. (b) Simulated PMF for varied film thickness, other dimensions are the same as above; waveguide length 5 mm. The lines representing zero GVM ratio and slope of the PEF are represented by red and blue dashed lines, respectively. (c) Simulated normalized JSIs for waveguide geometry in panel (a) given by the overlap of Gaussian pumps of FWHMs 0.8 THz and 1.0 THz, and simulated PMFs for (I) non-apodized QPM grating (resulting in a sinc PMF; dashed outline around sidelobes for emphasis) and (II) Gaussian-apodized QPM grating (resulting in a Gaussian PMF), respectively, thus optimizing the respective $P_\text {spectral}$ to $90.5\%$ and $99.8\%$. (d) Deleted-domain Gaussian-apodized poling electrode pattern (left). Two-photon microscopy image of the poled film (right); overlaid yellow line represents the waveguide while black and gray regions show the electrodes and inverted domains, respectively.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. PMF characterization via SFG. (a) Measurement setup. PC, polarization controller; BS, beam splitter; LF, lensed fiber; DUT, device under test; Si-PD, silicon photoreceiver. (b) Normalized measured PMFs for a waveguide with (I) non-apodized periodic poling and (II) Gaussian-apodized periodic poling. Estimated normalized joint spectral intensities with optimal purities of ${\sim }90.6\%$ and ${\sim }94.4\%$ are obtained for the device with (III) non-apodized periodic poling and the device with (IV) Gaussian-apodized periodic poling, respectively. Overlaid solid white lines indicate the center wavelengths, $\lambda _p$, of the optimal pump spectra needed to maximize JSI purities, while the dashed lines indicate the FWHM, $\Delta \nu _p$, envelopes of the optimal pump spectra. For the device with non-apodized QPM, $\lambda _p = 756\,\mathrm{nm}$ and $\Delta \nu _p = 2.83\,\mathrm{THz}$, whereas for the device with apodized QPM, $\lambda _p = 780\,\mathrm{nm}$ and $\Delta \nu _p = 1.20\,\mathrm{THz}$.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Setup for characterizing the biphoton state generated via SPDC. (a) Pump filtering and waveguide in- and out-coupling setup. The spectrum of a 775-nm-wavelength pulse generated by a Ti:sapphire laser is modified using a pair of diffraction gratings (DG) and a Gaussian transmission filter (GTF) in a $4f$-configuration. Insets: normalized pump pulse spectra without (upper panel) and with (lower panel) filtering measured using an optical spectrum analyzer, black dashed lines are Gaussian fits. L1, lens with focal length $f$; GTM, Gaussian transmission mask; L2, in-coupling aspheric lens ($4.5$-$\mathrm{mm}$ focal length, 0.55 numerical aperture); LF, lensed fiber; FC, fiber coupler; LPF1, long-pass filter for pump filtering; LPF2, long-pass filter for filtering the idler photon used in the unheralded second-order correlation measurement only; PC, polarization controller; PBS, fiber polarizing beam splitter. (b) Fiber spectroscopy schematic for JSI measurement. Signal and idler photons counterpropagate through a single-mode fiber of 20‐km length using circulators. Arrival times of the signal and idler photons at superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) are recorded relative to an electrical pulse generated by the pump pulse using time tagging electronics. (c) Hanbury–Brown–Twiss (HBT) setup for measuring the unheralded second-order correlation function $g^{(2)}$ of the signal beam. An optional coarse-wavelength division multiplexer channel (CWDM) at $\lambda _0 = 1591.08\,\mathrm{nm}$ ($15.6\,\mathrm{nm}$ 30-dB bandwidth) is used to coarsely filter the signal photon.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Measured JSI and time-integrated $g^{(2)}$ for a biphoton state generated by SPDC. (a) JSI measured using fiber dispersion-based time-of-flight spectroscopy. Overlaid dashed white (dashed–dot gold) lines indicate the pump envelope (PMF) FWHM extracted from the SFG measurement. Panel above (left of) the JSI is the normalized spectrum of the idler (signal) beam. (b) Unheralded normalized coincidence histograms for (I) unfiltered signal beam and (II) coarsely filtered signal beam. Coincidence events per bin integrated over a 4‐ns window and normalized to the mean detection events per bin at non-zero delay. The zero-delay bin is highlighted in green. Peaks are separated in time according to the repetition rate, $f_r = 79.4\,\mathrm{MHz}$, of the Ti:sapphire laser.

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Equations (1)

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H ^ = ∬ d ω i d ω s f ( ω i , ω s ) a ^ i † a ^ s † + h.c. ,

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