Abstract

We propose a single-layer graphene electro-absorption modulator (EAM) with an angled waveguide sidewall. By utilizing the hybridization of the TM₀ mode and the TE₁ mode in the waveguide, the light–graphene interaction is enhanced. A modulation depth of 0.124 dB/µm and a figure of merit up to 25 are obtained at 1550 nm. Moreover, we show that the longitudinal electric field plays a significant role in making the optical absorption efficient, which indicates that modulation depth can be increased by enhancing the longitudinal electric field in modulators. This provides a promising solution for the future design of graphene optical modulators.

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